CN108385035A - 采用预熔精炼渣炉外精炼14Cr1Mo合金钢的方法 - Google Patents
采用预熔精炼渣炉外精炼14Cr1Mo合金钢的方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种采用预熔精炼渣炉外精炼14Cr1Mo合金钢的方法，冶炼方法为：钢水进行预脱氧合金化处理后，出钢1/3时加入铝饼及预熔渣，出钢1/2加入硅铁，按内控成分下限加入Mn‑Fe、Cr‑Fe、Mo‑Fe合金，出钢2/3加入石灰，入LF炉进行成分、温度调整工作，后续进入VD炉完成脱气、搅拌等任务。预熔精炼渣成分以质量百分比计包括Al2O340.25%、CaO45.62%、MgO1.91%、Fe2O31.08%、SiO24.23%、N2＜200PPm，具有熔化快、气体含量低、活性度高、造渣速度快、白渣出现早、熔化后具有较好的流动性的特点，本发明在钢水出炉时加入预熔精炼渣进行炉外精炼，能够吸附钢液中大部分的脱氧、脱硫产物，提高钢液质量，缩短精炼时间，降低炼钢成本，生产出特级优质钢。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及金属冶炼技术领域，具体的说是一种采用预熔精炼渣炉外精炼14Cr1Mo合金钢的方法，适用于炼钢二次精炼在钢包内造渣精炼作业。
背景技术
14Cr1Mo合金钢为压力容器类用钢，对缩孔、疏松、偏析、非金属夹杂、白点有较高的敏感性，改进冶炼工艺对提升钢材质量起着重要作用。目前炼钢普遍采用炉外精炼技术，将炼钢过程中脱氧、脱硫、降低气体，减少夹杂物、调整钢的成分和温度等工作全部或部分转移到钢包炉中完成，以求获得洁净的钢，并取得高产、优质、低成本的良好效果。诸多精炼工艺中，合成渣精炼凭借去除钢中有害元素和吸纳钢中杂物等功能，得到了广泛的应用及发展。
很多企业使用简单混合型精炼渣进行合金精炼。这种精炼渣是由要求的各类原料（如石灰，矾土、萤石等）按比例机械混合而成，其原料来源十分广泛且价格低廉，生产工艺也较简单。但简单混合型精炼渣的熔化温度较高（约1440℃），熔化过程中会消耗大量的冶金材料和电能，高温钢液体对炉衬产生侵蚀，容易使炉龄降低。简单混合型精炼渣组分比重的差异容易引起成分偏析、易水化、性能不稳定等问题，十分影响钢水精炼的效果，造成钢产品质量不符合要求。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种采用预熔精炼渣炉外精炼14Cr1Mo合金钢的方法，能够有效吸附冶炼钢过程中的有害物质，提高钢液质量，降低精炼设备的损耗。
为实现上述目的，本发明所采取的技术方案为：
一种采用预熔精炼渣炉外精炼14Cr1Mo合金钢的方法，采用本方法冶炼的14Cr1Mo合金钢中各组分的质量百分比含量为：C0.11-0.15%、Si0.50-0.65%、Mn0.40-0.55%、P≤0.007%、S≤0.005、Cr1.15-1.50%、Mo0.45-0.60%、Ni≤0.20%、Cu≤0.15、V≤0.010%、Ti≤0.010%、Nb≤0.010%、Al0.015-0.35%、As≤0.010%、Sb≤0.0025%、Sn≤0.010%、H＜2ppm、O＜20ppm、N＜80ppm；
本方法包括以下步骤：
步骤一、电弧炉冶炼炉料包括碳素废钢、铬钼废钢，钢屑入炉比例＜5%，配碳量0.70-0.80%，在氧化温度≥1580℃，脱碳量≥0.40%，钢液中C的质量百分比含量≤0.07%、P的质量百分比含量≤0.002%，钢水进行预脱氧合金化处理后出钢；出钢质量达到1/3时，钢包中每吨钢水加入铝饼1.2kg、预熔精炼渣0.001Kg；出钢质量达到1/2时，钢包中每吨钢水加入硅铁1.5kg，按各组分质量百分比范围的下限加入Mn-Fe、Cr-Fe、Mo-Fe合金；出钢质量达到2/3时，钢包中按每吨钢水计加入石灰450kg；
步骤二、钢包进入LF炉，座包后喂入铝线，使冶炼过程中铝的质量百分比含量为0.03-0.055%；根据实际工况加入适量萤石，每吨钢水加入用SiC粉1.0-1.5Kg、铝屑0.8-1.2Kg进行扩散脱氧，保持炉内还原气氛；钢包入LF炉后10min形成白渣，渣白、温度≥1580℃时取样分析，根据分析结果调整成分；冶炼过程铝控制稳定后，按照每吨钢2m的量喂入硅钙线；纯精炼时间≥20min后入VD炉；LF炉冶炼过程根据渣的粘稠程度加入石灰、萤石保持渣的良好流动性，每吨钢水渣量20-22Kg，白渣保持时间≥40min，LF炉吊包温度为1680-1690℃；
步骤三、吊包进入VD炉冶炼，VD炉内极限真空度≤67Pa，极限真空保压时间≥20min，VD炉后氩气软吹≥15min，VD炉内吊包温度为1570±5℃；得到精炼后的14Cr1Mo合金钢钢水，钢水中硫元素的质量百分比含量＜0.002%，脱硫率达到90%。
优选的，所述预熔精炼渣是以7Al2O3·12CaO为主的铝酸钙物质，其成分以质量百分比计包括Al2O330-40%、CaO45-55%、MgO＜3%、Fe2O3＜3%、SiO2＜6%、N2＜200PPm，质量百分比80%以上的预熔精炼渣的粒度为10-30mm，其余预熔精炼渣的粒度大于30mm。
优选的，所述预熔精炼渣的制备方法为将充分干燥后的活性石灰、镁砂、铝灰及工业试剂按组分配比，粉碎成2mm以下的碎料，混匀后预熔，预熔温度为1350℃-1450℃，熔化均匀后出炉冷却，破碎并再次加工，粒度保持在10mm以下，在防潮袋中保持干燥待用。
本发明采用的预熔精炼渣具有熔化快、气体含量低、活性度高、造渣速度快、白渣出现早、熔化后具有较好的流动性的特点，在钢水出炉时加入预熔精炼渣进行炉外精炼，能够吸附钢液中大部分的脱氧、脱硫产物，提高钢液质量，缩短精炼时间，降低炼钢成本，生产出特级优质钢。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例和对比例，以45吨LF精炼炉进行试验，对本发明做进一步详细的说明。
实施例
一种采用预熔精炼渣炉外精炼14Cr1Mo合金钢的方法，采用本方法冶炼的14Cr1Mo合金钢中各组分的质量百分比含量为：C0.11-0.15%、Si0.50-0.65%、Mn0.40-0.55%、P≤0.007%、S≤0.005、Cr1.15-1.50%、Mo0.45-0.60%、Ni≤0.20%、Cu≤0.15、V≤0.010%、Ti≤0.010%、Nb≤0.010%、Al0.015-0.35%、As≤0.010%、Sb≤0.0025%、Sn≤0.010%、H＜2ppm、O＜20ppm、N＜80ppm；
本方法包括以下步骤：
步骤一、电弧炉冶炼炉料包括碳素废钢、铬钼废钢，钢屑入炉比例＜5%，配碳量0.70-0.80%，在氧化温度≥1580℃，脱碳量≥0.40%，钢液中C的质量百分比含量≤0.07%、P的质量百分比含量≤0.002%，钢水进行预脱氧合金化处理后出钢；出钢质量达到1/3时，钢包中每吨钢水加入铝饼1.2kg、预熔精炼渣0.001Kg；出钢质量达到1/2时，钢包中每吨钢水加入硅铁1.5kg，按各组分质量百分比范围的下限加入Mn-Fe、Cr-Fe、Mo-Fe合金；出钢质量达到2/3时，钢包中按每吨钢水计加入石灰450kg；
步骤二、钢包进入LF炉，座包后喂入铝线，使冶炼过程中铝的质量百分比含量为0.03-0.055%；根据实际工况加入适量萤石，每吨钢水加入用SiC粉1.0-1.5Kg、铝屑0.8-1.2Kg进行扩散脱氧，保持炉内还原气氛；钢包入LF炉后10min形成白渣，渣白、温度≥1580℃时取样分析，根据分析结果调整成分；冶炼过程铝控制稳定后，按照每吨钢2m的量喂入硅钙线；纯精炼时间≥20min后入VD炉；LF炉冶炼过程根据渣的粘稠程度加入石灰、萤石保持渣的良好流动性，每吨钢水渣量20-22Kg，白渣保持时间≥40min，LF炉吊包温度为1680-1690℃；
步骤三、吊包进入VD炉冶炼，VD炉内极限真空度≤67Pa，极限真空保压时间≥20min，VD炉后氩气软吹≥15min，VD炉内吊包温度为1570±5℃；得到精炼后的14Cr1Mo合金钢钢水，钢水中硫元素的质量百分比含量＜0.002%，脱硫率达到90%。
本实施例制备的预熔精炼渣采用的原料如下：
活性石灰的化学组成以质量百分比计为：100%＞CaO≥90%，5%≥MgO＞0,2.5%≥SiO2＞0，其余为微量杂质；
镁砂的化学组成以质量百分比计为：100%＞MgO≥90%，5%≥CaO＞0,3%≥Al2O3＞0，1%≥SiO2＞0，其余为微量杂质；
铝灰的化学组成以质量百分比计为：100%＞Al2O3≥90%，5%≥CaO＞0,3%≥MgO＞0，1%≥SiO2＞0，其余为微量杂质。
将上述原料在150℃下烘烤干燥后称量，以质量百分比计按照活性石灰50%，铝灰45%，镁砂3%的配比进行配料。将所有原料破碎成2mm以下并机械混匀，加入钢包内加热至1400℃熔化，待熔化均匀后，出炉冷却，破碎后加工，粒度保持在10mm以下，置入防潮袋待用。
制备好的预熔精炼渣是以7Al2O3·12CaO为主的氯酸钙物质，其成分以质量百分比计包括Al2O342.25%、CaO48.62%、MgO1.91%、Fe2O31.08%、SiO24.23%、N2＜200PPm，质量百分比80%以上的预熔精炼渣的粒度为10-30mm，其余预熔精炼渣的粒度可大于30mm。
精炼过程中预熔精炼渣渣样的化学成分以质量百分比计，包括以下组份：P2050.001%、FeO 0.49%、MnO 0.07%、CaO 48.86%、MgO 8.15%、Al2O327.15%、SiO213.67%、Cr2O3 0.21%，其余为Fe及不可避免的杂质。计算出渣样的碱度为3.57。
对比例
采用硅灰石粉进行炉外精炼14Cr1Mo合金钢的方法，它包括以下步骤：
电弧炉冶炼炉料包括优质碳素废钢、铬钼废钢，钢屑入炉比例＜5%，配碳量0.70-0.80%。氧化温度≥1580℃，脱碳量≥0.40%，钢液C≤0.07%、P≤0.002%时，可出钢。
电弧炉出钢过程每吨钢水加铝饼1.5kg,硅钙块0.5kg，钢包中按NB/T47008-2010标准要求的14Cr1Mo钢成分下限加入Mn-Fe、Cr-Fe、Si-Fe合金；造渣材料：每吨钢水加入石灰10-15Kg、萤石2-3Kg。
LF炉座包后每吨钢水喂铝线0.4Kg，用C粉1.0-1.5Kg，Si-Fe粉1-2.5Kg加铝屑扩散脱氧，保持炉内还原气氛。渣白取样分析，根据分析结果按内控成分调整成分。整个冶炼过程根据渣的粘稠程度加入石灰、萤石保持渣的良好流动性。白渣保持时间≥40min。按钢水残铝量喂Al线，喂硅钙线。LF炉吊包温度1680-1690℃。VD炉极限真空度≤67Pa，极限真空保压时间≥20min。氩气软吹＞8min。吊包温度1575-1585℃。
本对比例中硅灰石粉的成分以质量百分比及包括以下组份：CaO、43.71%，MgO、2.31%，Fe2O3、0.37%，Al2O3、0.59%，SiO2、51.26%，硅灰石粉的粒度为32.5mm。
精炼过程中渣样的化学成分以质量百分比计包括以下组份：P205、0.005%，FeO、0.63%，MnO、0.09%，CaO、52.08%，MgO、11.26%，Al2O3、25.5%、SiO2、9.2%，Cr2O3、0.38%，其余为Fe及不可避免的杂质。计算出渣样的碱度为5.57。
精炼后钢液的化学成分以质量百分比计包括以下组份：C、0.14%，Si、0.65%，Mn、0.42%，P、0.005%，S、0.006%，Ni、0.15%，Cr、1.40%，Mo、0.45%，As、0.014%，Sn、0.003%，Sb≤0.001%。
从以上结果可知，采用本发明的所述的精炼方法，14Cr1Mo合金钢钢液中硫、氧及其他夹杂物的含量都较采用普通硅灰石粉精炼的14Cr1Mo合金钢钢液有明显降低，精炼过程中渣的碱度适宜，脱氧、吸附夹杂物的效果好，且流动性强。
将上述两种14Cr1Mo合金钢成品退火后切片送检做金相检测，参考GB/T10561-2005、GB/T6394-2002其晶粒度及非金属夹杂物评定结果如下：
执行标准中的B法评定五类夹杂物，结果采用预熔精炼渣冶炼的14Cr1Mo合金钢钢锭切片A、0，B、0，C、0，D、0.5，Ds、0各类夹杂物均不大于0.5级，采用硅灰石粉冶炼的14Cr1Mo合金钢钢锭切片A、0.5，B、0.5，C、0.5，D、1.5，Ds、0.5各类夹杂物均不大于1.5级，根据GB/T6394-2002标准测定钢锭切片中铁素体晶粒度，采用预熔精炼渣冶炼的14Cr1Mo合金钢钢锭切片铁素体晶粒度等级为7.5，采用硅灰石粉冶炼的14Cr1Mo合金钢钢锭切片铁素体晶粒度等级为7.0，两者均满足标准要求，但采用预熔精炼渣冶炼的14Cr1Mo合金钢钢锭夹杂物含量明显低于采用硅灰石粉冶炼的14Cr1Mo合金钢钢锭，本发明采用的预熔渣能够有效地降低夹杂物含量。
宏观检测执行GB/T1979-2001评定，采用预熔精炼渣冶炼的14Cr1Mo合金钢钢锭一般疏松等级：1.0，中心疏松等级：＜1.0，锭型偏析：＜1.0，达到特级优质钢标准。采用普通硅灰石粉冶炼的14Cr1Mo合金钢钢锭一般疏松等级：1.0，中心疏松等级：2.0，锭型偏析等级：2.0，达到高级优质钢标准。
Claims (3)
1.一种采用预熔精炼渣炉外精炼14Cr1Mo合金钢的方法，其特征在于：采用本方法冶炼的14Cr1Mo合金钢中各组分的质量百分比含量为：C0.11-0.15%、Si0.50-0.65%、Mn0.40-0.55%、P≤0.007%、S≤0.005、Cr1.15-1.50%、Mo0.45-0.60%、Ni≤0.20%、Cu≤0.15、V≤0.010%、Ti≤0.010%、Nb≤0.010%、Al0.015-0.35%、As≤0.010%、Sb≤0.0025%、Sn≤0.010%、H＜2ppm、O＜20ppm、N＜80ppm；
本方法包括以下步骤：
步骤一、电弧炉冶炼炉料包括碳素废钢、铬钼废钢，钢屑入炉比例＜5%，配碳量0.70-0.80%，在氧化温度≥1580℃，脱碳量≥0.40%，钢液中C的质量百分比含量≤0.07%、P的质量百分比含量≤0.002%，钢水进行预脱氧合金化处理后出钢；出钢质量达到1/3时，钢包中每吨钢水加入铝饼1.2kg、预熔精炼渣0.001Kg；出钢质量达到1/2时，钢包中每吨钢水加入硅铁1.5kg，按各组分质量百分比范围的下限加入Mn-Fe、Cr-Fe、Mo-Fe合金；出钢质量达到2/3时，钢包中按每吨钢水计加入石灰450kg；
步骤二、钢包进入LF炉，座包后喂入铝线，使冶炼过程中铝的质量百分比含量为0.03-0.055%；根据实际工况加入适量萤石，每吨钢水加入SiC粉1.0-1.5Kg、铝屑0.8-1.2Kg进行扩散脱氧，保持炉内还原气氛；钢包入LF炉后10min形成白渣，渣白、温度≥1580℃时取样分析，根据分析结果调整成分；冶炼过程铝控制稳定后，按照每吨钢水2m的量喂入硅钙线；纯精炼时间≥20min后入VD炉；LF炉冶炼过程根据渣的粘稠程度加入石灰、萤石保持渣的良好流动性，每吨钢水渣量20-22Kg，白渣保持时间≥40min，LF炉吊包温度为1680-1690℃；
步骤三、吊包进入VD炉冶炼，VD炉内极限真空度≤67Pa，极限真空保压时间≥20min，VD炉后氩气软吹≥15min，VD炉内吊包温度为1570±5℃；得到精炼后的14Cr1Mo合金钢钢水，钢水中硫元素的质量百分比含量＜0.005%，脱硫率达到90%。
2.根据权利要求1所述的采用预熔精炼渣炉外精炼14Cr1Mo合金钢的方法，其特征在于：所述预熔精炼渣是以7Al2O3·12CaO为主的铝酸钙物质，其成分以质量百分比计包括Al2O330-40%、CaO45-55%、MgO＜3%、Fe2O3＜3%、SiO2＜6%、N2＜200PPm，质量百分比80%以上的预熔精炼渣的粒度为10-30mm，其余预熔精炼渣的粒度大于30mm。
3.权利要求1或2所述的采用预熔精炼渣炉外精炼14Cr1Mo合金钢的方法，其特征在于：所述预熔精炼渣的制备方法为将充分干燥后的活性石灰、镁砂、铝灰及工业试剂按组分配比，粉碎成2mm以下的碎料，混匀后预熔，预熔温度为1350℃-1450℃，熔化均匀后出炉冷却，破碎并再次加工，粒度保持在10mm以下，在防潮袋中保持干燥待用。
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