CN108350821A - 带有喷射量控制的内燃机 - Google Patents

带有喷射量控制的内燃机 Download PDF

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CN108350821A
CN108350821A CN201680064726.9A CN201680064726A CN108350821A CN 108350821 A CN108350821 A CN 108350821A CN 201680064726 A CN201680064726 A CN 201680064726A CN 108350821 A CN108350821 A CN 108350821A
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needle
injector
valve
internal combustion
combustion engine
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M.萨特里亚
D.英霍夫
R.伯格迈尔
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Innio Jenbacher GmbH and Co OG
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GE Jenbacher GmbH and Co OHG
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    • F02D19/0602Control of components of the fuel supply system
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Abstract

双燃料内燃机,带有:‑调节设备,‑至少一个燃烧室,‑至少一个用于将气态燃料供给至至少一个燃烧室的气体供给装置,和‑至少一个通过调节设备经由执行器操控信号可调节的用于将液态燃料喷射到至少一个燃烧室中的喷射器,其中,调节设备在内燃机的先导运行模式中经由执行器操控信号在针阀的弹道区域中调节喷射器的针阀的打开,且其中,在调节设备中存储算法,其作为输入参量至少收到执行器操控信号(Δt)且经由喷射器模型计算出针阀(6)的位置且将其与针阀位置额定值(zref)比较,且取决于比较结果修正执行器操控信号(Δt),以及一种用于运行这样的内燃机和这样的内燃机的喷射器的方法。

Description

带有喷射量控制的内燃机
技术领域
本发明涉及一种带有权利要求1的前序部分的特征的双燃料内燃机和一种带有权利要求10或者11的前序部分的特征的方法。
背景技术
双燃料内燃机通常以两种运行模式来运行。在此区分为带有主要液态的燃料供给的运行模式(简称“液态运行”;在使用柴油作为液态燃料的情况中被称作“柴油运行”)和带有主要气态的燃料供给的运行模式,在其中液态燃料充当用于开始燃烧的先导燃料(Pilotkraftstoff)(“气体运行”,或也被称作“先导运行(或引燃运行,即Pilotbetrieb)”或“点火射束运行”)。作为液态燃料的例子提及柴油。其同样可以是重油或其它可自点燃的燃料。作为气态燃料的例子提及天然气。还可考虑其它气态燃料例如生物气等等。
在先导运行中,较少量的液态燃料作为所谓的先导喷射被带入到活塞气缸单元的燃烧室中。通过在喷射时刻占主导的条件,被带入的液态燃料点燃且引燃在活塞气缸单元的燃烧室中存在的由气态燃料和空气构成的混合物。先导喷射的液态燃料的量通常为整个在内燃机的工作循环中被供给活塞气缸单元的燃烧室的能量量的0.5-5%。
为了概念解释作如下定义,即,在先导运行中或在液态运行中运行内燃机。关于调节设备(Regeleinrichtung)内燃机的先导运行被称作先导模式,内燃机的液态运行关于调节设备被称作液态模式。
弹道区域(ballistischen Bereich)被理解为用于液态燃料的喷射器的运行,在其中针阀(Nadel)由“全闭合的”位置出发在“全敞开的”位置的方向上移动,然而未达到该位置。紧接着,针阀再次在“全闭合的”位置的方向上移动,而未达到“全敞开的”位置。
置换比说明被供给内燃机的能量的多少比例以气态燃料的形式供给。力求在98与99.5%之间的置换比。如此高的置换比要求一种内燃机的例如在压缩比方面如其相符于燃气发动机的设计方案的设计方案。对用于先导运行和液态运行的内燃机的部分对立的要求导致在设计方案中、例如在压缩比方面的折衷。
在现有技术的情形中有问题的是,在用于液态燃料的喷射器的寿命上在弹道区域中的针阀位置的精确调节在使用单个喷射器的情形下以仅一个针阀是不可实现的。在该区域中,由于统计上的波动、制造变动、磨损等等,打开针阀的执行器的促动不明确映射于经喷射的液态燃料的质量。
作为带有仅一个针阀的仅一个喷射器的使用的替代,该针阀不仅在先导运行中而且在带有增大比例的液态燃料的运行模式中可运行,因此使用两个分开的喷射器或带有两个分开的针阀的喷射器。同样已知,即,向上限制置换比。
WO 2014/202202 A1描述了一种用于该类型的内燃机的喷射器,在其中借助于布置在喷射器中的压力传感器测量在存储器腔中的压降且由此确定实际的喷射持续时间。在最小量的情形中,该压降然而对于建立与喷射持续时间的足够精确的关系而言太小。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种双燃料内燃机和一种方法,在其中可实现在弹道区域中的针阀位置的精确调节。
该目的通过一种带有权利要求1的特征的内燃机和一种带有权利要求10或者11的特征的方法来实现。本发明的有利的实施形式在从属权利要求中被定义。
通过使在调节设备中存储算法,其作为输入参量至少收到执行器操控信号且经由喷射器模型计算出针阀位置且其将借助于喷射器模型计算出的针阀位置与期望的针阀位置额定值比较且取决于比较结果使执行器操控信号不变(或相同,即gleich lässt)或被修正,在弹道区域中精确调节针阀是可能的。由此,液态燃料的最小量的精确喷射在使用带有仅一个针阀的仅一个喷射器的情形下是可能的,其中,置换比无须被向上限制。一个且相同的喷射器可在0%的置换比直至置换比的所选择的上限(例如99.5%)的范围中运行。于是利用带有仅一个针阀的相同的喷射器可实现在液态模式中、在先导模式中的运行或混合运行。
调节设备特别优选地构造用于在内燃机的每个燃烧循环或所选出的燃烧循环期间实施算法且在偏差的情形中修正在该燃烧循环期间的执行器操控信号。
该算法基于执行器操控信号估计针阀位置。本发明于是由通过该算法计算出的针阀位置出发且比较该值与期望的针阀位置额定值。在偏差的情形中可立即(例如在10毫秒内)被修正。
优选地设置有至少一个传感器,通过其可测量至少一个喷射器的至少一个测量参量,其中,传感器处在或可被带到与调节设备的信号连接中。在该情况中,算法可在考虑至少一个测量参量的情形下经由喷射器模型计算出针阀位置。如下自然同样是可能的,即,使用多个测量参量用于估计液态燃料的被排出的质量。
优选地设置成,该算法具有前馈控制,其由期望的针阀位置额定值计算出用于执行器操控信号的前馈指令(也被称作“前馈信号”)。该前馈控制确保了快速的系统响应,因为该前馈控制如此地操控喷射器,仿佛不存在喷射器变动。
在一种带有前馈控制的调节设备的构造方案的情形中可特别优选地设置成,该算法具有反馈回路(Rückkopplungsschleife),其在考虑用于针阀位置的由前馈控制计算出的前馈指令和至少一个测量参量的情形下借助于喷射器模型计算出针阀位置且必要时(在存在偏差的情形中)修正由前馈控制计算出的针阀位置额定值。反馈回路被用于修正引起喷射器偏移(Injektordrift)的前馈控制的不精确性(由于制造变动、磨损等等)。
优选地,该算法具有观察器(Beobachter),其在使用喷射器模型的情形下取决于至少一个测量参量和至少一个执行器操控信号估计针阀位置。因此,针阀位置的实际测量对于反馈回路而言不是必要的。不取决于是否设置有反馈回路,由观察器估计的针阀位置可在前馈控制中被用于改善执行器操控信号。
观察器的不同的可能的构造方案对于专业人士而言由文献已知(例如龙伯格观察器、卡尔曼滤波器、“滑动模式”观察器等等)。
观察器还可被用于借助于喷射器模型考虑喷射器的在喷射器的寿命上变化的状态(例如由于老化或磨损),用于改善前馈控制信号和/或执行器操控信号。
原则上如下是可能的,即,基于针阀位置额定值且基于由观察器估计的针阀位置计算出执行器操控信号。以此收到适应的、被观察器修改的前馈控制信号。在该情况中,该调节因此不是以带有前馈控制和修正前馈控制信号的反馈回路的方式两部分地构建。
可设置成,喷射器模型至少包含:
-在喷射器的以液态燃料填充的容积中的压力曲线
-在喷射器的以液态燃料填充的容积之间的质量流速率
-针阀的执行器的动态特性、优选螺线管阀(Solenoidventil)的动态特性
喷射器可至少具有:
-与内燃机的共轨相连接的输入存储器腔
-与输入存储器腔相连接的用于液态燃料的存储器腔
-与存储器腔相连接的在针阀座上的容积
-一方面与存储器腔且另一方面与流出管道(Ablaufleitung)相连接的连接容积
-通过针阀可封闭的且与在针阀座上的容积相连接的用于液态燃料的排出口(Ausbringöffnung)
-借助于执行器操控信号可操控的执行器、优选螺线管阀,用于打开针阀
-优选一方面与存储器腔且另一方面与连接容积相连接的控制腔
针阀通常逆着打开方向通过弹簧被预紧。
还可设置有在不带有控制腔的情形中足够用的喷射器,例如在其中针阀通过压电元件被操控的喷射器。
至少一个测量参量可例如由如下参量或由此的组合中选出:
-在内燃机的共轨中的压力
-在喷射器的输入存储器腔中的压力
-在喷射器的控制腔中的压力
-针阀由针阀座提起的开始
本发明可优选在用于航海应用的静止的内燃机或移动的应用例如所谓的“非道路移动机械”(NRMM)的情形中(优选相应作为往复活塞机械)被使用。内燃机可充当机械驱动器,例如用于运行压缩机设施或与发电机联接成用于产生电能的发电机组。内燃机优选具有多个带有相应的气体供给装置和喷射器的燃烧室。该调节可对于每个燃烧室分别实现。
附图说明
本发明的实施例借助附图进行说明。其中:
图1 显示了根据本发明的控制方案的第一实施例
图2 显示了根据本发明的控制方案的第二实施例
图3 显示了示意性示出的喷射器的第一个例子
图4 显示了示意性示出的喷射器的第二个例子。
具体实施方式
图1:
在该实施例中,喷射器调节的目的是喷射器的针阀6的位置z对于弹道区域而言也朝向针阀位置额定值zref d以如下方式的调节,即,针阀的执行器的操纵的持续时间Δt在用于液态燃料的喷射过程期间可以说被实时地调节。调节策略通过如下实现:
-前馈控制(FF),其由期望的针阀位置额定值zref d计算出对于针阀的执行器的操纵的持续时间Δt而言的前馈信号(在下面也被称作“控制指令”),和
-反馈回路(FB),其在使用观察器7(“State Estimator(状态估计器)”)的情形下在考虑由前馈控制计算出的对于针阀的执行器的操纵的持续时间Δt而言的控制指令和至少一个测量参量y(例如在喷射器中出现的压力曲线p IA ,p CC ,p JC ,p AC ,p SA 或针阀由针阀座提起的开始)的情形下借助于喷射器模型估算针阀的位置且必要时将由前馈控制计算出的对于喷射持续时间而言的额定值Δt ff借助于修正值Δt fb 修正到用于针阀的执行器操控信号Δt的实际持续时间。
前馈控制确保了快速的系统响应,因为其以持续时间Δt ff操控针阀6的执行器,仿佛不存在喷射器变动。前馈控制使用经校准的喷射器特征曲线(其说明关于喷射质量或容积的通流持续时间)或使用倒置的喷射器模型,以便将针阀位置额定值zref的转换成用于针阀的执行器的操纵的持续时间Δt的前馈控制指令。
反馈回路(FB)被用于修正前馈控制的不精确性(由于制造变动、磨损等等),其引起喷射器偏移。反馈回路比较针阀位置额定值zref与针阀的经估计的位置且如果存在在zref之间的差异作为反馈发出用于针阀的执行器的操纵的持续时间的修正控制指令Δt fb (其可以是负的)。Δt ff和Δt fb 的相加得出针阀的执行器的操纵的最终持续时间Δt
观察器取决于至少一个测量参量y和针阀6的执行器的操纵的最终持续时间Δt估计针阀的位置。至少一个测量参量可例如涉及:共轨压力p CR 、在输入存储器腔中的压力p IA 、在控制腔p CC 中的压力和针阀由针阀座提起的开始。观察器使用减少的喷射器模型,用于估计针阀6的位置z。
图2:
该图显示了一件式构建的调节,在其中基于针阀位置额定值zref且基于由观察器估计的在前馈控制模型中被利用的参数Δpar mod 计算出执行器操控信号Δt。因此收到适应的、由观察器修改的前馈控制信号。在该情况中,该调节于是因此不是以带有前馈控制和修正前馈控制信号的反馈回路的方式两部分地构建。
图3显示了减少的喷射器模型的框图。喷射器模型由喷射器的结构模型和用于描述结构模型的动态特性的等式组构成。结构模型由五个经建模的容积构成:输入存储器腔1、存储器腔3、控制腔2、在针阀座之上的容积4和连接容积5。
输入存储器腔1是所有在输入节流阀与止回阀之间的容积的汇总。存储器腔3是由止回阀直至在针阀座上方的容积4的所有容积的汇总。在针阀座之上的容积4是在针阀座直至喷射器的排出口之间的所有容积的汇总。连接容积5是连接存储器腔3和控制腔2的容积与螺线管阀的所有容积的汇总。
图4显示了一种备选构造的喷射器,其在不带有控制腔2的情形中足够用,例如在其中针阀通过压电元件被操控的喷射器。
下面的等式组不涉及在图4中所显示的实施方案。相应的等式组的公式可类似于下面所显示的等式组实现。
结构模型的动态特性通过下面的等式组来描述:
动态特性
在容积的每个内的压力的随时间发展基于质量守恒定律和液态燃料的压力密度特性的组合来计算出。压力的随时间发展由如下得出:
所使用的公式符号
p IA :在输入存储器腔1中的以bar为单位的压力
p CC :在控制腔2中的以bar为单位的压力
p JC :在连接容积5中以bar为单位的压力
p AC :在存储器腔3中以bar为单位的压力
p SA :在较小的存储器腔4中以bar为单位的压力
ρ IA :在输入存储器腔1内以kg/m3为单位的柴油质量密度
ρ CC :在控制腔2内以kg/m3为单位的柴油质量密度
ρ JC :在连接容积5内以kg/m3为单位的柴油质量密度
ρ AC :在存储器腔3内以kg/m3为单位的柴油质量密度
ρ SA :在较小的存储器腔4内以kg/m3为单位的柴油质量密度
K f :柴油推进燃料以bar为单位的压缩模型
针阀动态特性
针阀位置借助如下运动等式来计算:
所使用的公式符号:
z:以米(m)为单位的针阀位置
zmax:以m为单位的针阀6的最大偏转
K: 以N/m为单位的弹簧刚度
B:以N.s/m为单位的弹簧减振系数
Fpre:以N为单位的弹簧预紧
AAC:在存储器腔3中以m2为单位的液压有效面积
ASA:在较小的存储器腔4中以m2为单位的液压有效面积
ACC:在控制腔2中以m2为单位的液压有效面积
螺线管阀的动态特性
螺线管阀通过第一阶的传递函数来建模,其将阀打开指令转换成阀位置。其通过如下给定:
瞬态的系统特性特征在于时间常数τsol且针阀6在最大阀开启的情形中的位置通过zmax sol给定。作为螺线管阀的替代还可实现压电操纵。
质量流速率
通过每个阀的质量流速率由用于液体的标准节流等式计算出,其内容是:
所使用的公式符号:
in:经过输入节流阀以kg/s为单位的质量流密度
bd:在存储器腔3与连接容积5之间经过旁通阀以kg/s为单位的质量流速率
zd:在进入控制腔2的情形中经过输送阀以kg/s为单位的质量流速率
ad: 经过控制腔2的输出阀以kg/s为单位的质量流速率
sol:经过螺线管阀以kg/s为单位的质量流速率
aci:经过存储器腔3的入口的以kg/s为单位的质量流速率
ann:经过针阀座以kg/s为单位的质量流速率
inj:经过喷射器喷嘴以kg/s为单位的质量流速率
基于上面所制定的喷射器模型,专业人士借助于观察器以已知的方式(参见例如Isermann,Rolf,“数字化的调节系统Digitale Regelsysteme”Springer VerlagHeidelberg 1977, 章节22.3.2,379页即以下几页,或F.Castillo 等所著的“对于柴油机的同时空气摩擦和低压EGR质量流速率的估计Simultaneous Air Fraction and Low-Pressure EGR Mass Flow Rate Estimation for Diesel Engines”,IFAC Jointconference SSSC—5th Symposium on System Structure and Control,Grenoble,France 2013 )收到用于针阀的位置的经估计的值
在使用上面的等式组的情形下,所谓的观察器等式(“observer equations”)、优选在使用已知的观察器的情形下由“滑动模式观察器”类型由如下方式设计,即,所谓的观察器规则(“obeserver law”)被添加至喷射器模型的等式。在“滑动模式”观察器的情形中,观察器规则通过由至少一个测量信号和由观察器等式得出的值的计算超曲面(“hypersurface”)获得。通过超曲面的等式的开方获得广义的Ljapunov等式(广义的能量等式)。在此其是函数等式。观察器规则是最小化函数等式的函数。其可通过已知的变动技术(Variationstechniken)或数字式地被确定。该过程对于每个时间阶段而言在一燃烧循环内被执行(取决于控制的时间精度)。
该结果按照应用是液态燃料的所估计的喷射质量、针阀6的位置或在喷射器的容积的其中一个中的压力。

Claims (11)

1. 双燃料内燃机,带有:
-调节设备
-至少一个燃烧室
-至少一个用于将气态燃料供给至所述至少一个燃烧室的气体供给装置,和
-至少一个通过所述调节设备经由执行器操控信号可调节的用于将液态燃料喷射到所述至少一个燃烧室中的喷射器,其中,所述至少一个喷射器具有通过针阀(6)可封闭的用于所述液态燃料的排出口,且其中,所述调节设备在所述内燃机的先导运行模式中经由所述执行器操控信号调节所述针阀在所述针阀的弹道区域中的打开,
其特征在于,在所述调节设备中存储有算法,其作为输入参量至少收到所述执行器操控信号(Δt)且经由喷射器模型计算出所述针阀(6)的位置且将借助于所述喷射器模型计算出的所述针阀的位置与针阀位置额定值(zref)比较且取决于所述比较的结果使所述执行器操控信号(Δt)相同或被修正。
2.根据权利要求1所述的双燃料内燃机,其中,所述算法具有前馈控制(FF),其由所述针阀位置额定值(zref)计算出用于所述执行器操控信号(Δt)的前馈控制信号(Δtff)。
3.根据前述权利要求中至少一项所述的双燃料内燃机,其中,设置有至少一个传感器,通过其可测量所述至少一个喷射器的至少一个测量参量(y),其中,所述传感器处在或可被带到与所述调节设备的信号连接中。
4.根据权利要求3所述的双燃料内燃机,其中,所述算法是反馈回路(FB),其在考虑由所述前馈控制计算出的用于所述针阀(6)的位置的控制指令(Δt)和所述至少一个测量参量(y)的情形下借助于所述喷射器模型计算出所述针阀位置且必要时修正由所述前馈控制计算出的执行器操控信号(Δt)。
5.根据前述权利要求中至少一项所述的双燃料内燃机,其中,所述算法具有观察器,其在使用所述喷射器模型的情形下且在考虑所述执行器操控信号(Δt)和所述至少一个测量参量(y)的情形下估算所述针阀位置()。
6. 根据前述权利要求中至少一项所述的双燃料内燃机,其中,所述喷射器模型至少包含:
-在所述喷射器的以液态燃料填充的容积中的压力曲线(p IA , p CC , p JC , p AC , p SA )
-在所述喷射器的以所述液态燃料填充的容积之间的质量流速率()
-所述针阀的执行器的动态特性,优选螺线管阀的动态特性。
7. 根据前述权利要求中至少一项所述的双燃料内燃机,其中,所述喷射器至少具有:
-与所述内燃机的共轨相连接的输入存储器腔(1)
-与所述输入存储器腔(1)相连接的用于液态燃料的存储器腔(3)
-与所述存储器腔(3)相连接的在针阀座上的容积(4)
-一方面与所述存储器腔(3)且另一方面与流出管道相连接的连接容积(5)
-通过所述针阀(6)可封闭的且与在针阀座上的所述容积(4)相连接的用于液态燃料的排出口
-借助于所述执行器操控信号可操控的执行器、优选螺线管阀,用于打开所述针阀(6)
-优选一方面与所述存储器腔(3)且另一方面与所述连接容积(5)相连接的控制腔(2)。
8. 根据前述权利要求中至少一项所述的双燃料内燃机,其中,所述至少一个测量参量由如下参量或由此的组合中选出:
-在所述内燃机的共轨中的压力(p CR )
-在所述喷射器的输入存储器腔(1)中的压力(p IA )
-在所述喷射器的控制腔(2)中的压力(p CC )
-所述针阀(6)由所述针阀座提起的开始。
9.根据前述权利要求中至少一项所述的双燃料内燃机,其中,所述调节设备构造用于在所述内燃机的每个燃烧循环或所选出的燃烧循环期间实施所述算法且在偏差的情形中在该燃烧循环期间修正执行器操控信号(Δt)。
10.用于运行双燃料内燃机、尤其根据前述权利要求中至少一项所述的双燃料内燃机的方法,其中,所述内燃机的燃烧室被供给液态燃料,其特征在于,取决于用于液态燃料的喷射器的执行器的执行器操控信号(Δt)在使用喷射器模型的情形下计算出用于液态燃料的喷射器的针阀的针阀位置且在针阀位置额定值(zref)与计算出的位置之间的偏差的情形中修正所述执行器操控信号(Δt),其中,所述方法在内燃机的每个燃烧循环或所选出的燃烧循环期间被实施且在该燃烧循环期间实现所述执行器操控信号(Δt)的可能的修正。
11.用于运行喷射器的方法,以该方法喷射器可将液态燃料供给内燃机的燃烧室,其特征在于,取决于用于液态燃料的喷射器的执行器的执行器操控信号(Δt)在使用喷射器模型的情形下计算出用于液态燃料的喷射器的针阀的针阀位置且在针阀位置额定值(zref)与计算出的位置之间的偏差的情形中修正所述执行器操控信号(Δt)。
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