CN108409894B - 过渡金属纳米颗粒催化乙烯基单体聚合反应的方法 - Google Patents
过渡金属纳米颗粒催化乙烯基单体聚合反应的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN108409894B CN108409894B CN201710070848.5A CN201710070848A CN108409894B CN 108409894 B CN108409894 B CN 108409894B CN 201710070848 A CN201710070848 A CN 201710070848A CN 108409894 B CN108409894 B CN 108409894B
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- Prior art keywords
- methacrylate
- acrylate
- nanoparticles
- monomer
- vinyl
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- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 145
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 29
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- 229910021524 transition metal nanoparticle Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 17
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 17
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 title claims abstract description 16
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 150
- 239000003999 initiator Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- -1 coatings Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 claims description 96
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 claims description 63
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 59
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 50
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 42
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 40
- VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl methacrylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C(C)=C VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 38
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- BAPJBEWLBFYGME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl acrylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C=C BAPJBEWLBFYGME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- RRHGJUQNOFWUDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isoprene Chemical compound CC(=C)C=C RRHGJUQNOFWUDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC=C XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- CQEYYJKEWSMYFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyl acrylate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)C=C CQEYYJKEWSMYFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- SOGAXMICEFXMKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butylmethacrylate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)C(C)=C SOGAXMICEFXMKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- AQRLNPVMDITEJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylsilane Chemical compound CC[SiH](CC)CC AQRLNPVMDITEJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- WHNWPMSKXPGLAX-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidone Chemical compound C=CN1CCCC1=O WHNWPMSKXPGLAX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl chloride Chemical compound ClC=C BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- IAXXETNIOYFMLW-COPLHBTASA-N [(1s,3s,4s)-4,7,7-trimethyl-3-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl] 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound C1C[C@]2(C)[C@@H](OC(=O)C(=C)C)C[C@H]1C2(C)C IAXXETNIOYFMLW-COPLHBTASA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 229940119545 isobornyl methacrylate Drugs 0.000 claims description 9
- KFDVPJUYSDEJTH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-ethenylpyridine Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=NC=C1 KFDVPJUYSDEJTH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- QTKPMCIBUROOGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CC(=C)C(=O)OCC(F)(F)F QTKPMCIBUROOGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- HRPVXLWXLXDGHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylamide Chemical compound NC(=O)C=C HRPVXLWXLXDGHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylonitrile Chemical compound C=CC#N NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Propenoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCO MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- USIUVYZYUHIAEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyl ether Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1OC1=CC=CC=C1 USIUVYZYUHIAEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- UIWXSTHGICQLQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenyl propanoate Chemical compound CCC(=O)OC=C UIWXSTHGICQLQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- PARWUHTVGZSQPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenylsilane Chemical compound [SiH3]C1=CC=CC=C1 PARWUHTVGZSQPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Butanone Chemical compound CCC(C)=O ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- WDQMWEYDKDCEHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethylhexyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)COC(=O)C(C)=C WDQMWEYDKDCEHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- OMIGHNLMNHATMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-hydroxyethyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound OCCOC(=O)C=C OMIGHNLMNHATMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- CNCOEDDPFOAUMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylolacrylamide Chemical compound OCNC(=O)C=C CNCOEDDPFOAUMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- VDCSGNNYCFPWFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenylsilane Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1[SiH2]C1=CC=CC=C1 VDCSGNNYCFPWFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- GMSCBRSQMRDRCD-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCOC(=O)C(C)=C GMSCBRSQMRDRCD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- XJELOQYISYPGDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenyl 2-chloroacetate Chemical compound ClCC(=O)OC=C XJELOQYISYPGDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- PBOSTUDLECTMNL-UHFFFAOYSA-N lauryl acrylate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCOC(=O)C=C PBOSTUDLECTMNL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- FQPSGWSUVKBHSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N methacrylamide Chemical compound CC(=C)C(N)=O FQPSGWSUVKBHSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- QNILTEGFHQSKFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-propan-2-ylprop-2-enamide Chemical compound CC(C)NC(=O)C=C QNILTEGFHQSKFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- QQQSFSZALRVCSZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethoxysilane Chemical compound CCO[SiH](OCC)OCC QQQSFSZALRVCSZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- AKQNYQDSIDKVJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenylsilane Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1[SiH](C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 AKQNYQDSIDKVJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- LCPUCXXYIYXLJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2,4,4,4-hexafluorobutyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CC(=C)C(=O)OC(F)(F)C(F)CC(F)(F)F LCPUCXXYIYXLJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- DEQJNIVTRAWAMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2,4,4,4-hexafluorobutyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound FC(F)(F)CC(F)C(F)(F)OC(=O)C=C DEQJNIVTRAWAMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-Dioxane Chemical compound C1COCCO1 RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- ZRZHXNCATOYMJH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(chloromethyl)-4-ethenylbenzene Chemical compound ClCC1=CC=C(C=C)C=C1 ZRZHXNCATOYMJH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- KTZVZZJJVJQZHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-chloro-4-ethenylbenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=C(C=C)C=C1 KTZVZZJJVJQZHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Butyrolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCO1 YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butadiene Chemical compound C=CC=C KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical compound COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- JIGUQPWFLRLWPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acrylate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C=C JIGUQPWFLRLWPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Heptane Chemical compound CCCCCCC IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- ATHHXGZTWNVVOU-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-methylformamide Chemical compound CNC=O ATHHXGZTWNVVOU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- URLKBWYHVLBVBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Para-Xylene Chemical group CC1=CC=C(C)C=C1 URLKBWYHVLBVBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- FOIXSVOLVBLSDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver ion Chemical compound [Ag+] FOIXSVOLVBLSDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- YRKCREAYFQTBPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetylacetone Chemical compound CC(=O)CC(C)=O YRKCREAYFQTBPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- GTPDFCLBTFKHNH-UHFFFAOYSA-N chloro(phenyl)silicon Chemical compound Cl[Si]C1=CC=CC=C1 GTPDFCLBTFKHNH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- JHIVVAPYMSGYDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexanone Chemical compound O=C1CCCCC1 JHIVVAPYMSGYDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- NNBZCPXTIHJBJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N decalin Chemical compound C1CCCC2CCCCC21 NNBZCPXTIHJBJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- VOZRXNHHFUQHIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N glycidyl methacrylate Chemical compound CC(=C)C(=O)OCC1CO1 VOZRXNHHFUQHIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- KRZXWIWNHRUKDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexylsilicon Chemical compound CCCCCC[Si] KRZXWIWNHRUKDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- ZXEKIIBDNHEJCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N isobutanol Chemical compound CC(C)CO ZXEKIIBDNHEJCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- LAQFLZHBVPULPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl(phenyl)silicon Chemical compound C[Si]C1=CC=CC=C1 LAQFLZHBVPULPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- ZIUHHBKFKCYYJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n'-methylenebisacrylamide Chemical compound C=CC(=O)NCNC(=O)C=C ZIUHHBKFKCYYJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- PNJWIWWMYCMZRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N pent‐4‐en‐2‐one Natural products CC(=O)CC=C PNJWIWWMYCMZRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrachloromethane Chemical compound ClC(Cl)(Cl)Cl VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- ZGYICYBLPGRURT-UHFFFAOYSA-N tri(propan-2-yl)silicon Chemical compound CC(C)[Si](C(C)C)C(C)C ZGYICYBLPGRURT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methacrylic acid Chemical compound CC(=C)C(O)=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- QABCGOSYZHCPGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N chloro(dimethyl)silicon Chemical compound C[Si](C)Cl QABCGOSYZHCPGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- YCITZMJNBYYMJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N chloro(diphenyl)silicon Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1[Si](Cl)C1=CC=CC=C1 YCITZMJNBYYMJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- BVXJCKRUWQUGHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibutylsilicon Chemical compound CCCC[Si]CCCC BVXJCKRUWQUGHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- KTQYJQFGNYHXMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichloro(methyl)silicon Chemical compound C[Si](Cl)Cl KTQYJQFGNYHXMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- XNAFLNBULDHNJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichloro(phenyl)silicon Chemical compound Cl[Si](Cl)C1=CC=CC=C1 XNAFLNBULDHNJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- JTGAUXSVQKWNHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ditert-butylsilicon Chemical compound CC(C)(C)[Si]C(C)(C)C JTGAUXSVQKWNHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- OKHRRIGNGQFVEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl(diphenyl)silicon Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1[Si](C)C1=CC=CC=C1 OKHRRIGNGQFVEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000005048 methyldichlorosilane Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- RPQRDASANLAFCM-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxiran-2-ylmethyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound C=CC(=O)OCC1CO1 RPQRDASANLAFCM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- PNXMTCDJUBJHQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N propyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)C=C PNXMTCDJUBJHQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- ZDHXKXAHOVTTAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N trichlorosilane Chemical compound Cl[SiH](Cl)Cl ZDHXKXAHOVTTAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000005052 trichlorosilane Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- YUYCVXFAYWRXLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethoxysilane Chemical compound CO[SiH](OC)OC YUYCVXFAYWRXLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- SCHZCUMIENIQMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris(trimethylsilyl)silicon Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)[Si]([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C SCHZCUMIENIQMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- QCKKBOHAYRLMQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris[(2-methylpropan-2-yl)oxy]silane Chemical compound CC(C)(C)O[SiH](OC(C)(C)C)OC(C)(C)C QCKKBOHAYRLMQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- PSGCQDPCAWOCSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N (4,7,7-trimethyl-3-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl) prop-2-enoate Chemical compound C1CC2(C)C(OC(=O)C=C)CC1C2(C)C PSGCQDPCAWOCSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920002818 (Hydroxyethyl)methacrylate Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- WEERVPDNCOGWJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-bis(ethenyl)benzene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=C(C=C)C=C1 WEERVPDNCOGWJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- HMLSBRLVTDLLOI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(dimethylamino)ethyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CN(C)C(C)OC(=O)C(C)=C HMLSBRLVTDLLOI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- NFTVTXIQFYRSHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(dimethylamino)ethyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound CN(C)C(C)OC(=O)C=C NFTVTXIQFYRSHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- WGGLDBIZIQMEGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-bromo-4-ethenylbenzene Chemical compound BrC1=CC=C(C=C)C=C1 WGGLDBIZIQMEGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- DURPTKYDGMDSBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-butoxybutane Chemical compound CCCCOCCCC DURPTKYDGMDSBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- CEWDRCQPGANDRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethenyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C1=CC=C(C=C)C=C1 CEWDRCQPGANDRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- JWVTWJNGILGLAT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethenyl-4-fluorobenzene Chemical compound FC1=CC=C(C=C)C=C1 JWVTWJNGILGLAT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- VBHXIMACZBQHPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound FC(F)(F)COC(=O)C=C VBHXIMACZBQHPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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- Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
Abstract
本发明提供了一种过渡金属纳米颗粒催化乙烯基单体聚合反应的方法,所述的方法为:在惰性气体保护下,将乙烯基不饱和单体、催化剂过渡金属纳米颗粒、引发剂有机硅氢化合物、溶剂混合均匀,于0~130℃下反应0.2~72h,之后反应体系经后处理,即得产品;本发明方法适用单体范围很广,反应可在常压、室温或室温附近进行,催化剂的使用量最低可低至1.0ppm以下,无需特殊的仪器设备,制备步骤简单,生产成本低廉;可制备分子量超过300万以上的超高分子量聚合物,适用于生产高强高模聚合物材料,在化学纤维、橡胶弹性体、塑料、涂料、粘胶剂、生物医用高分子等领域应用前景十分广泛。
Description
(一)技术领域
本发明涉及一种乙烯基单体的聚合新方法,具体涉及一种通过选择适当的催化剂、引发剂和溶剂,可以使乙烯基单体以活性聚合的方式进行聚合反应,最终制得分子量和分子量分布可控的聚合物的方法。
(二)背景技术
全球每年生产逾两亿吨乙烯基聚合物,这些聚合物的生产方法按反应机理不同主要可分为自由基聚合、阴(阳)离子聚合和配位聚合。相对于阴(阳)离子聚合和配位聚合,自由基聚合具有适用单体范围广,反应条件温和,相关理论研究成熟,便于大规模工业化生产(丘坤元.高分子通报,2008(7):15-28)的特点,因而利用自由基聚合生产的乙烯基聚合物占乙烯基聚合物总产量的70%左右。
自由基聚合中,链引发是控制聚合速率和聚合物分子量的关键反应,直接影响到单体的聚合速率和聚合物的性能。自由基聚合的引发剂可分为偶氮类引发剂、过氧化物类引发剂、氧化还原引发体系等(刘勇,黄志宇,陆屹,等.化工时刊,2005,19(3):35-39)。其中偶氮类引发剂无诱导分解,常温下较稳定,方便贮存和运输,但其种类较少,适用温度范围较窄,价格较高。过氧类引发剂产品丰富,价格较低廉,使用范围较广,但有机过氧化物一般纯度较低,易与聚合体系中的如胺、醇等发生副反应,而且对热、振动、摩擦敏感,贮存和运输麻烦(金可刚,肖锦平,王华周.精细化工原料及中间体,2007,(3):18-20)。氧化还原引发体系链引发活化能低,可在低温或室温聚合,但不足之处是引发剂的利用效率较低,适用温度范围窄。近年来出现的如原子转移自由基聚合(Wang J,Matyjaszewski K,J.Am.Chem.Soc.,1995,117:5614-5615.)、可逆加成断裂链转移聚合等活性自由基聚合(LeT P,Moad G,Rizzardo E,PCT Int.Appl.,WO 9801478A1,980115,1998)已在实验室中得到了普遍应用,但由于存在过渡金属络合物以及双硫酯链转移剂使用量大,成本较高,还需解决聚合物中的过渡金属络合物及双硫酯片段残留的问题而难以实现大规模工业化生产应用。
(三)发明内容
本发明目的是提供一种新的乙烯基单体的聚合方法。区别于传统自由基聚合、阴(阳)离子聚合或配位聚合方法,本发明不使用自由基聚合引发剂或阴(阳)离子聚合引发剂,也不使用配位聚合齐格-纳塔催化剂,本发明提供的聚合方法以过渡金属纳米颗粒为催化剂,以有机硅氢化合物为引发剂,引发多种乙烯基不饱和单体进行聚合反应,最终制得分子量和分子量分布可控、端基含有机硅官能团的高分子聚合物。
为实现上述目的,本发明采用如下技术方案:
一种过渡金属纳米颗粒催化乙烯基单体聚合反应的方法,所述的方法为:
在惰性气体保护下,将单体、催化剂、引发剂、溶剂混合均匀,于0~130℃下反应0.2~72h,之后反应体系经后处理,即得产品。
所述单体为乙烯基不饱和单体;所述催化剂为过渡金属纳米颗粒;所述引发剂为有机硅氢化合物。
所述单体、引发剂、催化剂、溶剂的投料物质的量之比为1.0:0.0002~0.3:0.0000003~0.01:0~20,优选1:0.001~0.1:0.000001~0.001:0~1,特别优选1:0.001~0.01:0.0001~0.001:0~0.5;其中,所述溶剂的投料比例为0时,则单体在无溶剂情况直接进行本体聚合反应。
优选的反应温度为50~100℃。
优选的反应时间为1~36h。
所述的惰性气体例如下列气体中的一种或两种以上任意比例的混合:氮气、氩气、氦气、氖气。
所述反应体系的后处理可采用本领域公知的常规手段,例如:反应结束后,待反应体系恢复至常温(20~30℃),倾倒出反应液或直接取出固体物质即为聚合产物,进一步对聚合产物进行离心、沉淀、分级以及注塑、成模等常规加工处理,即得最终产品。
按照本发明方法制得的聚合产物,其端基含有机硅官能团,分子量以及分子量分布可控。所述聚合产物的分子量一般介于1.0×104~1.0×107道尔顿之间,优选介于5.0×104~5×106道尔顿之间。所述聚合产物的分子量分布,根据分子量多分散指数(PDI)的大小,一般介于1.2~3.0之间,优选PDI范围为1.3~2.0。
本发明中所述单体为下列单体中的一种,或者两种以上可以互溶单体的任意比例混合物:
(1)苯乙烯类,包括苯乙烯、对氯甲基苯乙烯、α-甲基苯乙烯、对氟苯乙烯、对氯苯乙烯、对溴苯乙烯、对三氟甲基苯乙烯、对二乙烯基苯;
(2)甲基丙烯酸酯类,包括甲基丙烯酸甲酯、甲基丙烯酸乙酯、甲基丙烯酸丙酯、甲基丙烯酸异丙酯、甲基丙烯酸丁酯、甲基丙烯酸异丁酯、甲基丙烯酸辛酯、甲基丙烯酸异辛酯、甲基丙烯酸月桂酯、甲基丙烯酸苯酯、甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油醚酯、二缩三乙二醇甲基丙烯酸酯、甲基丙烯酸2-乙基已酯、甲基丙烯酸异冰片酯、甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯、甲基丙烯酸羟丙酯、甲基丙烯酸羟丁酯、甲基丙烯酸三氟乙酯、甲基丙烯酸六氟丁酯、N,N-二甲胺基乙基甲基丙烯酸酯、N,N-二乙胺基乙基甲基丙烯酸酯、二甲基丙烯酸1,4-丁二醇酯;
(3)丙烯酸酯类,包括丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸乙酯、丙烯酸丙酯、丙烯酸异丙酯、丙烯酸丁酯、丙烯酸异丁酯、丙烯酸辛酯、丙烯酸异辛酯、丙烯酸月桂酯、丙烯酸羟乙酯、丙烯酸羟丙酯及、丙烯酸羟丁酯、N,N-二甲胺基乙基丙烯酸酯、N,N-二乙胺基乙基丙烯酸酯、丙烯酸三氟乙酯、丙烯酸缩水甘油醚酯、二缩三乙二醇丙烯酸酯、丙烯酸六氟丁酯、丙烯酸2-乙基己酯、丙烯酸苯酯、二丙烯酸1,4-丁二醇酯、丙烯酸异冰片酯;
(4)(甲基)丙烯酰胺类,包括丙烯酰胺、甲基丙烯酰胺、N-异丙基丙烯酰胺、N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺、N-(2-羟丙基)甲基丙烯酰胺、N-甲基丙烯酰胺、N,N-二甲基丙烯酰胺、N-特丁基丙烯酰胺、N-正丁基丙烯酰胺、亚甲基双丙烯酰胺;
(5)乙烯酯类,包括醋酸乙烯酯、氯乙酸乙烯酯、丙酸乙烯酯、丁酸乙烯酯;
(6)其它类别单体,包括丙烯腈、甲基丙烯腈、丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、4-乙烯基吡啶、N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮、氯乙烯、异戊二烯、丁二烯。
优选的,所述单体为下列单体中的一种,或者两种以上可以互溶单体的任意比例混合物:
(1)苯乙烯类,包括苯乙烯、对氯甲基苯乙烯、对氯苯乙烯;
(2)甲基丙烯酸酯类,包括甲基丙烯酸甲酯、甲基丙烯酸丁酯、甲基丙烯酸月桂酯、甲基丙烯酸2-乙基已酯、甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油醚酯、甲基丙烯酸异冰片酯、甲基丙烯酸三氟乙酯、甲基丙烯酸六氟丁酯;
(3)丙烯酸酯类,包括丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸乙酯、丙烯酸丁酯、丙烯酸月桂酯、丙烯酸羟乙酯、丙烯酸缩水甘油醚酯、丙烯酸六氟丁酯;
(4)(甲基)丙烯酰胺类,包括丙烯酰胺、甲基丙烯酰胺、N-异丙基丙烯酰胺、N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺、N,N-二甲基丙烯酰胺、亚甲基双丙烯酰胺;
(5)乙烯酯类,包括醋酸乙烯酯、氯乙酸乙烯酯、丙酸乙烯酯;
(6)其它类别单体,包括丙烯腈、丙烯酸、4-乙烯基吡啶、N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮、氯乙烯、异戊二烯。
特别优选的,所述单体为下列单体中的一种,或者两种以上可以互溶单体的任意比例混合物:
苯乙烯、对氯甲基苯乙烯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、甲基丙烯酸丁酯、甲基丙烯酸月桂酯、甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油醚酯、甲基丙烯酸异冰片酯、甲基丙烯酸三氟乙酯、丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸丁酯、丙烯酸月桂酯、丙烯酸羟乙酯、丙烯酸缩水甘油醚酯、丙烯酰胺、甲基丙烯酰胺、N-异丙基丙烯酰胺、醋酸乙烯酯、氯乙酸乙烯酯、丙烯腈、丙烯酸、4-乙烯基吡啶、N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮、氯乙烯、异戊二烯。
本发明中所述催化剂为下列过渡金属纳米颗粒中的一种或两种以上任意比例的混合物:金纳米颗粒、银纳米颗粒、铜纳米颗粒、铂纳米颗粒、钯纳米颗粒、镍纳米颗粒、铑纳米颗粒、铼纳米颗粒、钌纳米颗粒、铁纳米颗粒、钴纳米颗粒、铱纳米颗粒、钨纳米颗粒、钛纳米颗粒、钒纳米颗粒、锰纳米颗粒、钼纳米颗粒、铬纳米颗粒。
优选催化剂为:金纳米颗粒、银纳米颗粒、铜纳米颗粒、铂纳米颗粒、钯纳米颗粒、铑纳米颗粒、镍纳米颗粒、钴纳米颗粒、钌纳米颗粒、钛纳米颗粒、钼纳米颗粒、铬纳米颗粒、钨纳米颗粒。
特别优选催化剂为:金纳米颗粒、银纳米颗粒、铜纳米颗粒、铂纳米颗粒、钯纳米颗粒、钼纳米颗粒、钨纳米颗粒。
所述过渡金属纳米颗粒的平均粒径在1~100nm之间,优选在2~20nm之间。所述过渡金属纳米颗粒的存在形式可以为固体粉末、纳米颗粒溶液或纳米颗粒负载到固体基质表面的形式。所述纳米颗粒溶液中的溶剂包括但不限于下列溶剂中的一种或两种以上可以互溶溶剂的任意比例混合物:石油醚、正己烷、甲苯、三氯甲烷、四氢呋喃、二氧六环、二苯醚、乙酸乙酯、甲醇、乙醇、水、PBS水溶液。所述固体基质的材料包括但不限于下列材料中的一种或两种以上任意比例的混合物:活性炭、三氧化二铝、硅胶、分子筛、碳酸钙、硫酸钡,具体例如,钯纳米颗粒负载到活性炭上(Pd/C)。
本发明中所述引发剂为下列有机硅氢化合物中的一种或两种以上任意比例的混合物:
(1)三氢硅烷类化合物,包括苯硅烷、正丁基硅烷、正己基硅烷、环己基硅烷、正十八烷基硅烷;
(2)二氢硅烷类化合物,包括二苯基硅烷、二丙基硅烷、二异丙基硅烷、二正丁基硅烷、二异丁基硅烷、二叔丁基硅烷、二正己基硅烷、二环己基硅烷、甲基苯基硅烷、苯基氯硅烷;
(3)单氢硅烷类化合物,包括三苯基硅烷、三乙基硅烷、三丙基硅烷、三异丙基硅烷、三正丁基硅烷、三异丁基硅烷、三叔丁基硅烷、三正己基硅烷、三环己基硅烷、三正辛基硅烷、正丁基二甲基硅烷、异丁基二甲基硅烷、叔丁基二甲基硅烷、三(三甲基硅基)硅烷、三(三乙基硅基)硅烷、三氯硅烷、甲基二氯硅烷、乙基二氯硅烷、苯基二氯硅烷、二甲基氯硅烷、二苯基氯硅烷、二异丙基氯硅烷、二叔丁基氯硅烷、甲基苯基氯硅烷、二甲基烯丙基硅烷、甲基二苯基硅烷、二甲基苯基硅烷、二甲基正己基硅烷、二甲基正丁基硅烷、正十八烷基二乙氧基硅烷、三甲氧基硅烷、三乙氧基硅烷、三丙氧基硅烷、三异丙氧基硅烷、三丁氧基硅烷、三叔丁氧基硅烷、甲基二甲氧基硅烷、甲基二乙氧基硅烷、苯基二甲氧基硅烷、苯基二乙氧基硅烷。
优选的,所述引发剂为下列有机硅氢化合物中的一种或两种以上任意比例的混合物:
(1)三氢硅烷类化合物,包括苯硅烷、正己基硅烷;
(2)二氢硅烷类化合物,包括二苯基硅烷、二乙基硅烷、二正丁基硅烷、甲基苯基硅烷、苯基氯硅烷;
(3)单氢硅烷类化合物,包括三苯基硅烷、三乙基硅烷、三异丙基硅烷、三叔丁基硅烷、三(三甲基硅基)硅烷、三(三乙基硅基)硅烷、三氯硅烷、甲基二氯硅烷、苯基二氯硅烷、二甲基氯硅烷、二苯基氯硅烷、二甲基烯丙基硅烷、三甲氧基硅烷、三乙氧基硅烷、三叔丁氧基硅烷。
特别优选的,所述引发剂为下列有机硅氢化合物中的一种或两种以上任意比例的混合物:苯硅烷、正己基硅烷、二苯基硅烷、二乙基硅烷、苯基氯硅烷、三苯基硅烷、三乙基硅烷、三叔丁基硅烷、三(三甲基硅基)硅烷、二甲基烯丙基硅烷、三乙氧基硅烷。
本发明中所述溶剂为下列溶剂中的一种或两种以上可以互溶溶剂的任意比例混合物:正己烷、环己烷、石油醚、庚烷、辛烷、苯、甲苯、对二甲苯、十氢萘、二氯甲烷、三氯甲烷、四氯化碳、三氯乙烯、四氯乙烯、乙醚、正丁醚、乙二醇二甲醚、二乙二醇二甲醚、三乙二醇二甲醚、四氢呋喃、二氧六环、二苯醚、丙酮、乙酰丙酮、丁酮、环己酮、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丙酯、乙酸丁酯、甲醇、乙醇、异丙醇、正丁醇、异丁醇、环己醇、乙二醇、一缩二乙二醇、二缩三乙二醇、水、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、N-甲基甲酰胺、N-甲基乙酰胺、二甲基亚砜、环丁砜、N-甲基吡咯烷酮、γ-丁内酯。
本发明中的室温为20~30℃。
本发明具有三个明显的优势:
第一,适用单体范围很广,包括苯乙烯、氯乙烯、醋酸乙烯酯、(甲基)丙烯酸酯类单体、(甲基)丙烯酰胺类单体、4-乙烯基吡啶、N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮等多种单体;
第二,反应可在常压、室温或室温附近进行,催化剂的使用量最低可低至1.0ppm以下,无需特殊的仪器设备,制备步骤简单,生产成本低廉;
第三,可制备分子量超过300万以上的超高分子量聚合物,适用于生产高强高模聚合物材料,在化学纤维、橡胶弹性体、塑料、涂料、粘胶剂、生物医用高分子等领域应用前景十分广泛。
(四)附图说明
图1a:实施例1中金纳米粒子的TEM图像;
图1b:实施例1中金纳米粒子的EDX能谱图;
图2:实施例1中金纳米粒子催化MMA聚合反应的转化率-时间关系曲线;
图3:实施例1中金纳米粒子催化MMA所得PMMA的Mn及PDI-转化率关系曲线;
图4a:实施例7中Pd/C纳米粒子的TEM图像;
图4b:实施例7中Pd/C纳米粒子的EDX能谱图;
图5:实施例18中金纳米粒子催化MMA聚合所得PMMA的核磁共振(1H-NMR)谱图。
(五)具体实施方式
下面通过具体实施例来进一步说明本发明的目的、优点和技术方案的实施细节。由于同类单体或同类引发剂的性质相似,在实施例中仅使用该类单体或引发剂中的典型代表(如苯乙烯类单体中的苯乙烯、甲基丙烯酸酯类单体中的甲基丙烯酸甲酯与甲基丙烯酸异冰片酯、丙烯酸酯类单体中的丙烯酸甲酯与丙烯酸丁酯,三氢硅烷类引发剂中的苯硅烷等等)来进行举例说明。实施例中列举的具体物质和用量以及其它细节条件不构成对本发明的限制。本领域的技术人员根据本发明可以设计出许多其它的修改形式和实施例,这些修改形式和实施例也属于本发明的范畴。
在具体实施实例过程中所用原材料、仪器设备以及测试表征方法如下。
试剂材料
金纳米粉末(有机溶剂可分散,平均粒径6nm,J&K Chemical),金纳米粒子0.1mMPBS溶液(平均粒径20nm,光密度值1,Sigma-Aldrich),金纳米粒子正己烷溶液(平均粒径4.1nm,0.75mg/mL,参照文献Robinson I,Tung L D,Maenosono S,et al.Nanoscale,2010,2,2624-2630自制),铂碳(Pt/C,5%,Aladdin),钯碳(Pd/C,5%,Aladdin),钌碳(Ru/C,5%,Aladdin),铑碳(Rh/C,5%,Aladdin),铱碳(Ir/C,5%,Macklin),纳米镍粉(Ni,APS 10-25nm,Alfa Aesar),纳米铁粉(Fe,APS 10-30nm,Alfa Aesar),纳米铜粉(Cu,99.9%,10-30nm,Aladdin),纳米银粉(Ag,APS 20-40nm,Alfa Aesar),纳米钛粉(Ti,99.8%,平均粒径60nm,Aladdin),纳米钨粉(W,99.9%,平均粒径100nm,Aladdin)。
三(三甲硅基)硅烷(TTSS,97%,Sigma-Aldrich),三(三乙基硅)硅烷(TTESS,97%,Sigma-Aldrich),苯基硅烷(PSH,98%,Alfa Aeser),二苯基硅烷(DPS,97%,AlfaAeser),三苯基硅烷(TPS,99%,Alfa Aeser),二乙基硅烷(DES,98%,Alfa Aeser),二叔丁基硅烷(DTBS,95%,TCI),三乙基硅烷(TES,97%,Alfa Aeser),三异丙基硅烷(TiPS,99%,Alfa Aeser),甲基苯基硅烷(MPS,98%,Aldrich),二苯甲基硅烷(DPMS,97%,Alfa)、三乙氧基硅烷(TEOS,97%,Alfa Aeser),其它硅烷购自J&K Chemical。
苯乙烯(St,99%)与丙烯酰胺(99%)购自Alfa Aeser。甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)、丙烯酸甲酯(MA),丙烯酸丁酯(BA)、醋酸乙烯酯(VAc)、甲基丙烯酸三氟乙酯、甲基丙烯酸异冰片酯、4-乙烯基吡啶、N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮、异戊二烯等单体均为阿拉丁分析纯试剂,反应前用碱性Al2O3柱进行过柱处理。
测试方法
对四氢呋喃(THF)可溶的聚合物,其数均分子量(Mn),重均分子量(Mw)以及分子量分布多分散系数PDI(PDI=Mw/Mn)用马尔文Viscotek 270Max凝胶渗透色谱仪(GPC)系统进行测定。该系统配置有Viscotek VE1122溶剂传输单元,Viscotek VE 3580折光指数检测器,Viscotek 270激光光散射-差式粘度计双检测器,Viscotek VE2585柱温箱以及Viscotek T6000M GPC色谱柱。该系统按仪器厂商操作手册用聚苯乙烯标准聚合物PS 105k(Malvern,PolyCAL PS Std)进行校正,并进一步用聚苯乙烯标准聚合物PS 9290k(PolymerStandard Service USA,Inc)进行验证。数据采集分析软件:OmniSEC 5.02。测试条件:流动相,四氢呋喃;柱温,35℃;流动相流速:1.0mL/min。
对THF不溶的聚乙烯基吡啶及聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮,其Mn、Mw以及PDI用岛津Prominence GPC分析系统进行测定。该系统配置有岛津RID-20A折光指数检测器,岛津SPD-15C紫外可见光检测器,岛津LC-16C溶剂传输单元,岛津CTO-16C柱温箱,以及WatersStyragel HR 5E DMF色谱柱。以一系列窄分散的PMMA标样(Polymer Laboratories)制作分子量校正曲线,数据采集分析软件:Labsolutions Essentia 5.82。测试条件:流动相,N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(含0.01M LiBr);柱温,50℃;流动相流速,0.3mL/min。聚丙烯酰胺分子量参照国家标准GB17514-2008用粘度法进行测定。聚丙烯酸的分子量参照文献(赵春凤,刘昆元,韩淑珍.北京化工大学学报,2002,29(1):51-55)用粘度法进行测定。
聚合物材料的核磁共振氢谱在Bruker Avance III 500MHz核磁共振波谱仪上测得。金属纳米粒子的粒径用FEI公司Tecnai G2F30高分辨透射电子显微镜(TEM)进行测定。正己烷溶液中金纳米粒子含量用PerkinElmer公司ELAN DRC-e电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)测定。反应过程中单体的转化率用重量法测定。
实施例1
根据参考文献制备的金纳米粒子正己烷溶液用透射电子显微镜(TEM)测试,所得TEM图像和X射线能谱图(EDX)如图1所示,从图中可看出,金纳米粒子呈球形,分散性好,粒径大约在3~7nm之间,统计平均粒径为4.1nm。正己烷溶液中金含量用ICP-MS测得为0.75mg/mL。
在离心管中加入上述100μL(3.81×10-7mol Au)金纳米粒子正己烷溶液,16000g离心30min,去掉上清夜,加入2mL(0.019mol)MMA单体,超声振荡30s,通氮气鼓泡除氧5min,随后将单体溶液用注射器加入到充氮除氧的Schlenk反应瓶中,开启搅拌,用微量注射器加入10μL(5.38×10-5mol)DPS,室温下搅拌5min后升温到70℃反应,在6min,50min,90min,130min,160min时用除氧的注射器与长针头从反应瓶中取样,用重量法测定各反应时间点单体的转化率,用GPC测定各点聚合物的重均分子量Mn,重均分子量Mw及PDI(PDI=Mw/Mn),绘制转化率-时间关系曲线、数均分子量-转化率曲线以及PDI-转化率关系曲线,结果如图2及图3所示。
从图2中可看出,金纳米粒子催化MMA聚合反应的速率很块,随反应时间增加,单体转化率迅速增大,反应50min时转化率13.0%,160min时转化率达到71.1%。聚合物PMMA的数均分子量Mn随转化率增加而线性地从1.6×105增加到5.0×105,聚合物的PDI保持在2.7以下(图3),使聚合反应呈现出活性聚合的特征,实验操作者从而可通过改变聚合反应的转化率,对聚合产物的分子量和分子量分布进行控制。
实施例2
在Schlenk反应瓶中加入2.0mg(1.01×10-5mol Au)有机溶剂可分散金纳米粉末,抽真空充氮气,用注射器加入2mL(0.019mol)预先充氮除氧的MMA单体,超声振荡1min,开启搅拌,随后用微量注射器加入10μL(5.38×10-5mol)DPS,室温下搅拌5min后升温到80℃反应4.5h后停止反应,取样测得单体的转化率85.2%,PMMA的重均分子量296万,数均分子量131万,PDI=2.25。
实施例3
离心管中加入2mL(1.32×10-6mol Au)金纳米粒子0.1mM PBS溶液,10000g离心20min,去掉上清夜,加入2mL四氢呋喃,超声振荡30s后10000g离心20min,去掉上清夜,再加入5mL(0.047mol)MMA单体,超声振荡30s,通氮气鼓泡除氧5min,随后将单体溶液用注射器加入到充氮除氧的Schlenk反应瓶中,开启搅拌,用微量注射器加入10μL(8.10×10-5mol)PSH,室温下搅拌5min后升温到70℃反应10h后停止反应,取样测得单体的转化率59.0%,PMMA的重均分子量212万,数均分子量102万,PDI=2.07。
实施例4
离心管中加入30μL(1.15×10-7mol Au)金纳米粒子正己烷溶液,16000g离心30min,去掉上清夜,加入15mL(0.142mol)MMA单体,超声振荡30s,通氮气鼓泡除氧5min,随后将单体溶液用注射器加入到充氮除氧的Schlenk反应瓶中,开启搅拌,用微量注射器加入5μL(4.05×10-5mol)PSH,室温下搅拌5min后升温到70℃反应22.5h后停止反应,取样测得单体的转化率83.1%,聚合物PMMA的重均分子量779万,数均分子量582万,PDI=1.34。
实施例5
离心管中加入100μL(3.81×10-7mol Au)金纳米粒子正己烷溶液,16000g离心30min,去掉上清夜,加入10mL(0.094mol)MMA单体和10mL(0.094mol)甲苯溶剂,超声振荡30s,通氮气鼓泡除氧5min,随后将单体溶液用注射器加入到充氮除氧的Schlenk反应瓶中,开启搅拌,用微量注射器加入10μL(5.38×10-5mol)DPS,室温下搅拌5min后升温到70℃反应11.5h后停止反应,取样测得单体的转化率35.0%,PMMA的重均分子量157万,数均分子量84万,PDI=1.87。
实施例6
离心管中加入1mL(3.81×10-6mol Au)金纳米粒子正己烷溶液,16000g离心30min,去掉上清夜,加入0.5mL(0.0047mol)MMA单体和9.5mL(0.090mol)甲苯溶剂,超声振荡30s,通氮气鼓泡除氧5min,随后将单体溶液用注射器加入到充氮除氧的Schlenk反应瓶中,开启搅拌,用微量注射器加入20μL(1.08×10-4mol)DPS,室温下搅拌5min后升温到70℃反应17h后停止反应,取样测得单体的转化率62.9%,PMMA的重均分子量11万,数均分子量6.4万,PDI=1.72。
实施例7
将购买的Pd/C粉末催化剂用透射电子显微镜(TEM)测试,所得TEM图像和X射线能谱图(EDX)如图4所示,从图中可看出,Pd纳米粒子呈球形,均匀分散在活性炭粉末上,粒径在1-3nm之间,统计平均粒径为1.7nm。
在Schlenk反应瓶中加入20mg Pd/C(9.40×10-6mol Pd),抽真空充氮气循环三次,用注射器加入2mL(0.019mol)预先除氧的MMA单体,超声振荡30s,开启搅拌,用微量注射器加入10μL(8.10×10-5mol)PSH,室温下搅拌5min后升温到80℃反应16.5h后停止反应,取样测得单体的转化率53.0%,PMMA的重均分子量269万,数均分子量149万,PDI=1.81。
实施例8
在Schlenk反应瓶中加入20mg Ru/C(9.90×10-6mol Ru),抽真空充氮气循环三次,用注射器加入2mL(0.019mol)预先除氧的MMA单体,超声振荡30s,开启搅拌,用微量注射器加入10μL(8.10×10-5mol)PSH,室温下搅拌5min后升温到80℃反应25h后停止反应,取样测得单体的转化率31.1%,PMMA的重均分子量449万,数均分子量191万,PDI=2.35。
实施例9
在Schlenk反应瓶中加入40mg Rh/C(1.94×10-5mol Rh),抽真空充氮气循环三次,用注射器加入2mL(0.019mol)预先除氧的MMA单体,超声振荡30s,开启搅拌,用微量注射器加入10μL(5.38×10-5mol)DPS,室温下搅拌5min后升温到70℃反应24h后停止反应,取样测得单体的转化率47.4%,PMMA的重均分子量475万,数均分子量262万,PDI=1.81。
实施例10
在Schlenk反应瓶中加入40mg Pt/C(1.03×10-5mol Pt),抽真空充氮气循环三次,用注射器加入2mL(0.019mol)预先除氧的MMA单体,超声振荡30s,开启搅拌,用微量注射器加入10μL(5.38×10-5mol)DPS,室温下搅拌5min后升温到70℃反应13h后停止反应,取样测得单体的转化率24%,聚合物PMMA的重均分子量210万,数均分子量78万,PDI=2.69。
实施例11
在Schlenk反应瓶中加入20mg Ir/C(5.21×10-6mol Ir),抽真空充氮气循环三次,用注射器加入2mL(0.019mol)预先除氧的MMA单体,超声振荡30s,开启搅拌,用微量注射器加入10μL(8.10×10-5mol)PSH,室温下搅拌5min后升温到80℃反应34h后停止反应,取样测得单体的转化率25.6%,PMMA的重均分子量360万,数均分子量195万,PDI=1.85。
实施例12
在Schlenk反应瓶中加入10mg(1.79×10-4mol)纳米铁粉,抽真空充氮气循环三次,用注射器加入5mL(0.047mol)预先除氧的MMA单体,超声振荡1min,剧烈搅拌下用微量注射器加入10μL(5.38×10-5mol)DPS,室温下搅拌5min后升温到70℃反应22.5h后停止反应,取样测得单体的转化率23.4%,PMMA的重均分子量280万,数均分子量171万,PDI=1.63。
实施例13
在Schlenk反应瓶中加入10mg(1.70×10-4mol)纳米镍粉,抽真空充氮气循环三次,用注射器加入5mL(0.047mol)预先除氧的MMA单体,超声振荡1min,剧烈搅拌下用微量注射器加入10μL(5.38×10-5mol)DPS,室温下搅拌5min后升温到80℃反应30h后停止反应,取样测得单体的转化率25.2%,GPC测得PMMA的重均分子量197万,数均分子量92万,PDI=2.14。
实施例14
在Schlenk反应瓶中加入10mg(1.57×10-4mol)纳米铜粉,抽真空充氮气循环三次,用注射器加入5mL(0.047mol)预先除氧的MMA单体,超声振荡1min,剧烈搅拌下用微量注射器加入10μL(8.10×10-5mol)PSH,室温下搅拌5min后升温到80℃反应26h后停止反应,取样测得单体的转化率26.7%,GPC测得PMMA的重均分子量301万,数均分子量161万,PDI=1.87。
实施例15
在Schlenk反应瓶中加入15mg(1.39×10-4mol)纳米银粉,抽真空充氮气循环三次,用注射器加入5mL(0.047mol)预先除氧的MMA单体,超声振荡1min,剧烈搅拌下用微量注射器加入10μL(8.10×10-5mol)PSH,室温下搅拌5min后升温到80℃反应21h后停止反应,取样测得单体的转化率35.5%,GPC测得PMMA的重均分子量743万,数均分子量558万,PDI=1.33。
实施例16
在Schlenk反应瓶中加入20mg(4.18×10-4mol)纳米钛粉,抽真空充氮气循环三次,用注射器加入5mL(0.047mol)预先除氧的MMA单体,超声振荡1min,剧烈搅拌下用微量注射器加入10μL(8.10×10-5mol)PSH,室温下搅拌5min后升温到90℃反应30h后停止反应,取样测得单体的转化率32.2%,GPC测得PMMA的重均分子量227万,数均分子量127万,PDI=1.79。
实施例17
在Schlenk反应瓶中加入25mg(1.36×10-4mol)纳米钨粉,抽真空充氮气循环三次,用注射器加入5mL(0.047mol)预先除氧的MMA单体,超声振荡1min,剧烈搅拌下用微量注射器加入10μL(8.10×10-5mol)PSH,室温下搅拌5min后升温到80℃反应24h后停止反应,取样测得单体的转化率28.8%,GPC测得PMMA的重均分子量207万,数均分子量83万,PDI=2.49。
实施例18
在离心管中加入10mL(3.81×10-5mol Au)金纳米粒子正己烷溶液,16000g离心30min,去掉上清夜,加入1mL(0.0094mol)MMA单体,超声振荡30s,通氮气鼓泡除氧5min,随后将单体溶液用注射器加入到充氮除氧的Schlenk反应瓶中,开启搅拌,用微量注射器加入500μL(2.69×10-3mol)DPS,室温下搅拌5min后升温到70℃反应12分钟后停止反应,取样测得单体的转化率5.0%。
将反应后的聚合物溶液用甲醇沉淀,所得PMMA用GPC测得的重均分子量3.2万,数均分子量1.7万,PDI=1.88。所得PMMA的核磁共振氢谱如图5所示。图中位于δ=7.2-7.8ppm之间的三组多重峰对应于引发剂DPS苯环上的质子,δ=3.6ppm的强峰对应于PMMA长链上甲氧基上的质子,根据二者的比例,计算得到PMMA聚合物的数均分子量为1.6万,与GPC测得的结果一致,表明每大分子链末端带有含硅的DPS引发剂基团。该官能团可进一步转化为其它功能基团而得到更有价值的功能高分子。
实施例19
离心管中加入5mL(1.90×10-5mol Au)金纳米粒子正己烷溶液,16000g离心30min,去掉上清夜,加入1mL(0.0094mol)MMA单体,超声振荡30s,通氮气鼓泡除氧5min,随后将单体溶液用注射器加入到充氮除氧的Schlenk反应瓶中,开启搅拌,用微量注射器加入50μL(2.69×10-4mol)DPS,将反应体系降温到0℃进行反应,24h后停止反应,取样测得单体的转化率51.1%,PMMA的重均分子量55万,数均分子量19万,PDI=2.89。
实施例20
离心管中加入250μL(9.52×10-7mol Au)金纳米粒子正己烷溶液,16000g离心30min,去掉上清夜,加入20mL(0.189mol)MMA单体,超声振荡30s,通氮气鼓泡除氧5min,随后将单体溶液用注射器加入到充氮除氧的Schlenk反应瓶中,开启搅拌,用微量注射器加入10μL(6.26×10-5mol)TES,将反应体系降温到70℃进行反应,34h后停止反应,取样测得单体的转化率30.8%,PMMA的重均分子量636万,数均分子量448万,PDI=1.42。
实施例21
离心管中加入200μL(7.62×10-7mol Au)金纳米粒子正己烷溶液,16000g离心30min,去掉上清夜,加入10mL(0.108mol)醋酸乙烯酯单体,超声振荡30s,通氮气鼓泡除氧5min,随后将单体溶液用注射器加入到充氮除氧的高压反应管(Ace pressure tubes,#15Ace-Thred),开启搅拌,用微量注射器加入10μL(8.10×10-5mol)PSH,室温下搅拌5min后升温到80℃反应72h后停止反应,取样测得单体的转化率54.9%,聚醋酸乙烯酯的重均分子量26万,数均分子量12万,PDI=2.17。
实施例22
离心管中加入0.5mL(1.90×10-6mol Au)金纳米粒子正己烷溶液,16000g离心30min,去掉上清夜,加入2mL(0.020mol)异戊二烯单体,超声振荡30s,通氮气鼓泡除氧5min,随后将单体溶液用注射器加入到充氮除氧的高压反应管(Ace pressure tubes,#15Ace-Thred)中,开启搅拌,用微量注射器加入50μL(3.86×10-4mol)DES,室温下搅拌5min后升温到130℃反应23h后停止反应,取样测得单体的转化率32.4%,聚异戊二烯的重均分子量9.0万,数均分子量4.5万,PDI=2.0。
实施例23
离心管中加入100μL金纳米粒子正己烷溶液(3.81×10-7mol Au),16000g离心30min,去掉上清夜,加入20mL丙烯酸丁酯单体(0.138mol),超声振荡30s,通氮气鼓泡除氧5min,随后将单体溶液用注射器加入到充氮除氧的Schlenk反应瓶中,开启搅拌,用微量注射器加入10μL DES(7.72×10-5mol),室温下搅拌5min后升温到60℃反应16h后停止反应,取样测得单体的转化率54.4%,聚丙烯酸丁酯的重均分子量981万,数均分子量648万,PDI=1.51。
实施例24
离心管中加入20μL金纳米粒子正己烷溶液(7.61×10-8mol Au),16000g离心30min,去掉上清夜,加入20mL丙烯酸甲酯单体(0.222mol),超声振荡30s,通氮气鼓泡除氧5min,随后将单体溶液用注射器加入到充氮除氧的Schlenk反应瓶中,开启搅拌,用微量注射器加入6μL DES(4.63×10-5mol),室温下搅拌5min后升温到50℃反应16h后停止反应,取样测得单体的转化率53.5%,聚丙烯酸甲酯的重均分子量827万,数均分子量611万,PDI=1.35。
实施例25
离心管中加入1.0mL金纳米粒子正己烷溶液(3.81×10-6mol Au),16000g离心30min,去掉上清夜,加入4mL(0.061mol)丙烯腈单体和1mL(0.013mol)N,N-二甲基甲酰胺溶剂,超声振荡30s,通氮气鼓泡除氧5min,随后将单体溶液用注射器加入到充氮除氧的Schlenk反应瓶中,开启搅拌,用微量注射器加入10μL(8.10×10-5mol)PSH,室温下搅拌5min后升温到60℃反应30h后停止反应,测得单体的转化率18.0%,聚丙烯腈的重均分子量107万,数均分子量37万,PDI=2.89。
实施例26
在Schlenk反应瓶中加入1g(0.014mol)丙烯酰胺单体,抽真空充氮气,用注射器加入1.0mL(6.60×10-7mol Au)金纳米粒子0.1mM PBS溶液,超声振荡30s,通氮气鼓泡除氧10min,开启搅拌,用微量注射器加入20μL(1.62×10-4mol)PSH,室温下反应1.5h后停止反应,取样测得单体的转化率14.0%,粘度法测得聚丙烯酰胺的分子量为97万。
实施例27
在Schlenk反应瓶中加入1.0mL(6.60×10-7mol Au)金纳米粒子0.1mM PBS溶液,4g(0.056mol)丙烯酸单体和1mL(0.056mol)蒸馏水溶剂,超声振荡30s,通氮气鼓泡除氧10min,开启搅拌,用微量注射器加入10μL(8.10×10-5mol)PSH,室温下搅拌反应2h后停止反应,取样测得单体的转化率44.7%,粘度法测得聚丙烯酸的分子量为552万。
实施例28
离心管中加入0.5mL(1.90×10-6mol Au)金纳米粒子正己烷溶液,16000g离心30min,去掉上清夜,加入2mL(0.017mol)苯乙烯单体,超声振荡30s,通氮气鼓泡除氧5min,随后将单体溶液用注射器加入到充氮除氧的Schlenk反应瓶中,开启搅拌,用微量注射器加入10μL(8.10×10-5mol)PSH,室温下搅拌5min后升温到80℃反应14h后停止反应,取样测得单体的转化率59.4%,聚苯乙烯的重均分子量75万,数均分子量26万,PDI=2.88
实施例29
离心管中加入50μL(1.90×10-7mol Au)金纳米粒子正己烷溶液,16000g离心30min,去掉上清夜,加入2mL(0.035mol)甲基丙烯酸三氟乙酯单体,超声振荡30s,通氮气鼓泡除氧5min,随后将单体溶液用注射器加入到充氮除氧的Schlenk反应瓶中,开启搅拌,用微量注射器加入10μL(5.38×10-5mol)DPS,室温下搅拌5min后升温到80℃反应11.5h后停止反应,取样测得单体的转化率85.1%,聚甲基丙烯酸三氟乙酯的重均分子量99万,数均分子量78万,PDI=1.27。
实施例30
在Schlenk反应瓶中加入10.0mg(3.84×10-5mol)TPS,抽真空充氮气。离心管中加入1.0mL金纳米粒子正己烷溶液(3.81×10-6mol Au),16000g离心30min,去掉上清夜,加入10mL(0.044mol)甲基丙烯酸异冰片酯单体和3mL(0.035mol)二氧六环溶剂,超声振荡30s,通氮气鼓泡除氧5min,随后将单体溶液用注射器加入到充氮除氧的Schlenk反应瓶中,开启搅拌,室温下搅拌5min后升温到70℃反应6h后停止反应,取样测得单体的转化率52.7%,聚甲基丙烯酸异冰片酯的重均分子量628万,数均分子量441万,PDI=1.42。
实施例31
离心管中加入100μL(3.81×10-7mol Au)金纳米粒子正己烷溶液,16000g离心30min,去掉上清夜,加入5mL(0.047mol)N-乙烯基吡啶单体,超声振荡30s,通氮气鼓泡除氧5min,随后将单体溶液加入到预先充氮除氧Schlenk反应瓶中,开启搅拌,用微量注射器加入10μL(8.10×10-5mol)PSH,室温下搅拌5min后升温到80℃反应20.5h后停止反应,取样测得单体的转化率46.8%,聚(N-乙烯基吡啶)的重均分子量75.8万,数均分子量31.0万,PDI=2.45。
实施例32
离心管中加入0.5mL(3.30×10-7mol Au)金纳米粒子0.1mM PBS溶液,10000g离心20min,去掉上清夜,加入2mL(0.019mol)N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮单体,超声振荡30s,通氮气鼓泡除氧5min,随后将单体溶液用注射器加入到充氮除氧的Schlenk反应瓶中,开启搅拌,用微量注射器加入20μL(1.62×10-4mol)PSH,室温下搅拌5min后升温到90℃反应18h后停止反应,取样测得单体的转化率43.2%,聚(N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮)的重均分子量47万,数均分子量18万,PDI=2.61。
实施例33
离心管中加入200μL(7.62×10-7mol Au)金纳米粒子正己烷溶液,16000g离心30min,去掉上清夜,加入10mL(0.094mol)MMA与10mL(0.069mol)丙烯酸丁酯混合单体,超声振荡30s,通氮气鼓泡除氧5min,随后将混合单体溶液加入到预先充氮除氧Schlenk反应瓶中,开启搅拌,用微量注射器加入20μL(1.08×10-4mol)DPS,室温下搅拌5min后升温到70℃反应36h后停止反应,取样测得单体的转化率34.9%,共聚物的重均分子量370万,数均分子量261万,PDI=1.42。
实施例34
离心管中加入50μL(1.90×10-7mol Au)金纳米粒子正己烷溶液,16000g离心30min,去掉上清夜,加入2.3mL(0.022mol)MMA与2.3mL(0.022mol)N-乙烯基吡啶混合单体,超声振荡30s,通氮气鼓泡除氧5min,随后将混合单体溶液用注射器加入到充氮除氧的Schlenk反应瓶中,开启搅拌,用微量注射器加入10μL(8.10×10-5mol)PSH,室温下搅拌5min后升温到70℃反应39.5h后停止反应,取样测得单体的转化率56.8%,共聚物的重均分子量45万,数均分子量15.4万,PDI=2.92。
对比例1
根据文献(何姣,郭文迅,彭荡,等.应用化工,2011,40(2):210-214),一个典型的自由基聚合例子如下:
单体:甲基丙烯酸甲酯:甲基丙烯酸:丙烯酸丁酯=50:25:25;
引发剂:偶氮二异丁腈、偶氮二异戊腈、偶氮二异庚腈,用量0.6-2.0wt%;
反应温度:70-85℃;
聚合物数均分子量:2772-14656;分子量分布多分散指数:3.66-17.42。
与本发明的方法相比,传统自由基聚合的引发剂使用量较大,所得聚合物分子量低,分子量分布多分散系数很大。
对比例2
根据文献(颜德岳,吴邦媛,裘祖文,等.同济大学学报,1980,4:34-43),一个典型的阴离子聚合例子如下:
单体:甲基丙烯酸甲酯,浓度1.23mol/L;
溶剂:甲苯;
引发剂:正丁基锂,浓度:2.55×10-2mol/L;
反应温度:-40℃;封管中反应,反应时间:90分钟;
分子量(以聚合物特性粘数表示):[η]=164.1ml/g;分子量分布很宽,呈现双峰分布。
与本发明的方法相比,甲基丙烯酸甲酯的阴离子聚合反应条件苛刻,正丁基锂极活泼,需在完全无水条件下封管中低温条件下进行反应,所得聚合物分子量分布很宽,呈现双峰分布。
对比例3
根据文献(Hitoshi Abe,Kiyokazu Imai,Masakazu Matsumoto.Journal ofPolymer Science Part B:Polymer Letters,1965,3,1053-1058),一个典型的配位聚合例子如下:
单体:甲基丙烯酸甲酯,浓度10vol%;
溶剂:甲苯;
催化剂:齐格-纳塔催化剂TiCl4+AlEt3;
反应温度:-78℃;反应时间:18h;
转化率:88.5%;分子量:25.5万。
与本发明的方法相比,甲基丙烯酸甲酯的配位聚合反应条件苛刻,TiCl4与AlEt3极活泼,需在完全无水条件下温度极低的环境中进行反应,所得聚合物分子量较低。
Claims (9)
1.一种过渡金属纳米颗粒催化乙烯基单体聚合反应的方法,其特征在于,所述的方法为:
在惰性气体保护下,将单体、催化剂、引发剂、溶剂混合均匀,于0~130℃下反应0.2~72h,之后反应体系经后处理,即得产品;
所述催化剂为过渡金属纳米颗粒;所述引发剂为有机硅氢化合物;
所述单体、引发剂、催化剂、溶剂的投料物质的量之比为1.0:0.0002~0.3:0.0000003~0.01:0~20;
所述单体为下列单体中的一种,或者两种以上互溶单体的任意比例混合物:
苯乙烯、对氯甲基苯乙烯、α-甲基苯乙烯、对氟苯乙烯、对氯苯乙烯、对溴苯乙烯、对三氟甲基苯乙烯、对二乙烯基苯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、甲基丙烯酸乙酯、甲基丙烯酸丙酯、甲基丙烯酸异丙酯、甲基丙烯酸丁酯、甲基丙烯酸异丁酯、甲基丙烯酸辛酯、甲基丙烯酸异辛酯、甲基丙烯酸月桂酯、甲基丙烯酸苯酯、甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油醚酯、二缩三乙二醇甲基丙烯酸酯、甲基丙烯酸2-乙基已酯、甲基丙烯酸异冰片酯、甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯、甲基丙烯酸羟丙酯、甲基丙烯酸羟丁酯、甲基丙烯酸三氟乙酯、甲基丙烯酸六氟丁酯、N,N-二甲胺基乙基甲基丙烯酸酯、N,N-二乙胺基乙基甲基丙烯酸酯、二甲基丙烯酸1,4-丁二醇酯、丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸乙酯、丙烯酸丙酯、丙烯酸异丙酯、丙烯酸丁酯、丙烯酸异丁酯、丙烯酸辛酯、丙烯酸异辛酯、丙烯酸月桂酯、丙烯酸羟乙酯、丙烯酸羟丙酯及、丙烯酸羟丁酯、N,N-二甲胺基乙基丙烯酸酯、N,N-二乙胺基乙基丙烯酸酯、丙烯酸三氟乙酯、丙烯酸缩水甘油醚酯、二缩三乙二醇丙烯酸酯、丙烯酸六氟丁酯、丙烯酸2-乙基己酯、丙烯酸苯酯、二丙烯酸1,4-丁二醇酯、丙烯酸异冰片酯、丙烯酰胺、甲基丙烯酰胺、N-异丙基丙烯酰胺、N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺、N-(2-羟丙基)甲基丙烯酰胺、N-甲基丙烯酰胺、N,N-二甲基丙烯酰胺、N-特丁基丙烯酰胺、N-正丁基丙烯酰胺、亚甲基双丙烯酰胺、醋酸乙烯酯、氯乙酸乙烯酯、丙酸乙烯酯、丁酸乙烯酯、丙烯腈、甲基丙烯腈、丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、4-乙烯基吡啶、N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮、氯乙烯、异戊二烯或丁二烯。
2.如权利要求1所述的过渡金属纳米颗粒催化乙烯基单体聚合反应的方法,其特征在于,所述单体、引发剂、催化剂、溶剂的投料物质的量之比为1:0.001~0.1:0.000001~0.001:0~1。
3.如权利要求1所述的过渡金属纳米颗粒催化乙烯基单体聚合反应的方法,其特征在于,所述反应的温度为50~100℃。
4.如权利要求1所述的过渡金属纳米颗粒催化乙烯基单体聚合反应的方法,其特征在于,所述反应的时间为1~36h。
5.如权利要求1所述的过渡金属纳米颗粒催化乙烯基单体聚合反应的方法,其特征在于,所述单体为下列单体中的一种,或者两种以上互溶单体的任意比例混合物:
苯乙烯、对氯甲基苯乙烯、对氯苯乙烯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、甲基丙烯酸丁酯、甲基丙烯酸月桂酯、甲基丙烯酸2-乙基已酯、甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油醚酯、甲基丙烯酸异冰片酯、甲基丙烯酸三氟乙酯、甲基丙烯酸六氟丁酯、丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸乙酯、丙烯酸丁酯、丙烯酸月桂酯、丙烯酸羟乙酯、丙烯酸缩水甘油醚酯、丙烯酸六氟丁酯、丙烯酰胺、甲基丙烯酰胺、N-异丙基丙烯酰胺、N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺、N,N-二甲基丙烯酰胺、亚甲基双丙烯酰胺、醋酸乙烯酯、氯乙酸乙烯酯、丙酸乙烯酯、丙烯腈、丙烯酸、4-乙烯基吡啶、N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮、氯乙烯或异戊二烯。
6.如权利要求1所述的过渡金属纳米颗粒催化乙烯基单体聚合反应的方法,其特征在于,所述催化剂为下列过渡金属纳米颗粒中的一种或两种以上任意比例的混合物:
金纳米颗粒、银纳米颗粒、铜纳米颗粒、铂纳米颗粒、钯纳米颗粒、镍纳米颗粒、铑纳米颗粒、铼纳米颗粒、钌纳米颗粒、铁纳米颗粒、钴纳米颗粒、铱纳米颗粒、钨纳米颗粒、钛纳米颗粒、钒纳米颗粒、锰纳米颗粒、钼纳米颗粒或铬纳米颗粒。
7.如权利要求6所述的过渡金属纳米颗粒催化乙烯基单体聚合反应的方法,其特征在于,所述过渡金属纳米颗粒的平均粒径在1~100nm之间;所述过渡金属纳米颗粒的存在形式为固体粉末、纳米颗粒溶液或纳米颗粒负载到固体基质表面的形式。
8.如权利要求1所述的过渡金属纳米颗粒催化乙烯基单体聚合反应的方法,其特征在于,所述引发剂为下列有机硅氢化合物中的一种或两种以上任意比例的混合物:
苯硅烷、正丁基硅烷、正己基硅烷、环己基硅烷、正十八烷基硅烷、二苯基硅烷、二丙基硅烷、二异丙基硅烷、二正丁基硅烷、二异丁基硅烷、二叔丁基硅烷、二正己基硅烷、二环己基硅烷、甲基苯基硅烷、苯基氯硅烷、三苯基硅烷、三乙基硅烷、三丙基硅烷、三异丙基硅烷、三正丁基硅烷、三异丁基硅烷、三叔丁基硅烷、三正己基硅烷、三环己基硅烷、三正辛基硅烷、正丁基二甲基硅烷、异丁基二甲基硅烷、叔丁基二甲基硅烷、三(三甲基硅基)硅烷、三(三乙基硅基)硅烷、三氯硅烷、甲基二氯硅烷、乙基二氯硅烷、苯基二氯硅烷、二甲基氯硅烷、二苯基氯硅烷、二异丙基氯硅烷、二叔丁基氯硅烷、甲基苯基氯硅烷、二甲基烯丙基硅烷、甲基二苯基硅烷、二甲基苯基硅烷、二甲基正己基硅烷、二甲基正丁基硅烷、正十八烷基二乙氧基硅烷、三甲氧基硅烷、三乙氧基硅烷、三丙氧基硅烷、三异丙氧基硅烷、三丁氧基硅烷、三叔丁氧基硅烷、甲基二甲氧基硅烷、甲基二乙氧基硅烷、苯基二甲氧基硅烷或苯基二乙氧基硅烷。
9.如权利要求1所述的过渡金属纳米颗粒催化乙烯基单体聚合反应的方法,其特征在于,所述溶剂为下列溶剂中的一种或两种以上互溶溶剂的任意比例混合物:
正己烷、环己烷、石油醚、庚烷、辛烷、苯、甲苯、对二甲苯、十氢萘、二氯甲烷、三氯甲烷、四氯化碳、三氯乙烯、四氯乙烯、乙醚、正丁醚、乙二醇二甲醚、二乙二醇二甲醚、三乙二醇二甲醚、四氢呋喃、二氧六环、二苯醚、丙酮、乙酰丙酮、丁酮、环己酮、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丙酯、乙酸丁酯、甲醇、乙醇、异丙醇、正丁醇、异丁醇、环己醇、乙二醇、一缩二乙二醇、二缩三乙二醇、水、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、N-甲基甲酰胺、N-甲基乙酰胺、二甲基亚砜、环丁砜、N-甲基吡咯烷酮或γ-丁内酯。
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