CN107957408A - A kind of method using the theoretical measurement soil suction of light reflection - Google Patents
A kind of method using the theoretical measurement soil suction of light reflection Download PDFInfo
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- CN107957408A CN107957408A CN201711041898.7A CN201711041898A CN107957408A CN 107957408 A CN107957408 A CN 107957408A CN 201711041898 A CN201711041898 A CN 201711041898A CN 107957408 A CN107957408 A CN 107957408A
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- soil
- gray value
- light reflection
- suction
- saturation degree
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/55—Specular reflectivity
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/55—Specular reflectivity
- G01N2021/555—Measuring total reflection power, i.e. scattering and specular
Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of method using the theoretical measurement soil suction of light reflection, mainly includes (1) and uses light reflection theoretical, and the saturation degree for measuring soil distinguishes dry ground and wet soil, and wet soil then carries out in next step；(2) saturation degree is selected from soil-water characteristic curve；(3) dry density is chosen from the compaction curve of actual measurement；(4) in a mold by the dry density of measurement soil compression to step (3) selection and corresponding saturation degree, and taken pictures with camera；(5) image obtained by brightness steps (4) is quantified according to gray value using tonal gradation；(6) average gray value situation of change is analyzed, finds out the relation between saturation degree and gray value.The present invention is a kind of color analysis technology new, direct, that disturbance and low cost are destroyed without intrusion, roadbed, the pad that bankets, earth dam applied to canal dyke, highway and runway etc..The limitation for being commonly used to measure farming land and geotechnical foundation facility suction instrument is avoided, improves application range.
Description
Technical field
It is more particularly to a kind of to measure soil suction using light reflection theory the present invention relates to the method for measurement soil suction
Method.
Background technology
Soil suction is the result of the complicated energy state formed by the solid in soil, water and air.Soil suction refer to from
The energy needed for the water of unit volume is extracted in soil.Compared with saturated soil, due to the presence of suction, the reaction of unsaturated soil
It is very of short duration.When the DOS of soil reaches dry density, it represents suction.Chart between suction and DOS is known as SWCC.Suction
Determine roadbed, refuse landfill, earth dam and the hydraulic conductivity in farmland and the machine of canal dyke, highway and runway
Tool intensity.Big measuring appratus is had been developed that at present to measure suction, its working method is different.For soil suction measurement
Method have thermocouple psychrometers, transistor psychrometer, Cold Mirrors hygrometer, filter paper method, thermal conductivity sensor, conductivity sensor,
Power meter etc..However, any one of these instruments can not all measure caused suction force range in soil.That has developed is all
Conventional instrument all has interference and high cost, and is to assess suction in hollow area (only about 1% region).
The content of the invention
For problems of the prior art, it is an object of the invention to provide one kind to utilize the theoretical measurement soil of light reflection
The method of earth suction.
A kind of method using the theoretical measurement soil suction of light reflection, mainly includes the following steps that：
(1) it is theoretical using light reflection, measure the saturation degree of soil, dry ground and wet soil distinguished using saturation degree, wet soil then into
Row is in next step；Theoretical according to light reflection, compared with wet soil, dry ground seems brighter.Luminance difference is due to reflection, reflects and be all-trans
Caused by the difference for the light penetrated；Therefore, soil suction is applied to the DOS brightness changes changed to measure；
(2) measurement of soil suction and soil moisture content is carried out using dew point water potential meter (WP-4), by soil suction and is contained
Water carries out the fitting of soil-water characteristic curve using Van Genuchten models；Soil-water characteristic curve is analyzed, according to three kinds of spies
Soil-air-water interface (grogs hole continuous aqueous phase, hole discontinuous aqueous phase, the continuous gas phase of hole) of different type, chooses multiple
Saturation degree；
(3) using standard proctor compaction test measurement soil packing curve, the saturation degree chosen respectively in step (2)
Under conditions of, the multiple dry densities measured on compaction curve are selected, and soil moisture content is calculated, easy to prepare different saturation sample
This.Since soil-water characteristic curve is empirical equation so not carrying out the calculating of soil suction by water content；
(4) in a mold by the dry density of measurement soil compression to step (3) selection and corresponding saturation degree, and phase is used
Machine is taken pictures；
(5) image obtained by brightness steps (4) is quantified with the image processing tool (ImageJ) based on Java；By image point
For each and every one more equal-sized equal portions, the gray value by using the background color of blank sheet of paper as color is referred to, making various pieces is balanced；
Average gray value of the average value of the gray value of multiple equal portions as corresponding saturation degree；
(6) average gray value situation of change is analyzed, and uses second order polynomial equation fitted trend line, different dry close
In degree, the relation between saturation degree and gray value is found out；
Average gray=- 0.0013 (DOS)2-0.577(DOS)+93；R2=95%
These are intended to the color analysis technology that assessment is used for soil suction measurement.
Further, water content described in step (3) be calculated as use equation 1 and 2
esr=wG (2)
Calculate the weight water content for corresponding to selected dry density under each species saturation.
Further, need to place a blank sheet of paper below step (4) mould；When taking pictures between camera and soil sample
Distance and angle keep identical.A blank sheet of paper is placed below mould, to contrast color change.Using designed device,
Photography conditions are set up, to shoot the image of soil sample, without producing the error of observation.Camera model NIKON can be used
COOLPIX L29 shoot photo.
Further, step (4) described camera is taken pictures to use typical day illuminance shooting image.
Further, step (5) described gray value is determined using the value of R, G and the B in RGB color space.
Further, by impartial or unequally weigh R, G and B, to calculate the numeral in color space with coordinate
Change the gray value of image；Color is unequally weighed, to obtain the gray value of corresponding saturation degree.
Further, using equation 3 and equation 4
Gray value (when color weight is different)=0.299 × R+0.587 × G+0.114 × B (3)
To calculate the gray value of the digitized image with coordinate in color space.
Further, the computational methods of the gray value of each decile are：The phase of multiple and different sizes is selected in the decile
Same pixel region, quantifies the average gray value of all pixels in each region, the average value of the average gray value of multiple regions,
Average gray value as the decile.
Further, the multiple equal-sized equal portions of step (5) are 8 equal-sized equal portions
Further, the soil includes canal dyke, the roadbed of highway and runway, refuse landfill, soil
Dam and farmland.
Compared with prior art, the present invention measures suction by identifying DOS and dry density, is a kind of new, direct, nothing
Intrusion destroys the color analysis technology of disturbance and low cost.The monitoring of uniformity that large area is built in the invention has very big potential
Advantage.For example, the monitoring of canal dyke, the roadbed of highway and runway, the pad that bankets, earth dam etc..The present invention at the same time
It it also avoid being commonly used to measure the limitation of farming land and geotechnical foundation facility suction instrument, improve monitoring applies model
Enclose.
Brief description of the drawings
The schematic diagram of reflex in Fig. 1 (a) dry ground and (b) wet soil, wherein 1 is air-geothermal face interface, 2 be soil
Particle, 3 be air, and 4 be water, and 5 be Air-Water and water-soil boundary face, and 6 optical interfaces, 7 be total internal reflection；
The typical SWCC of Fig. 2 (a) laterite, (b) use the laterite compaction curve that standard proctor compaction test measures, (c) weight
Amount water content is as the DOS that laterite is compacted under various dry densities changes and changes, wherein 8 be saturation region, 9 be air inlet area, and 10
It is desaturation area for remaining area, 11,12 be soil water desorption curve, and 13 be dry side optimum moisture content, and 14 be wet side optimum moisture content,
15 be zero-air-gap curve, and 16 be optimum moisture content, and 17 be compaction curve, and 18 be grogs hole continuous aqueous phase, and 19 be grogs hole
Aqueous discontinuous phase, 20 be the continuous gas phase of grogs hole, and 21 be hygroscopic moisture, and A is flocculent structure, and B is from flocculation to dispersed structure
Conversion；C is dispersed structure；
Experimental setup that Fig. 3 quantifies gray value using color analysis technology in image processing tool ImageJ and
The flow chart of process；
Fig. 4 in the case of 6 difference DOS, obtain density be respectively (i) 1.57g/cc, (ii) 1.60g/cc, (iii)
The gray value of 1.63g/cc, (iv) 1.68g/cc, (v) 1.69g/cc and (vi) 1.73g/cc；
Fig. 5 present invention measures the flow chart of the method for soil suction using light reflection theory.
Embodiment
To make the object, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention clearer, the present invention is made into one below in conjunction with attached drawing
It is described in detail on step ground.
Embodiment
A kind of method using the theoretical measurement soil suction of light reflection, as shown in figure 5, mainly including the following steps：
Step S1：According to dry ground and the luminance difference of wet soil.So as to establish soil suction is carried out using color analysis technology
The basis of power measurement.Reflex is as shown in Figure 1 in dry and wet soil.Light air-water interfaces from a kind of medium enter it is another
Kind medium.When light incides air-water interfaces, while undergo reflection and refraction.Light cannot be introduced into soil particle, because
Soil is a kind of opaque medium.So do not reflected in air-soil interface.Therefore, the major part of incident light
From dry ground as shown in Figure 1a.Due to this phenomenon, dry ground seems brighter.In the case of wet soil, light enters water by air
In, refraction can be observed as shown in Figure 1 b in air-water interfaces.This refracted light incides water-soil interface and reflects.
Similarly, multiple reflections may occur in sample, and reflected light reaches water-air interface.Water-air interface, light
The medium higher from density enters the relatively low medium of density.Thus, according to incidence angle, a part of light may reflect backwater Jie
Matter.This phenomenon is referred to as total internal reflection as shown in Figure 1 b.Seem therefore, because there is reflection, refraction and total internal reflection, wet soil
It is relatively dark.The change of DOS causes brightness change.This brightness change is for identifying that the color analysis technology of DOS is applied
Basis.
Step S2：The measurement of soil suction and soil moisture content is carried out using dew point water potential meter (WP-4), by soil suction
The fitting of soil-water characteristic curve is carried out using Van Genuchten models with water content；Soil-water characteristic curve is analyzed, according to three
Soil-air-water interface (grogs hole continuous aqueous phase, hole discontinuous aqueous phase, the continuous gas phase of hole) of kind specific type, chooses
Multiple saturation degrees.Fig. 2 a show the typical SWCC of the present embodiment selection laterite.Curve summary saturation region, desaturation area and residual
Stay area.These regions include soil-air-water interfaces of three types.Saturation region represents not being in soil matrix gap free
Gas.Different from saturation region, the discontinuous phase of air and water occurs in desaturation area.Residual area represents DOS and suction value, wherein going
Saturation factor is very low.Six DOS, i.e., 15%, 30%, 45%, 60%, 75% and 90%, are considered occupying all of SWCC
Three regions.
Soil packing curve is measured using standard proctor compaction test.The compaction curve measured to laterite such as Fig. 2 b institutes
Show.The flocculent structure of soil particle allows generally for water to pass through the soil aperture quick drain in roadbed.And what dispersed structure was allowed
Draining is less.The dispersed structure of soil particle is usually the first choice of refuse landfill, at utmost to reduce the infiltration of rainfall.With
Maximum dry density is compacted the soil on naked slope and vegetative coverage slope, to obtain the intensity of bigger.Farmland and urban area
Dry density of soil difference is very big.Under 6 DOS, 6 on the compaction curve dry densities measured are selected to carry out color analysis.Adopt
With equation 1 and 2
The weight water content for corresponding to selected dry density under various DOS is calculated, as shown in Figure 2 c.
Step S3：The schematic diagram of experimental provision is as shown in Figure 3.In order to from top shooting image, manufacture a stent.
One commercially available camera model (NIKON COOLPIX L29) is installed on cradle top.The resolution ratio of camera is
16.1 effective mega pixel.92 millimeters of diameter, 15 millimeters of depth mould in, with hand by soil compression into required dry density
And DOS.Hereafter, soil sample is placed on plane table, at 1.2 meters of camera, be allowed to parallel to camera.For all samples
This, keeps camera and the distance between soil sample identical with angle, to avoid the error of observation.Clapped using typical day illuminance
Take the photograph image.It is obvious that day illuminance changes with time and atmospheric conditions, it means that color contrast also changes.Relatively
In reference color, the equilibrium of color contrast is avoided due to the mistake that daylight changes and occurs.In the mould containing soil sample
A blank sheet of paper is put in lower section, to illustrate that the color contrast of each position of soil sample changes.
Step S4：It is as shown in Figure 3 with the brightness change of DOS changes using tonal gradation measurement.Between 0 to 255
Gray value, tonal gradation show that there are different shading values between most bright and most dark color.Use RGB (RGB) color
The value of red (R), green (G) and blue (B) in space determines gray value (Russ and Russ, 2007), as shown in Figure 3.R, G and B values are 0
And change between 255.Magenta, yellow, white and blue-green are can see in the corner of RGB color.Usually such as Fig. 3 institutes
Show, by impartial or unequally weigh R, G and B, using equation 3 and equation 4 come calculate in color space have coordinate (R, G,
B the gray value of digitized image).Color is unequally weighed, with the gray value of DOS selected by acquisition.
Gray value (when color weight is different)=0.299 × R+0.587 × G+0.114 × B (3)
The diagram of captured image is as shown in figure 3, wherein average gray value has been quantified.U1 and U2 represents color contrast
Change with the change of picture position.The image is divided into eight equal parts, with the difference in view of color contrast.This
Afterwards, image is imported into ImageJ, and it is cut using the Crop option, to obtain required image section.
In each part, three different size of same pixel regions are have selected." block diagram " option is used, quantifies each selection area
The average gray value (the ImageJ windows of interception shown in Figure 3) of middle all pixels.Three regions chosen in every part
Average gray value average value, the average gray value as the part.Background color brightness using blank sheet of paper as referring to brightness,
Colour brightness to eight parts is divided equally.After each balanced average gray value of eight parts in obtaining image,
It is averaged to all eight gray values.Average gray value using final gray value as whole sample.
Step S5：Under 6 selected dry densities, average gray value changes and changes with the DOS of compacting laterite, such as Fig. 4 institutes
Show.Average gray value changes between 27 to 87.The average gray value for drying laterite is 95, is indicated referring to Fig. 4.Average gray value
Reduced with the increase of DOS.The reduction of average gray value is that is, weight contains as caused by brightness is reduced as DOS increases
Water.The increase of weight water content, causes the refraction and total internal reflection of higher (see Fig. 1 b).It is averaged using second order polynomial equation
Gray scale=- 0.0013 (DOS) 2-0.577 (DOS)+93；R2=95% fitted trend lines, represent change of the average gray value with DOS
Change.Maximum average gray value (corresponding to 15%DOS) it is higher by 117% than minimum average B configuration gray value (corresponding to 90%DOS) to
160%.Under identical DOS, the difference between the maximum and minimum average B configuration gray value of compacting soil is between 13% and 44%.Soil
When earth is densified to 1.57g/cc, minimum average gray value is obtained.For the density of all selections, models of the DOS 30% to 90%
Enclose it is interior often increase by 15%, average gray value reduces by 14% to 27%.However, when DOS increases to 30% from 15%, average gray
Value only reduces 3% to 9%, this is probably since moisture absorption water content (5% to 7%) is near 15% and 30%DOS.
Therefore, the invention discloses for measure suction in exposed soil or vegetative coverage soil it is new, noiseless and low into
This color analysis technology.Its roadbed, refuse landfill, earth dam by identifying canal dyke, highway and runway
And the DOS in farmland has great importance to measure the method for suction.
Described above is only presently preferred embodiments of the present invention, cannot limit the right of the present invention with this certainly
Scope, therefore equivalent variations made according to the claims of the present invention, are still within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
- A kind of 1. method using the theoretical measurement soil suction of light reflection, it is characterised in that mainly include the following steps that：(1) it is theoretical using light reflection, the saturation degree of soil is measured, dry ground is distinguished using saturation degree and wet soil, wet soil then carries out down One step；(2) measurement of soil suction and soil moisture content is carried out using dew point water potential meter, soil suction and water content are used into Van Genuchten models carry out the fitting of soil-water characteristic curve；To soil-water characteristic curve analyze, according to the soil of three kinds of specific types- Air-water interface, chooses multiple saturation degrees；(3) using standard proctor compaction test measurement soil packing curve, the bar for the saturation degree chosen respectively in step (2) Under part, the multiple dry densities measured on compaction curve are selected, and calculate soil moisture content；(4) in a mold by the dry density of measurement soil compression to step (3) selection and corresponding saturation degree, and clapped with camera According to；(5) image obtained by brightness steps (4) is quantified according to gray value using tonal gradation；Image is divided into multiple equal in magnitude Equal portions, the average gray value of the average value of the gray value of multiple equal portions as corresponding saturation degree；(6) average gray value situation of change is analyzed, and uses second order polynomial equationAverage gray=- 0.0013 (DOS)2-0.577(DOS)+93；R2=95%Fitted trend line, in different dry densities, finds out the relation between saturation degree and gray value.
- 2. the method for the theoretical measurement soil suction of light reflection is utilized according to claim 1, it is characterised in that in step (3) Being calculated as of the water content uses equation 1 and 2<mrow> <msub> <mi>Y</mi> <mi>d</mi> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>GY</mi> <mi>w</mi> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mi>e</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> <mo>-</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mrow>esr=wG (2)Calculate the weight water content for corresponding to selected dry density under each species saturation.
- 3. the method for the theoretical measurement soil suction of light reflection is utilized according to claim 1, it is characterised in that step (4) institute State needs to place a blank sheet of paper below mould；The distance between camera and soil sample are identical with angle holding when taking pictures.
- 4. the method for the theoretical measurement soil suction of light reflection is utilized according to claim 1, it is characterised in that step (4) institute Camera is stated to take pictures to use typical day illuminance shooting image.
- 5. the method for the theoretical measurement soil suction of light reflection is utilized according to claim 1, it is characterised in that step (5) institute Gray value is stated to determine using the value of R, G and the B in RGB color space.
- 6. utilize the method for the theoretical measurement soil suction of light reflection according to claim 5, it is characterised in that by impartial or R, G and B are unequally weighed, to calculate the gray value of the digitized image with coordinate in color space；Unequally weigh Color, to obtain the gray value of corresponding saturation degree.
- 7. the method for the theoretical measurement soil suction of light reflection is utilized according to claim 6, it is characterised in that using equation 3 With equation 4Gray value (when color weight is different)=0.299 × R+0.587 × G+0.114 × B (3)To calculate the gray value of the digitized image with coordinate in color space.
- 8. the method for the theoretical measurement soil suction of light reflection is utilized according to claim 5, it is characterised in that each decile The computational methods of gray value are：The same pixel region of multiple and different sizes is selected in the decile, quantifies institute in each region There is the average gray value of pixel, the average value of the average gray value of multiple regions, the average gray value as the decile.
- 9. the method for the theoretical measurement soil suction of light reflection is utilized according to claim 1, it is characterised in that step (5) institute It is 8 equal-sized equal portions to state multiple equal-sized equal portions.
- 10. the method for the theoretical measurement soil suction of light reflection is utilized according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the soil Roadbed, refuse landfill, earth dam and farmland including canal dyke, highway and runway.
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