CN108342254A - 用于由酸乳清联合生产甜乳清和乳酸的方法 - Google Patents
用于由酸乳清联合生产甜乳清和乳酸的方法 Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- C11C—FATTY ACIDS FROM FATS, OILS OR WAXES; CANDLES; FATS, OILS OR FATTY ACIDS BY CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF FATS, OILS, OR FATTY ACIDS OBTAINED THEREFROM
- C11C1/00—Preparation of fatty acids from fats, fatty oils, or waxes; Refining the fatty acids
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种由酸乳清联合生产甜乳清和乳酸的方法，包括以下步骤：(a)提供乳酸含量为约0.1至约1重量％的酸乳清；(b)纳滤酸乳清，得到第一滤液P1和第一滞留物R1；(c)任选地，用水重新稀释第一滞留物R1以重建初始干物质量，并准备第二次纳滤步骤；(d)纳滤或纳渗滤(nano‐diafiltration)滞留物R1，得到第二滤液P2和作为第二滞留物R2的甜乳清；(e)结合两种滤液P1和P2，并将该混合物进行反渗透，得到第三滤液P3，其基本仅含有水，以及作为第三滞留物R3的乳酸浓缩物。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于乳品加工领域并且涉及一种方法，通过该方法可以将酸乳清转化为甜乳清，在该过程得到乳酸作为有价值的联产品。
背景技术
乳清是奶酪生产过程中剩余的水性黄绿色液体。它是乳凝结生产奶酪或夸克后分离的液体部分。根据生产方法区分存在两类乳清：甜乳清在通过凝乳方法乳凝结生产奶酪的过程中形成，酸乳清在通过乳酸菌发酵奶的过程中形成。乳清含有94重量％的水，4至5重量％的乳糖并且基本不含脂肪。乳清也含有乳酸，维生素B1、B2(其导致绿色)和B6以及钠、钙、磷和其他矿物质，但是主要是0.6至1重量％的乳清蛋白。因此，乳清含有比奶显著更少的蛋白质。特别地与奶相反，它不含有任何酪蛋白。甜乳清几乎是中性pH，而酸乳清相反，pH值为5或更小。
甜乳清被认为是乳清最重要的形式，用作其他乳产品，特别是所谓的乳清蛋白的原料源，但也在食品部门使用。
与之相反，酸乳清是在生产鲜奶酪和夸克过程中大量得到的废产品。由于高的乳酸含量和与之相关的低pH值，它仅可以有限地用于人类营养。酸乳清也很难过滤，并且非常难以喷雾干燥。因此这种生产奶酪的副产物通常被处理掉，导致额外的环境污染和费用；这也构成一种损失，因为在该过程中损失了奶的成分，特别是有价值的乳清蛋白、乳糖和磷酸钙。
因此本发明的目的是移除酸乳清中不想要的成分，从而得到商业上有吸引力并且可开发的产品。特别地，需要一种组成和pH值与甜乳清基本相同的产品，提供作为联产品的乳酸—以尽可能高度浓缩的形式并且尽可能纯—作为一种有吸引力的工业原料。
发明内容
本发明的主题涉及一种由酸乳清联合生产甜乳清和乳酸的方法，包括以下步骤：
(a)提供乳酸含量为约0.1至约1重量％的酸乳清；
(b)纳滤酸乳清，得到第一滤液P1和第一滞留物R1；
(c)任选地，用水重新稀释第一滞留物R1以重建初始干物质量，并准备第二次纳滤步骤，
(d)纳滤滞留物R1，得到第二滤液P2和作为第二滞留物R2的甜乳清；
(e)结合两种滤液P1和P2，并将该混合物进行反渗透，得到第三滤液P3，其基本仅含有水，以及作为第三滞留物R3的乳酸浓缩物。
令人惊讶地发现通过两步纳滤方法可以将酸乳清转化为具备甜乳清品质的产品，其中可以得到具备工业级别纯度的乳酸作为联产品。可以通过选择适当的膜和过滤条件选择地控制乳清中想要的乳酸以及联产品的耗减。在本发明的方法的范围内，也同时发生原料的部分去矿物化。去矿物化度在50至70％之间。盐成分被转移至乳酸溶液。
附图说明
图1提供了一种由酸乳清联合生产甜乳清和乳酸的方法流程图。
具体实施方式
酸乳清
如上所述，酸乳清构成液相，其在使用乳酸菌凝结乳以制备鲜奶酪或夸克的过程中产生。优选地，使用乳酸含量为约0.1至1重量％的质量。
纳滤
纳滤是膜技术领域的过滤方法，通过这种方法大分子物质和小颗粒可以由介质分离并浓缩。分离度决定了微滤、超滤和纳滤之间的区别。如果排阻限度(也被称为“截留”)为100nm或更大，被称为微滤。如果排阻限度在2至100nm之间，被称为超滤。纳滤的排阻限度小于2nm。在各种情况下仅涉及纯物理，即机械膜分离方法，其根据机械尺寸排阻原理工作：液体中所有大于膜孔的颗粒被膜拦截。两种分离方法中的驱动力是滤网入流和出流之间的压力差，其为1至40bar，在有些情况下高至120bar。
纳滤膜的排阻限度也表达为NMWC(额定截留分子量，也称为MWCO，截留分子量，单位：道尔顿)。其定义为被膜截留90％的球形分子的最小分子量。在实践中NMWC应当比待分离分子的摩尔量小至少20％。其他关于过滤的定量评估借助通量(flux，水当量)(跨膜流或渗透率)。在理想情况下其与跨膜压力成正比，而与膜阻成反比。这些参数不仅可以由所使用膜的性能，而且可通过浓度极化以及可能出现的结垢确定。渗透率基于1m2过滤表面。其单位为I/(m2h bar)。
对于在两步中有效分离乳酸，已经示出有利的是使用一种膜，其截留比第一纳滤步骤的膜的截留大，进行第二纳滤步骤。
具体地，建议使用截留优选为约500至约1000道尔顿，并且特别是800道尔顿的开放膜进行第一纳滤步骤。也优选在约10至约15bar的压力范围内进行纳滤过程。在使用这些结合条件下，可以得到仅含有初始得到乳酸的约20％的滞留物。如果使用具备更高截留和/或更低压力的封闭膜，仅有约25至约50重量％而不是80％的乳酸被移除，导致第二纳滤步骤起始于更高的乳酸含量，相应地实现相应较低的分离性能。
在进行第二纳滤步骤前，建议向滞留物1加入之前与滤液1一起移除的水量。这避免了在此渗透压增大过多，以及过滤/提纯性能不充分。滞留物2中的乳酸量可以通过渗滤水的量控制。
优选地，随后使用封闭膜，其特别具备约150至约300道尔顿的截留，进行第二纳滤步骤。在这种情况下，建议在约30至约40bar更高的压力下进行。根据使用的由第一纳滤得到的滞留物中乳酸的浓度，由第二步骤得到的滞留物含有0.1至0.5重量％的残余乳酸，从而实际上对应于甜乳清，或至少接近甜乳清。
纳米膜材料可以是不锈钢、聚合材料、陶瓷、氧化铝、或纺织品。过滤元件有各种表现形式：烛形过滤器、平板膜、螺旋卷式膜、袋滤器和中空纤维组件，在本发明中这些材料都是合适的。然而优选使用聚合材料制得的螺旋卷式膜或由陶瓷或氧化铝制得的烛形过滤器，其中第二种形式的实施方案特别适用于纳滤。
在本发明中两步纳滤步骤都可以“热”或“冷”，即在约10至约60℃的温度范围内进行。然而优选在10至约20℃的温度范围内进行。
反渗透
反渗透是一种用于浓缩液体中溶解物质的物理膜方法，在该过程中自然渗透过程由于压力反转。在本发明中，该步骤用于浓缩P1和P2两种滤液的混合物从而在随后的干燥步骤中移除较少的水。
该过程的原理是所含特定物质的浓度需要减小的介质通过半透膜与浓度需要提高的介质分离。后者需要施加压力，其必须比实现浓度平衡所产生的压力高。由此溶剂的分子可以逆向于其"自然的"渗透扩散方向流动。该方法将其压入溶解物质浓度较小的一侧。反渗透的典型压力是3至30bar(饮用水脱盐)或最高80bar(海水的脱盐)。
渗透膜，其仅可使载流流体(溶剂)通过而阻隔溶解物(溶质)，必须能够经受这种高压。当压力差超过补偿渗透差，溶剂分子如在过滤中一样通过该膜，而其他“污染分子”被阻隔。与常规的膜过滤相反，渗透膜不含有贯穿孔。实际上离子和分子扩散通过膜材料而通过膜，如通过溶液‐扩散模型所记载的：反渗透压随浓度差的提高而提高。如果渗透压与施加压力相等，过程停止。则出现渗透平衡。连续排出浓缩物可以防止渗透平衡。排出浓缩物时通过压力调节器或者通过使用压力转换器控制压力，从而建立系统入料所需的压力。
干燥
最后，使通过反渗透作为滞留物得到的乳酸浓缩物脱水。优选地使用喷雾干燥，其中入口温度通常为约180至约260℃，出口温度约80至约105℃。因此，在进入塔前馏分不再需要任何冷却。在该步骤中更优选60至70℃的温度，这样可以降低蛋白质变性的风险。或者，也可以通过冷冻干燥使产品脱水。基于原始酸乳清中所含乳酸的产率为约70至约90％，纯度为90至95％。
本发明通过以下实施例和图1说明，其中图1提供了方法的流程图但并不用于限制本发明。
实施例
实施例1
将乳酸含量为0.45重量％并且pH值为4.9的100kg酸乳清以5kg/分钟的流速输送至纳滤步骤，其中在20℃的温度和12bar的压力以及4的体积浓度因子下通过截留为800道尔顿的开放膜进行过滤。得到75kg的第一滤液P1，其含有0.365重量％的乳酸，以及25kg的滞留物R1，其仍含有0.7重量％的乳酸。因此，在滤液中检测到乳酸原始量的80％。将75kg水加入第一滞留物并随后输送至进一步的纳滤步骤，在20℃的温度和35bar的压力下通过截留为200道尔顿的封闭膜过滤。得到含有0.18重量％乳酸的第二滤液P2，而第二滞留物R2减少至0.2重量％乳酸，因此具备甜乳清的品质。
实施例2
将乳酸含量为0.45重量％并且pH值为4.9的100kg酸乳清以5kg/分钟的流速输送至纳滤步骤，其中在20℃的温度，4的体积浓度因子以及35bar的压力下通过截留为800道尔顿的开放膜进行过滤。得到含有0.23重量％乳酸的第一滤液P1，和第一滞留物R1，其含有1.1重量％的乳酸。因此，在该实施例中在滤液中仅检测到乳酸原始量的50％。将75kg水(P3)加入第一滞留物并随后输送至进一步的纳滤步骤，在20℃的温度和35bar的压力下通过截留为200道尔顿的封闭膜过滤。得到第二滤液P2，其含有0.05重量％的乳酸，而第二滞留物R2中减少至0.95重量％乳酸浓缩物，其大概对应于原始溶液中约0.27重量％的乳酸，因此具备与甜乳清类似的品质。
实施例3
将乳酸含量为0.45重量％并且pH值为4.9的100kg酸乳清以5kg/分钟的流速输送至纳滤步骤，其中在20℃的温度，4的体积浓度因子以及35bar的压力下通过截留为200道尔顿的开放膜进行过滤。得到75kg的第一滤液P1，其含有0.11重量％的乳酸，以及25kg的第一滞留物R1，其仍含有1.47重量％的乳酸。因此，在滤液中检测到乳酸原始量的25％。将75kg水(P3)加入第一滞留物并进行纳滤，在20℃的温度和35bar的压力下通过截留为200道尔顿的封闭膜过滤。得到第二滤液P2，其含有0.09重量％的乳酸，而第二滞留物R2浓缩物中含有1.2重量％乳酸，其对应于原始浓度的0.3重量％的乳酸。由此可以在有限程度上实现甜乳清的品质。
实施例4
将实施例1至3的第一和第二滤液输送至反渗透单元，在此它们浓缩至残余水含量为25重量％。随后，使用热交换器将浓缩物预加热至90℃，输送至塔并在180℃下喷雾干燥。以约85％的纯度得到精细白色晶体粉末状的乳酸。通过酸乳清中的矿物盐形成约10‐20％的干物质。由于酸乳清的低pH值，这些盐可渗透过纳滤膜。
Claims (10)
1.一种由酸乳清联合生产甜乳清和乳酸的方法，包括以下步骤：
(a)提供乳酸含量为约0.1至约1重量％的酸乳清；
(b)纳滤酸乳清，得到第一滤液P1和第一滞留物R1；
(c)任选地，用水重新稀释第一滞留物R1以重建初始干物质量，并准备第二次纳滤步骤；
(d)纳滤或纳渗滤(nano‐diafiltration)滞留物R1，得到第二滤液P2和作为第二滞留物R2的甜乳清；
(e)结合两种滤液P1和P2，并将该混合物进行反渗透，得到第三滤液P3，其基本仅含有水，以及作为第三滞留物R3的乳酸浓缩物。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，使用具备约0.1至1重量％乳酸含量的酸乳清。
3.根据权利要求1和/或2所述的方法，其特征在于，使用截留比第一纳滤步骤的膜小的膜进行第二纳滤步骤。
4.根据权利要求1至3至少一项所述的方法，其特征在于，使用开放膜进行第一纳滤步骤。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法，其特征在于，使用截留为约500至约2000道尔顿的开放纳滤膜。
6.根据权利要求1至5至少一项所述的方法，其特征在于，在约10至约15bar的压力范围内进行第一纳滤步骤。
7.根据权利要求1至6至少一项所述的方法，其特征在于，使用封闭膜进行第二纳滤步骤。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法，其特征在于，使用截留为约150至300道尔顿的封闭纳滤膜。
9.根据权利要求1至8至少一项所述的方法，其特征在于，在约30至约40bar的压力范围内进行第二纳滤步骤。
10.根据权利要求1至9至少一项所述的方法，其特征在于，乳酸浓缩物随后脱水。
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