CN108326624B - Cooling and chip collecting device for machine tool machining - Google Patents

Cooling and chip collecting device for machine tool machining Download PDF

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Publication number
CN108326624B
CN108326624B CN201810325633.8A CN201810325633A CN108326624B CN 108326624 B CN108326624 B CN 108326624B CN 201810325633 A CN201810325633 A CN 201810325633A CN 108326624 B CN108326624 B CN 108326624B
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China
Prior art keywords
chip collecting
nozzle
pressure
cooling
cold air
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CN201810325633.8A
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CN108326624A (en
Inventor
舒盛荣
张雨
欧阳爱国
刘乐平
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East China Jiaotong University
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East China Jiaotong University
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23QDETAILS, COMPONENTS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR MACHINE TOOLS, e.g. ARRANGEMENTS FOR COPYING OR CONTROLLING; MACHINE TOOLS IN GENERAL CHARACTERISED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICULAR DETAILS OR COMPONENTS; COMBINATIONS OR ASSOCIATIONS OF METAL-WORKING MACHINES, NOT DIRECTED TO A PARTICULAR RESULT
    • B23Q11/00Accessories fitted to machine tools for keeping tools or parts of the machine in good working condition or for cooling work; Safety devices specially combined with or arranged in, or specially adapted for use in connection with, machine tools
    • B23Q11/10Arrangements for cooling or lubricating tools or work
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23QDETAILS, COMPONENTS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR MACHINE TOOLS, e.g. ARRANGEMENTS FOR COPYING OR CONTROLLING; MACHINE TOOLS IN GENERAL CHARACTERISED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICULAR DETAILS OR COMPONENTS; COMBINATIONS OR ASSOCIATIONS OF METAL-WORKING MACHINES, NOT DIRECTED TO A PARTICULAR RESULT
    • B23Q11/00Accessories fitted to machine tools for keeping tools or parts of the machine in good working condition or for cooling work; Safety devices specially combined with or arranged in, or specially adapted for use in connection with, machine tools
    • B23Q11/0042Devices for removing chips
    • B23Q11/005Devices for removing chips by blowing

Abstract

The application provides a cooling and chip collecting device for machine tool machining, which comprises a low-temperature cold air source, a first booster pump, a high-pressure container, a first pressure regulating valve, a cooling nozzle, a high-pressure container, a second booster pump, an upper chip collecting nozzle and a lower chip collecting nozzle, wherein the low-temperature cold air source, the first booster pump, the high-pressure container, the first pressure regulating valve and the cooling nozzle are sequentially connected; the low-temperature cold air source is used for providing a cold air source; the high-pressure container is used for storing cold air after being pressurized by the first booster pump; the first pressure regulating valve is used for regulating the pressure of cold air; the cooling nozzle is used for cooling; the second booster pump is used for raising the pressure of the cold air again; the upper nozzle and the lower nozzle for collecting the chips are used for blowing and collecting the chips into the chip collecting groove; the upper chip collecting nozzle is provided above the cutting region, and the lower chip collecting nozzle is provided in the chip collecting groove. The cooling and chip collecting device for machine tool processing can realize pollution-free cooling and can collect chips intensively.

Description

Cooling and chip collecting device for machine tool machining
Technical Field
The application relates to the field of numerical control machine tools, in particular to a cooling and chip collecting device for machine tool machining.
Background
When a machine tool performs cutting processing on plastic materials such as carbon steel, alloy steel and the like, a large amount of cutting heat is generated at the same time. In order to cool the cutting heat, it is conventional practice to cast cool the cutting tool and the workpiece using a large amount of cutting fluid. However, since the cutting fluid contains a large amount of harmful substances, this cooling method directly affects the health of the workers. On one hand, untreated cutting fluid is directly discharged into a river, so that the ecological environment is seriously damaged, on the other hand, a large amount of chips are generated in the cutting process, and the chips are easily accumulated on the rake face, so that the temperature of a cutting area is increased, the service life of a cutter is shortened, the machining precision is reduced, and the chips accumulated on the rake face are easily subjected to secondary cutting, so that the cutter can be subjected to impact damage. In addition, long chips tend to become entangled with the workpiece and the tool, which presents a certain risk to the machining process.
Therefore, to solve the above-mentioned problems, it is necessary to provide a green cooling and chip collecting device for machine tool machining, so as to overcome the above-mentioned drawbacks of the prior art.
Disclosure of Invention
The application aims to provide a cooling and chip collecting device for machine tool machining, which can realize pollution-free cooling and can collect chips intensively.
The application provides a cooling and chip collecting device for machine tool machining, which comprises a low-temperature cold air source, a first booster pump, a high-pressure container, a first pressure regulating valve and a cooling nozzle which are connected in sequence, and is characterized by further comprising a high-pressure container, a second booster pump and an upper chip collecting nozzle which are connected in sequence, wherein the second booster pump is also connected with a lower chip collecting nozzle; wherein,
the low-temperature cold air source is used for providing cold air sources for the whole device;
the high-pressure container is used for storing cold air after being pressurized by the first booster pump;
the first pressure regulating valve is used for regulating the pressure of cold air;
the cooling nozzle is positioned on the side surface of the cutting tool and is used for cooling the cutting area;
the second booster pump is used for raising the pressure of the cold air again; and
the upper chip collecting nozzle and the lower chip collecting nozzle are used for blowing and collecting chips into the chip collecting groove;
the chip collecting upper nozzle is provided above the cutting region, and the chip collecting lower nozzle is provided on the chip collecting groove.
Preferably, a first safety valve and a thermometer are arranged between the low-temperature cold air source and the first booster pump,
the thermometer is used for observing the temperature of the cold air in real time, so that the temperature of the cold air can be conveniently adjusted by a worker; and
the first safety valve is used for ensuring that the pressure on the pipeline is within a safety range.
Preferably, the temperature of the cold air is adjusted to be in the range of-40 ℃ to-10 ℃ by observing the thermometer.
Preferably, the high-pressure container is provided with a first pressure gauge and a safety relief valve,
the first pressure gauge is used for monitoring the pressure value in the high-pressure container in real time; and
the safety relief valve is used for ensuring that the pressure in the high-pressure container is within a safety range.
Preferably, a second pressure regulating valve is arranged between the high-pressure container and the second booster pump, and the second pressure regulating valve is used for regulating the pressure value of cold air entering the second booster pump.
Preferably, a second pressure gauge and a second relief valve are provided between the second booster pump and the chip collection upper nozzle or the chip collection lower nozzle,
the second pressure gauge is used for monitoring the pressure value output by the second booster pump in real time; and
and the second safety valve is used for adjusting the cold air pressure output by the second booster pump.
Preferably, the chip collecting lower nozzle is movably provided on the chip collecting tank so as to collect all chips everywhere in the chip collecting tank to the bottom of the chip collecting tank for centralized treatment.
Preferably, the first pressure regulating valve regulates the cold air pressure of the cooling nozzle to be in the range of 0.1-0.4 MPa;
the second booster pump adjusts the pressure of the cold air in the upper chip collecting nozzle and the lower chip collecting nozzle to be within a range of 0.5-0.8 MPa.
Preferably, the nozzle axis of the cooling nozzle forms an angle of-30 degrees with the workpiece axis on the tool base surface;
the nozzle axis of the upper nozzle for chip collection forms an included angle of-45 degrees with the axis of the workpiece on a tool base surface, and the horizontal included angle with the position of the nozzle for cooling is kept between 60 degrees and 120 degrees;
the lower chip collecting nozzle and the bottom of the chip collecting groove are maintained between 0 DEG and-30 deg.
Preferably, the lower chip collecting nozzle is arranged on a translation slide block, and the translation slide block is used for driving the lower chip collecting nozzle to move on the chip collecting groove.
Preferably, the cooling nozzle is positioned at the side surface of the cutting tool near the main cutting edge, and the spray head of the cooling nozzle is aligned with the tool tip;
preferably, the position and the inclination angle of the upper chip collecting nozzle are adjustable, specifically, the upper chip collecting nozzle is positioned at 5-10 cm above the cutter, and the spray head is downward.
Compared with the prior art, the cooling and chip collecting device for machine tool machining has the following beneficial effects: the application avoids the environmental problems and health problems caused by using a large amount of cutting fluid through cold air jet cooling, and simultaneously carries out directional impact on the cutting fluid through high-pressure cold air to intensively collect and treat the cutting fluid, thereby avoiding accumulation, winding and flying of the cutting fluid to hurt people.
Drawings
The drawings, which will be used in connection with the present application, will be briefly described below, and it will be apparent that the drawings are only for explaining the concept of the present application.
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a cooling and chip collecting device for machine tool machining according to the present application;
FIG. 2 is a front view of a cooling and chip collecting structure of the cooling and chip collecting device for machine tool machining of the present application;
fig. 3 is a plan view of a cooling and chip collecting structure of the cooling and chip collecting device for machine tool machining of the present application.
Summarizing the reference numerals:
1. low temperature cold air source 11, first safety valve 12 and thermometer
2. First booster pump 3, high-pressure container 31, first pressure gauge
32. Safety relief valve 4, first pressure regulating valve 5, and cooling nozzle
6. A second booster pump 61, a second pressure regulating valve 62, and a second pressure gauge
63. Second relief valve 71, upper nozzle for chip collection
72. Lower nozzle 8 for chip collection, translation slide 9, chip collection groove
101. Workpiece 102, tool
Detailed Description
Hereinafter, an embodiment of a cooling and chip collecting device for machine tool machining of the present application will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
The examples described herein are specific embodiments of the present application, which are intended to illustrate the inventive concept, are intended to be illustrative and exemplary, and should not be construed as limiting the application to the embodiments and scope of the application. In addition to the embodiments described herein, those skilled in the art can adopt other obvious solutions based on the disclosure of the claims and specification, including any obvious substitutions and modifications to the embodiments described herein.
The drawings in the present specification are schematic diagrams, assist in explaining the concept of the present application, and schematically represent interrelationships of the parts. Note that the relationship of the portions of the embodiments of the present application is clearly shown for convenience. The same or similar reference numerals are used to denote the same or similar parts.
Fig. 1 is a schematic configuration diagram of a cooling and chip collecting apparatus for machine tool machining according to the present application, and as shown in fig. 1, the cooling and chip collecting apparatus for machine tool machining according to the present application includes a low-temperature cold air source 1, a first booster pump 2, a high-pressure tank 3, a first pressure regulating valve 4, and a cooling nozzle 5 that are connected in this order, and further includes the high-pressure tank 3, a second booster pump 6, and a chip collecting upper nozzle 71 that are connected in this order, and the second booster pump 6 is connected to a chip collecting lower nozzle 72. That is, the second booster pump 6 is connected to both the upper chip collecting nozzle 71 and the lower chip collecting nozzle 72.
The low-temperature cold air source 1 in the device is used for providing cold air sources for the whole device; the high-pressure container 3 is used for storing cold air after the pressure of the cold air is increased by the first booster pump 2, namely the pressure of cold air jet flow can be increased by the first booster pump 2; the first pressure regulating valve 4 is used for regulating the pressure of the cold air entering the cooling nozzle 5, so that the pressure of the cold air jet flow is regulated within a proper range, and the speed of the cold air jet flow can be stabilized; the cooling nozzle 5 is positioned on the side surface of the cutting tool 102 and is used for cooling the cutting area; the second booster pump 6 is used for raising the pressure of the cold air again; and, the chip collecting upper nozzle 71 and the chip collecting lower nozzle 72 are both used to blow and collect chips into the chip collecting groove 9. Since the second booster pump 6 is connected to both the upper chip collecting nozzle 71 and the lower chip collecting nozzle 72, the cold air pressurized by the second booster pump 6 is transmitted to the upper chip collecting nozzle 71 and the lower chip collecting nozzle 72, wherein the upper chip collecting nozzle 71 can be used for collecting chips, can also play a certain auxiliary role in cooling in the cutting process, and the lower chip collecting nozzle 72 can not only cool the cutting environment, but also can clean and collect the chips in the chip collecting groove 9 conveniently without dead angles.
In a further embodiment of the present application, a first safety valve 11 and a thermometer 12 are provided between the low temperature cold air source 1 and the first booster pump 2. The thermometer 12 is used for observing the temperature of the cold air in real time so as to facilitate the adjustment of the temperature of the cold air by a worker, namely, the worker can observe the real-time temperature of the cold air through the thermometer 12 and can accurately adjust the temperature of the cold air through observing the thermometer 12; the first safety valve 11 is used for ensuring that the pressure on the pipeline is within a certain safety range, so as to ensure the normal and safe operation of the device, and prevent the phenomenon that the pressure of cold air is too large and too small.
For the normal operation of the whole device, the temperature of cold air is regulated to be in the range of-40 ℃ to-10 ℃ by observing the thermometer 12.
In a further embodiment of the application, the high pressure vessel 3 is provided with a first pressure gauge 31 and a safety relief valve 32. The first pressure gauge 31 is used for monitoring the pressure value in the high-pressure container 3 in real time, and the safety relief valve 32 is used for ensuring that the cold air pressure in the high-pressure container 3 is within a safety range. According to the application, the first pressure gauge 31 and the safety pressure relief valve 32 are arranged on the high-pressure container 3, so that the pressure value inside the high-pressure container 3 can be accurately obtained in real time, and the pressure can be relieved through the safety pressure relief valve 32 when the pressure value is too high, so that cold air is regulated to be within a safe and reasonable pressure value range, and the safe use of the device is ensured.
In a further embodiment of the application, a second pressure regulating valve 61 is arranged between the high pressure vessel 3 and the second booster pump 6, which second pressure regulating valve 61 is used to regulate the magnitude of the cold air pressure into the second booster pump 6.
In a further embodiment of the present application, as shown in fig. 1, a second pressure gauge 62 and a second safety valve 63 are provided between the second booster pump 6 and the chip collecting upper nozzle 71 and/or the chip collecting lower nozzle 72, the second pressure gauge 62 is used for monitoring the pressure value output from the second booster pump 6 in real time, and the second safety valve 63 is used for adjusting the pressure of the cold air output from the second booster pump 6. According to the application, the second pressure gauge 62 and the second safety valve 63 are arranged behind the second booster pump 6, so that the pressure value after being boosted by the second booster pump 6 can be accurately obtained in real time, and the cold air pressure in the pipeline can be regulated to be within a safe and reasonable pressure value range by regulating the second safety valve 63 when the cooling cutting workpiece 101 and the cutter 102 are cooled, so that the safe use of the device is ensured.
In a further embodiment of the application, the chip-collecting lower nozzle 72 is movably arranged on the chip-collecting flute 9, so that all chips in the chip-collecting flute 9 are collected to the bottom of the chip-collecting flute 9. Preferably, the lower chip-collecting nozzle 72 is arranged on a slide 8, the slide 8 being adapted to move the lower chip-collecting nozzle 72 over the chip-collecting channel 9. The translational slide block 8 arranged in this way can drive the lower nozzle 72 for collecting the chips to slide on the chip collecting groove 9 at will, so that all the chips in the chip collecting groove 9 can be collected and cleaned.
Specifically, the translation slide 8 and the lower nozzle 72 for chip collection are connected in an inserting manner, and the translation slide 8 is an automatic translation slide. The chip collection groove 9 is provided in an inclined shape, and a slide connection is employed with the automatic translation slider, so that the chip collection lower nozzle 72 may be provided on one side of the chip collection groove 9, and all chips may be collected into the chip collection groove 9 by the inclined arrangement structure.
The chip collecting upper nozzle 71 of the present application is used not only for collecting chips but also for assisting the cooling of the cutting process; the automatic translation slide block 8 and the chip collecting groove 9 which are matched with the lower nozzle 72 for chip collection are used, so that the chip collection is more convenient, and the chips can be cleaned without dead angles.
In a further embodiment of the application, the cooling nozzle 5 is located at the side of the cutting tool 102 near the main cutting edge, and the spray head of the cooling nozzle 5 is directed towards the tip. Preferably, both the position and the inclination angle of the upper chip collecting nozzle 71 are adjustable, specifically, the upper chip collecting nozzle 71 is located 5 to 10cm above the cutter 102 with the spray head facing downward. The cooling nozzle 5 thus provided can be appropriately adjusted according to the position of the workpiece 101 to be cut, and the cutting area can be cooled down more preferably.
FIG. 2 is a front view of a cooling and chip collecting structure of the cooling and chip collecting device for machine tool machining of the present application; fig. 3 is a plan view showing a structure for cooling and collecting chips in the cooling and chip collecting device for machine tool machining according to the present application, in which, as shown in fig. 2 and 3, when the tool 102 turns the outer edge of the machined workpiece 101, the cooling nozzle 5 can cool the cutting area, and by adjusting the injection angle of the chip collecting upper nozzle 71, the cooling of the cutting area can be assisted, and chips can be blown down to the area of the chip collecting groove 9 below to avoid flying out of the chips to hurt people. The chip collecting lower nozzle 72 automatically slides on the chip collecting groove 9 by the translation slider 8, and blows the chips scattered everywhere in the chip collecting groove 9 to the bottom of the chip collecting groove 9 for centralized processing.
The combined use of the lower chip-collecting nozzle 72, the translation slide 8 and the chip-collecting groove 9 according to the present application, and the arrangement of the bottom of the chip-collecting groove 9 in an inclined manner, all increase the chip-collecting efficiency.
The first pressure regulating valve 4 regulates the cold air pressure of the cooling nozzle 5 to be in the range of 0.1-0.4 MPa; the second booster pump 6 adjusts the pressure of the cold air in the chip collecting nozzles 71, 72 to be in the range of 0.5 to 0.8 MPa.
The use process of the cooling and chip collecting device for machine tool machining comprises the following steps:
1. the low-temperature cold air source 1, the first booster pump 2, the high-pressure tank 3, the first pressure regulating valve 4, the cooling nozzle 5, the second booster pump 6, the chip collecting upper nozzle 71, the chip collecting lower nozzle 72, the thermometer 12, the first relief valve 11, the second pressure regulating valve 61, the second relief valve 63, the first pressure gauge 31, the second pressure gauge 62, the relief valve 32, the slide block 8, the chip collecting tank 9, and the like are mounted.
2. The low-temperature cold air source 1 is started, the temperature of cold air is regulated to be within the range of minus 40 ℃ to minus 10 ℃ through the observation thermometer 12, and then the cold air is pressurized through the first booster pump 2 and then is conveyed into the high-pressure container 3.
3. The pressure of the low-temperature cold air is regulated to be in the range of 0.1-0.4 MPa by regulating a first pressure regulating valve 4 connected with a high-pressure container 3, and then a cooling nozzle 5 connected with the first pressure regulating valve 4 is used for cooling the cutting area; wherein the nozzle axis of the cooling nozzle 5 forms an angle of-30 ° with the axis of the workpiece 101 on the tool base surface.
4. The pressure of the low-temperature cold air is adjusted to be within a range of 0.5 to 0.8MPa by the second booster pump 6, and then chips generated during cutting are collected by the chip collection upper nozzle 71 and the chip collection lower nozzle 72 connected to the second booster pump 6. Wherein the nozzle axis of the upper chip collecting nozzle 71 forms an angle of-45 DEG with the axis of the workpiece 101 on the tool base surface, and the horizontal angle with the position of the cooling nozzle 5 is kept between 60 DEG and 120 DEG, and the lower chip collecting nozzle 72 is kept between-30 DEG and 0 DEG with the bottom of the chip collecting groove 9.
In the cutting process using the cooling and chip collecting device for machine tool machining of the present application, it is necessary to pay attention to the numerical changes of the thermometer 12, the first pressure gauge 31 and the second pressure gauge 62 in real time, and to ensure the normal operation of the device by cooperatively operating the first relief valve 11, the relief valve 32, the second relief valve 61 and the second relief valve 63.
The embodiments of the cooling and chip collecting device for machine tool machining according to the present application have been described above. The specific features of the cooling and chip collecting device for machine tool machining according to the application can be specifically designed according to the effects of the features disclosed above, which are all within the reach of a person skilled in the art. Moreover, the above disclosed features are not limited to the disclosed combinations with other features, and other combinations between features may be made by those skilled in the art in accordance with the purpose of the present application to achieve the purpose of the present application.

Claims (10)

1. The cooling and chip collecting device for machine tool machining comprises a low-temperature cold air source, a first booster pump, a high-pressure container, a first pressure regulating valve and a cooling nozzle which are sequentially connected, and is characterized by further comprising a high-pressure container, a second booster pump and an upper chip collecting nozzle which are sequentially connected, wherein the second booster pump is also connected with a lower chip collecting nozzle; wherein,
the low-temperature cold air source is used for providing cold air sources for the whole device;
the high-pressure container is used for storing cold air after being pressurized by the first booster pump;
the first pressure regulating valve is used for regulating the pressure of cold air;
the cooling nozzle is positioned on the side surface of the cutting tool and is used for cooling the cutting area;
the second booster pump is used for raising the pressure of the cold air again; and
the upper chip collecting nozzle and the lower chip collecting nozzle are used for blowing and collecting chips into the chip collecting groove;
the chip collecting upper nozzle is provided above the cutting region, and the chip collecting lower nozzle is provided on the chip collecting groove.
2. The cooling and chip collecting device for machine tool machining according to claim 1, wherein a first safety valve and a thermometer are provided between the low-temperature cold air source and the first booster pump,
the thermometer is used for observing the temperature of the cold air in real time, so that the temperature of the cold air can be conveniently adjusted by a worker; and
the first safety valve is used for ensuring that the pressure on the pipeline is within a safety range.
3. The cooling and chip collecting apparatus for machine tool machining according to claim 2, wherein the temperature of the cold air is adjusted to a range of-40 ℃ to-10 ℃ by observing the thermometer.
4. The cooling and chip collecting device for machine tool machining according to claim 1, wherein the high-pressure vessel is provided with a first pressure gauge and a safety relief valve,
the first pressure gauge is used for monitoring the pressure value in the high-pressure container in real time; and
the safety relief valve is used for ensuring that the pressure in the high-pressure container is within a safety range.
5. The cooling and chip collecting apparatus for machine tool machining according to claim 1, wherein a second pressure regulating valve is provided between the high-pressure container and the second booster pump, and the second pressure regulating valve is configured to regulate a magnitude of a pressure of cold air entering the second booster pump.
6. The cooling and chip collecting apparatus for machine tool machining according to claim 1, wherein a second pressure gauge and a second relief valve are provided between the second booster pump and the chip collecting upper nozzle or the chip collecting lower nozzle,
the second pressure gauge is used for monitoring the pressure value output by the second booster pump in real time; and
and the second safety valve is used for adjusting the cold air pressure output by the second booster pump.
7. The cooling and chip collecting device for machine tool machining according to claim 1, wherein the chip collecting lower nozzle is movably provided on the chip collecting groove so as to collect all chips everywhere in the chip collecting groove to the bottom of the chip collecting groove.
8. A cooling and chip collecting device for machine tool machining according to claim 1, wherein,
the first pressure regulating valve regulates the pressure of cold air in the cooling nozzle to be in the range of 0.1-0.4 MPa;
the second booster pump adjusts the pressure of the cold air in the upper chip collecting nozzle and the lower chip collecting nozzle to be within a range of 0.5-0.8 MPa.
9. A cooling and chip collecting device for machine tool machining according to claim 1, wherein,
the nozzle axis of the cooling nozzle forms an included angle of-30 degrees with the axis of the workpiece on the tool base surface;
the nozzle axis of the upper nozzle for chip collection forms an included angle of-45 degrees with the axis of the workpiece on a tool base surface, and the horizontal included angle with the position of the nozzle for cooling is kept between 60 degrees and 120 degrees;
the lower chip collecting nozzle and the bottom of the chip collecting groove are maintained between 0 DEG and-30 deg.
10. The cooling and chip collecting device for machine tool machining according to claim 7, wherein the chip collecting lower nozzle is provided on a translation slide for driving the chip collecting lower nozzle to move on the chip collecting groove.
CN201810325633.8A 2018-04-12 2018-04-12 Cooling and chip collecting device for machine tool machining Active CN108326624B (en)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN201810325633.8A CN108326624B (en) 2018-04-12 2018-04-12 Cooling and chip collecting device for machine tool machining

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN201810325633.8A CN108326624B (en) 2018-04-12 2018-04-12 Cooling and chip collecting device for machine tool machining

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CN108326624B true CN108326624B (en) 2023-11-28

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