CN108344740A - A kind of expansion soil scene method of discrimination based on PIV technologies - Google Patents
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Abstract
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明涉及土体膨胀性等级判别领域，具体涉及一种基于PIV技术的膨胀土现场判别方法。The invention relates to the field of soil expansibility grade discrimination, in particular to an on-site discrimination method for expansive soil based on PIV technology.
背景技术Background technique
粒子图像测速技术(particle image veloci-metry，PIV)是基于图像处理识别技术的一种粒子位移测试技术，其具有连续位移测定、高效快捷、无介入测量等优点，被广泛应用于流体力学、试验力学等相关学科。Particle image velocimetry (PIV) is a particle displacement measurement technology based on image processing and recognition technology. It has the advantages of continuous displacement measurement, high efficiency and fast, non-intervention measurement, etc., and is widely used in fluid mechanics, experimental Mechanics and other related disciplines.
土体膨胀性等级现场判别是膨胀土分布区土木工程施工的必要环节，用于判定开挖土层的可用性和确定开挖后建基面的防护方案。一般情况是，弱膨胀土可利用和基面弱防护，中等以上膨胀土弃除和基面强防护。On-site judgment of soil expansibility grade is a necessary part of civil engineering construction in expansive soil distribution area, and it is used to judge the usability of excavated soil layer and determine the protection scheme of foundation surface after excavation. In general, weak expansive soil can be used and the base surface is weakly protected, and medium and above expansive soil is discarded and the base surface is strongly protected.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明提供了一种基于PIV技术的膨胀土自由膨胀率现场判别方法，以该方法间接快速确定土体自由膨胀率，达到现场快速判别土层膨胀性的目的。The invention provides an on-site discrimination method for the free expansion rate of expansive soil based on the PIV technology. The free expansion rate of the soil body is determined indirectly and rapidly by the method, so as to achieve the purpose of rapid on-site identification of the expansibility of the soil layer.
本发明解决其技术问题是通过以下技术方案实现的：The present invention solves its technical problem and realizes through the following technical solutions:
一种基于PIV技术的膨胀土现场判别方法，包括以下步骤：A method for on-site discrimination of expansive soil based on PIV technology, comprising the following steps:
(1)制作膨胀土原状样饱和后的试件；(1) make the test piece after the undisturbed sample of expansive soil is saturated;
(2)运用粒子图像测速技术确定试件表面的位移稳定的时间；(2) Use the particle image velocimetry technique to determine the time when the displacement of the surface of the specimen is stable;
(3)计算试件表面累计位移标量的平均值；(3) Calculate the average value of the cumulative displacement scalar on the surface of the specimen;
(4)对试件进行自由膨胀率测试；(4) Carry out free expansion rate test to specimen;
(5)建立试件表面累计位移标量的平均值与自由膨胀率的关系；(5) Establish the relationship between the average value of the cumulative displacement scalar on the surface of the test piece and the free expansion rate;
(6)计算土样含水率对膨胀土原状样表面累计位移标量的平均值影响的修正系数；(6) Calculating the correction coefficient of the average value of the cumulative displacement scalar on the surface of the expansive soil undisturbed sample surface by calculating the water content of the soil sample;
(7)膨胀土膨胀性的现场判定。(7) On-site determination of expansive soil expansibility.
进一步的，所述步骤(1)的具体方法为：取不同膨胀等级的原状土样，将不同膨胀等级的原状土样饱和后分别作为试件，所述试件上表面均覆盖单层粒径为0.075～0.25mm的标准砂，用于将试件表面标识为由不同特征团粒组成的组合。Further, the specific method of the step (1) is: take undisturbed soil samples of different expansion grades, saturate the undisturbed soil samples of different expansion grades respectively as test pieces, and the upper surface of the test pieces is covered with a single layer of particle size The standard sand of 0.075-0.25mm is used to mark the surface of the test piece as a combination of different characteristic aggregates.
进一步的，试件由钢制模具从原状土样中进行取样，所述钢制模具为圆柱状，且所述钢制模具直径为61.8mm，高度为10mm，所述钢制模具一端敞口并设为刃口，所述钢制模具另一端封闭。Further, the test piece is sampled from the undisturbed soil sample by a steel mold, the steel mold is cylindrical, and the diameter of the steel mold is 61.8mm, and the height is 10mm. One end of the steel mold is open and Set as the cutting edge, the other end of the steel mold is closed.
进一步的，所述步骤(2)的方法为：将步骤(1)中取得的试件分别置于100℃的恒温环境中，利用粒子图像测速技术处理相邻两个时间节点分别获得的试件表面图像，从而获得该时间段内试件表面上不同团粒的位移标量：将黑白色之间的渐变色对应位移标量值大小，使各像素点位移标量以灰度图的形式进行显示，当相邻两个时间点拍摄的图像各像素点没有发生位移时，即该相邻两个时间点内试件表面上各团粒的位移为零，此时灰度图显示为黑色，由此确定试件表面各点的位移达到稳定状态，将该相邻两个时间节点的后一个时间节点确定为位移稳定时间。Further, the method of step (2) is: place the test pieces obtained in step (1) in a constant temperature environment of 100°C, and use the particle image velocimetry technology to process the test pieces obtained at two adjacent time nodes Surface image, so as to obtain the displacement scalar of different aggregates on the surface of the test piece within this time period: the gradient color between black and white corresponds to the displacement scalar value, so that the displacement scalar of each pixel is displayed in the form of a grayscale image, when When there is no displacement of each pixel in the images taken at two adjacent time points, that is, the displacement of each particle on the surface of the specimen within the two adjacent time points is zero, and the grayscale image is displayed in black at this time, thus determining the When the displacement of each point on the surface of the part reaches a steady state, the time node after the two adjacent time nodes is determined as the displacement stabilization time.
进一步的，所述步骤(3)的具体方法为：统计灰度图中所有像素点的位移标量，计算其标量均值并将标量均值定义为增量位移标量平均值，根据标步骤(2)得出的位移稳定的时间，累加稳定时间之前得到的灰度图中的增量位移标量均值，得到累计位移标量平均值。Further, the specific method of the step (3) is: calculate the displacement scalar of all pixels in the grayscale image, calculate its scalar mean and define the scalar mean as the incremental displacement scalar mean, according to the step (2) obtained Calculate the time when the displacement is stabilized, and accumulate the incremental displacement scalar average value in the grayscale image obtained before the stabilization time to obtain the cumulative displacement scalar average value.
进一步的，所述步骤(4)的具体方法为：依据《膨胀土地区建筑技术规范》中附录D的自由膨胀率试验步骤，对不同膨胀等级的试件土样进行自由膨胀率测试。Further, the specific method of the step (4) is: according to the free expansion rate test procedure in Appendix D of "Technical Specifications for Buildings in Expansive Soil Areas", the free expansion rate test is performed on the test piece soil samples of different expansion levels.
进一步的，所述步骤(5)的具体方法为：线性拟合试件表面的累计位移标量平均值与试件土样的自由膨胀率之间的相关性状态，得到线性相关经验模型。Further, the specific method of the step (5) is: linearly fitting the correlation state between the cumulative displacement scalar average value of the surface of the test piece and the free expansion rate of the test piece soil sample to obtain a linear correlation empirical model.
进一步的，所述步骤(6)的具体方法为：对同一自由膨胀率结果的原状土样饱和后风干到不同含水率，分别制作成试样，该试样上表面也均覆盖单层粒径为0.075～0.25mm的标准砂，用于将试样表面标识为由不同特征团粒组成的组合，对该试样实施前述测试的步骤(2)和步骤(3)，获得表面累计位移标量平均值，建立初始含水率与表面累计位移标量平均值的对应关系，得到基于饱和原状试样线性相关经验模型的初始含水率修正系数。Further, the specific method of the step (6) is: air-dry the undisturbed soil samples with the same free expansion rate to different water contents after saturation, and make samples respectively, and the upper surface of the samples is also covered with a single layer of particle size The standard sand of 0.075-0.25mm is used to identify the surface of the sample as a combination of different characteristic aggregates, and the above-mentioned steps (2) and (3) of the test are carried out on the sample to obtain the average value of the surface cumulative displacement scalar , to establish the corresponding relationship between the initial water content and the scalar mean value of cumulative surface displacement, and obtain the initial water content correction coefficient based on the linear correlation empirical model of saturated undisturbed samples.
进一步的，所述步骤(7)的具体方法为：根据步骤(1)～步骤(3)，现场制作原状土样试件，获得试件表面累计位移标量平均值；根据酒精燃烧法测定土样初始含水率；根据步骤(5)和步骤(6)，通过线性相关经验模型和初始含水率修正得到土样的自由膨胀率，由此判定土样的膨胀性。Further, the specific method of the step (7) is: according to the steps (1) to (3), the undisturbed soil sample specimen is produced on site to obtain the average value of the cumulative displacement scalar on the surface of the specimen; the soil sample is measured according to the alcohol combustion method Initial water content: According to step (5) and step (6), the free expansion rate of the soil sample is obtained through the linear correlation empirical model and the initial water content correction, thereby determining the expansibility of the soil sample.
进一步的，所述步骤(2)中运用PIV法确定试件上表面位移稳定时间的具体步骤为：Further, the specific steps of using the PIV method in the step (2) to determine the stability time of the upper surface displacement of the test piece are:
step1：自试件放入恒温环境时刻起，使用工业相机在相等间隔时间内获取试件表面图像，间隔时间可为5～10min；Step1: From the moment the test piece is placed in a constant temperature environment, use an industrial camera to obtain surface images of the test piece at equal intervals, and the interval can be 5 to 10 minutes;
step2：根据环刀的直径以及照片中该直径长度包含的像素点个数，定义图片单像素点的长度；step2: According to the diameter of the ring knife And the number of pixels contained in the diameter length in the photo, which defines the length of a single pixel in the picture;
step3：根据膨胀土地区的最大增量位移标量确定一个标量最大值，定义为该地区的标量极大值；位移标量的大小通过灰度图的颜色变化进行划分，在灰度图中，标量极大值显示为白色，标量零值显示为黑色，标量中间值显示为渐变色，由此定义位移标量和灰度颜色的对应关系；Step3: Determine a scalar maximum value according to the maximum incremental displacement scalar in the expansive soil area, which is defined as the scalar maximum value in this area; the size of the displacement scalar is divided by the color change of the gray scale image. In the gray scale image, the scalar extreme Large values are displayed in white, scalar zero values are displayed in black, and scalar intermediate values are displayed in gradient colors, thereby defining the correspondence between displacement scalars and grayscale colors;
step4：利用粒子图像测速技术处理相邻时刻拍摄的试件表面图像，获得增量位移灰度图；Step4: Use the particle image velocimetry technology to process the surface images of the specimen taken at adjacent moments, and obtain the incremental displacement grayscale image;
step5：当相邻两个时间点拍摄的图像各像素点没有发生位移时，即该时段内表面上各团粒的位移为零，此时灰度图显示为黑色，由此确定试件表面各点的位移达到稳定状态，将时段的后节点确定为位移稳定时间。Step5: When there is no displacement of each pixel point of the images taken at two adjacent time points, that is, the displacement of each particle on the surface within this period is zero, and the grayscale image is displayed in black at this time, thus determining the points on the surface of the specimen The displacement reaches a steady state, and the later node of the period is determined as the displacement stabilization time.
本发明的有益效果为：The beneficial effects of the present invention are:
与现有技术相比，PIV图像处理技术操作简单，能无接触地获得试件表面位移场，获得其动态位移过程，测量结果精确度高，能满足实验分析要求。Compared with the existing technology, the PIV image processing technology is simple to operate, can obtain the surface displacement field of the specimen without contact, obtain its dynamic displacement process, and the measurement result has high accuracy, which can meet the requirements of experimental analysis.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1为0～10min的增量位移灰度图；Figure 1 is the incremental displacement grayscale image from 0 to 10 minutes;
图2为40～50min的增量位移灰度图；Figure 2 is the incremental displacement grayscale image of 40 to 50 minutes;
图3为50～60min的增量位移灰度图；Figure 3 is the incremental displacement grayscale image of 50 to 60 minutes;
图4为灰度标准尺；Fig. 4 is a grayscale standard ruler;
图5为膨胀性判别标准拟合曲线。Fig. 5 is the fitting curve of the expansibility discrimination standard.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
下面通过具体实施例对本发明作进一步详述，以下实施例只是描述性的，不是限定性的，不能以此限定本发明的保护范围。The present invention will be further described in detail below through the specific examples, the following examples are only descriptive, not restrictive, and cannot limit the protection scope of the present invention with this.
一种基于PIV技术的膨胀土现场判别方法，包括以下步骤：A method for on-site discrimination of expansive soil based on PIV technology, comprising the following steps:
(1)制作膨胀土原状样饱和后的试件。具体方法为：取不同膨胀等级的原状土样，试件由钢制模具进行取样，钢制模具为圆柱状，且钢制模具直径为61.8mm，高度为10mm，钢制模具一端敞口并设为刃口，钢制模具另一端封闭。将不同膨胀等级的原状土样饱和后按照《土工试验方法标准》中的3.1试样制备中的制样方法制作试件，试件上表面均覆盖单层粒径为0.075～0.25mm的标准砂，用于标识试件表面不同位置的特征，将试件表面标识为由不同特征团粒组成的组合。(1) Make a saturated specimen of expansive soil in its original state. The specific method is as follows: take undisturbed soil samples of different expansion grades, sample the test piece by a steel mold, the steel mold is cylindrical, and the diameter of the steel mold is 61.8mm, the height is 10mm, one end of the steel mold is open and set For the cutting edge, the other end of the steel mold is closed. After saturating the undisturbed soil samples of different expansion grades, the specimens were prepared according to the sample preparation method in 3.1 Sample Preparation in the "Standards for Geotechnical Test Methods". , which is used to identify the features of different positions on the surface of the test piece, and identify the surface of the test piece as a combination of different characteristic aggregates.
(2)运用PIV技术确定试件的表面位移稳定的时间。将步骤(1)中取得的试件分别置于100℃的恒温环境中，利用PIV技术处理相邻两个时间节点分别获得的试件表面图像，从而获得该时间段内试件表面上不同团粒的位移标量：将黑白色之间的渐变色对应位移标量值大小，使各像素点位移标量以灰度图的形式进行显示，当相邻两个时间点拍摄的图像各像素点没有发生位移时，即该相邻两个时间节点内试件表面上各团粒的位移为零，此时灰度图显示为黑色，由此确定试件表面各点的位移达到稳定状态，将该相邻两个时间节点的后一个时间节点确定为位移稳定时间。(2) Use the PIV technique to determine the stable time of the surface displacement of the specimen. Place the specimens obtained in step (1) in a constant temperature environment of 100 °C, and use PIV technology to process the surface images of the specimens obtained at two adjacent time nodes, so as to obtain the different aggregates on the surface of the specimen during this time period. Displacement scalar: The gradient between black and white corresponds to the displacement scalar value, so that the displacement scalar of each pixel is displayed in the form of a grayscale image. When there is no displacement of each pixel of the image taken at two adjacent time points , that is, the displacement of each particle on the surface of the specimen in the two adjacent time nodes is zero, and the grayscale image is displayed as black at this time, so it is determined that the displacement of each point on the surface of the specimen has reached a stable state. The last time node after the first time node is determined as the displacement stabilization time.
步骤(2)中运用PIV法确定试件上表面位移稳定时间的具体步骤为：In step (2), the specific steps for using the PIV method to determine the displacement stability time of the upper surface of the specimen are as follows:
step1：开始实验的时刻记为0时刻，自试件放入恒温环境时刻起，使用工业相机每隔10分钟拍摄一张照片获取试件表面图像；Step1: The moment when the experiment starts is recorded as time 0. From the moment the specimen is placed in a constant temperature environment, an industrial camera is used to take a picture every 10 minutes to obtain the surface image of the specimen;
step2：在使用PIV软件处理图片之前，根据环刀的直径以及照片中该直径长度包含的像素点个数，定义图片单像素点的长度；step2: Before using PIV software to process the picture, according to the diameter of the ring cutter And the number of pixels contained in the diameter length in the photo, which defines the length of a single pixel in the picture;
step3：根据膨胀土地区的最大增量位移标量确定一个标量最大值，定义为该地区的标量极大值；位移标量的大小通过灰度图的颜色变化进行划分，在灰度图中，标量极大值显示为白色，标量零值显示为黑色，标量中间值显示为渐变色，由此定义位移标量和灰度颜色的对应关系；Step3: Determine a scalar maximum value according to the maximum incremental displacement scalar in the expansive soil area, which is defined as the scalar maximum value in this area; the size of the displacement scalar is divided by the color change of the gray scale image. In the gray scale image, the scalar extreme Large values are displayed in white, scalar zero values are displayed in black, and scalar intermediate values are displayed in gradient colors, thereby defining the correspondence between displacement scalars and grayscale colors;
step4：实验进行到10min时，可对0min和10min拍摄的两张照片通过图像处理软件进行处理；同理，实验进行到20min时，可对10min和20min拍摄的两组照片利用软件进行处理；将0min和10min，10min和20min(20min和30min、30min和40min…)处理的结果称为增量位移灰度图；step4: When the experiment reaches 10 minutes, the two photos taken at 0 minutes and 10 minutes can be passed Image processing software for processing; similarly, when the experiment reaches 20 minutes, the two groups of photos taken at 10 minutes and 20 minutes can be processed by software; The result is called an incremental displacement grayscale image;
step5：对增量位移灰度图中各个像素的灰度值进行统计，当相邻两个时间节点拍摄的图像各像素点没有发生位移时，即该时段内表面上各团粒的位移为零，此时灰度图显示为黑色，由此确定试件表面各点的位移达到稳定状态，将时段的后节点确定为位移稳定时间。Step5: Make statistics on the gray value of each pixel in the incremental displacement gray scale image. When there is no displacement of each pixel in the image taken at two adjacent time nodes, that is, the displacement of each particle on the surface within this period is zero. At this time, the grayscale image is displayed in black, so it is determined that the displacement of each point on the surface of the specimen has reached a stable state, and the later node of the period is determined as the displacement stabilization time.
(3)计算试件表面累计位移标量的平均值；统计灰度图中所有像素点的位移标量，计算其标量均值并将标量均值定义为增量位移标量平均值，根据标步骤(2)得出的位移稳定的时间，累加稳定时间之前得到的灰度图中的增量位移标量均值，得到累计位移标量平均值。(3) Calculate the average value of the cumulative displacement scalar on the surface of the specimen; count the displacement scalar of all pixels in the grayscale image, calculate its scalar mean and define the scalar mean as the incremental displacement scalar mean, according to the standard step (2) to get Calculate the time when the displacement is stabilized, and accumulate the incremental displacement scalar average value in the grayscale image obtained before the stabilization time to obtain the cumulative displacement scalar average value.
(4)对试件进行自由膨胀率测试；依据《膨胀土地区建筑技术规范》中附录D的自由膨胀率试验步骤，对不同膨胀等级的试件土样进行自由膨胀率测试。(4) Test the free expansion rate of the specimen; according to the free expansion rate test procedure in Appendix D of the "Technical Specifications for Buildings in Expansive Soil Areas", conduct the free expansion rate test on the soil samples of different expansion grades.
(5)建立试件表面累计位移标量的平均值与自由膨胀率的关系；线性拟合试件表面的累计位移标量平均值与试件土样的自由膨胀率之间的相关性状态，得到线性相关经验模型。(5) Establish the relationship between the mean value of the cumulative displacement scalar on the surface of the test piece and the free expansion rate; the correlation state between the mean value of the cumulative displacement scalar on the surface of the test piece and the free expansion rate of the test piece soil sample is obtained by linear fitting related empirical models.
(6)计算土样含水率对膨胀土原状样表面累计位移标量的平均值影响的修正系数；对同一自由膨胀率结果的原状土样饱和后风干到不同含水率，分别制作成试样，该试样上表面也均覆盖单层粒径为0.075～0.25mm的标准砂，用于将试样表面标识为由不同特征团粒组成的组合，对该试样实施前述测试的步骤(2)和步骤(3)，获得表面累计位移标量平均值，建立初始含水率与表面累计位移标量平均值的对应关系，得到基于饱和原状试样线性相关经验模型的初始含水率修正系数。(6) Calculating the correction coefficient of the influence of soil sample water content on the average value of the cumulative displacement scalar value of the undisturbed sample surface of expansive soil; air-dried to different water contents after the undisturbed soil sample of the same free expansion rate result is saturated, and is made into sample respectively, this The upper surface of the sample is also covered with a single layer of standard sand with a particle size of 0.075-0.25mm, which is used to identify the surface of the sample as a combination of different characteristic aggregates, and implement the steps (2) and steps (3) Obtain the mean value of cumulative surface displacement scalar, establish the corresponding relationship between the initial water content and the mean value of cumulative surface displacement scalar, and obtain the correction coefficient of initial water content based on the linear correlation empirical model of saturated undisturbed samples.
(7)膨胀土膨胀性的现场判定；根据步骤(1)～步骤(3)，现场制作原状土样试件，获得试件表面累计位移标量平均值；根据酒精燃烧法测定土样初始含水率；根据步骤(5)和步骤(6)，通过线性相关经验模型和初始含水率修正得到土样的自由膨胀率，由此判定土样的膨胀性。(7) On-site determination of expansive soil expansibility; according to steps (1) to (3), make undisturbed soil sample specimens on site to obtain the average value of accumulated displacement scalar on the surface of the specimen; measure the initial water content of soil samples according to the alcohol combustion method ; According to step (5) and step (6), the free expansion rate of the soil sample is obtained through the linear correlation empirical model and the initial water content correction, thereby determining the expansibility of the soil sample.
以上所述仅是本发明的优选实施方式，应当指出，对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说，在不脱离本发明原理的前提下，还可以做出若干改进和润饰，这些改进和润饰也应视为本发明的保护范围。The above is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, it should be pointed out that, for those of ordinary skill in the art, without departing from the principle of the present invention, some improvements and modifications can also be made, and these improvements and modifications can also be made. It should be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.
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