CN108248133A - 一种高强度防水透气复合膜 - Google Patents

一种高强度防水透气复合膜 Download PDF

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CN108248133A
CN108248133A CN201810074247.6A CN201810074247A CN108248133A CN 108248133 A CN108248133 A CN 108248133A CN 201810074247 A CN201810074247 A CN 201810074247A CN 108248133 A CN108248133 A CN 108248133A
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万宝林
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JIANGSU KEDEBAO BUILDING ENERGY SAVING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Co Ltd
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Abstract

本发明提供一种高强度防水透气复合膜，该复合膜包括无纺布层，高分子膜层，纤维丝层，其中高分子膜层材料中掺杂有无机纳米粒子，为了实现无机纳米粒子的高度分散，高分子膜层中还添加有纳米粒子高分子分散剂，用于实现在聚偏氟乙烯中以溶胶技术形成纳米级的粒子，确保无机纳米粒子在聚偏氟乙烯网格中的高度分散和稳定吸附。所得到的无机高分子复合膜在强度和抗污性能方面与同类膜相比大大提高，抗拉力可达到40Kg，并且使得PVDF复合膜更易适应高强度的环境，保证断丝率小于1‰。

Description

一种高强度防水透气复合膜
技术领域
本发明属于建筑薄膜技术领域，特别涉及一种高强度防水透气复合膜。
背景技术
20世纪40年代，德国的建筑学家发现，沥青防水卷材与涂膜防水材料的自粘性与密闭性特点，致使混凝土结构中的残余水分被封闭在结构内，混凝土结构内的水汽无法散发而导致屋面与墙体滋生霉菌，室内空气质量与人居健康受到严重威胁。因此，德国建筑界开始使用具有透气性能的屋面垫层，以取代自粘卷材与涂膜防水，这种透气性垫层空铺于屋面基层之上，使现浇混凝土屋面板的水汽迅速排放出去，因而避免了霉菌的滋生。
在当时的历史背景下，人们对建筑节能的认识还不够，20世纪70年代，随着世界能源危机的爆发，欧美国家对建筑节能问题越来越重视起来。能源专家发现，这种透气性垫层虽然使现浇混凝土屋面的水汽得以排放，有效解决了防潮与霉菌问题，然而大量水汽向保温层排放，保温材料的热工性能受到严重破坏。20世纪中期，美国与加拿大建筑标准协会的专家发现，建筑外墙与屋面中水汽的凝结会严重影响建筑保温材料的性能及围护结构的耐久性，导致霉菌滋生。而导致受潮的主要原因是借助建筑外部空气渗入至围护结构内部的液相水和汽相水。从此美国的一些建筑开始使用防水膜，铺设在保温层外面作为建筑包覆系统，以加强建筑的气密性与水密性，但是这种防水膜不透气，围护结构的潮汽仍然无法散发而不能彻底解决防潮问题。经过不断的科学研究与实践，德国与美国的建筑界专家终于发现，将透气性屋面垫层改为不透气的卷材作为隔汽层空铺于屋面基层，使现浇混凝土屋面的水汽在一定程度上得以排放，减缓混凝土屋面的水汽向保温层排放的速度；使用透气性的防水膜作为建筑包覆系统(后称防水透气膜)，阻止了建筑外部渗入的液相水与汽相水的同时，又使保温层的水汽迅速排放出去。隔汽层与防水透气膜的配合使用，加强了建筑气密性、水密性，解决了防潮与霉菌的同时，又有效保护围护结构热工性能，从而真正达到了节约能耗之目的。20世纪80年代末，防水透气膜方案在欧美发达国家得到大力推广，被广泛应用于居住建筑与公用建筑，防水透气膜建筑构造被誉为“会呼吸的房子”。防水透气膜铺设于保温层之上，有效保护保温层，保温层之上不需要再浇细石混凝土，方案的优化降低了建筑造价。日本、马来西亚等国家也相继引进德国、美国的技术，开始大量生产并应用防水透气膜。近几年我国政府对建筑节能越来越重视，使得防水透气膜方案在我国开始大力推广，并制定了《防水透气膜建筑构造》、《压型钢板、夹芯板屋面与外墙建筑构造》等专项图集。
聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)分子结构重复单元为-CF2-CH2-，结晶度50％-60％，氟含量为59％。密度为l.75-1.78g/cm3。玻璃化温度约-35℃，脆化温度-62℃以下。结晶熔点约170℃，热分解温度>316℃，长期使用温度为-40℃致110℃，机械强度较高，具有自熄性。PVDF还具有优异的刚性、硬度、抗蠕变、耐磨耗和耐切割性能，且化学稳定性良好，能耐氧化剂、酸、碱、盐类、卤素、芳烃、脂肪及氯代溶剂的腐蚀及溶胀。PVDF优异的抗紫外线和耐老化性能使其置于室外能长期不变脆不龟裂，是一种新型理想的的防水透气膜材料。
随着我国对防水透气膜的需求不断上升，同时对其的机械性能和寿命等各方面性能也有了更高的需求。其中，无机-有机复合膜凭借其突出的性能成为膜研究的热点之一。复合膜的特点在于：它不但有望集中有机膜和无机膜各自的优点，弥补它们的缺陷，而且可以发展单一膜材料原先没有的综合性能，满足特定的需要。大量研究表明，通过掺杂无机纳米粒子(SiO2，ZnO，TiO2等)，可以使得复合膜在各方面的性能得到提高，无机纳米粒子的添加使得复合材料的微孔分散更加均匀，孔隙更为丰富，透气性能更优越。掺杂无机纳米粒子后的多孔膜不仅能增强膜层的机械性能，还提高了膜的耐污染性能，抗污能力与同类膜相比更强。在建筑薄膜材料行业中，添加ZnO，TiO2等纳米颗粒还能起到很好的紫外线屏蔽功能，如果能将其均匀的分散在高分子材料中，可以使得复合膜在保持高透明的同时，还可以获得优异的紫外屏蔽功能。
但是，无机纳米粒子由于在理化性能和高分子材料差距较大，在共混后容易在高分子材料上形成团聚，纳米粒子分散不均不仅起不到相应的作用，还会堵塞复合膜孔道，影响膜的透气性能。因此，实现无机-有机高分子复合膜中无机纳米粒子的高度分散，是制备纳米粒子复合高分子复合膜需要亟待解决的关键问题。
发明内容
本发明要解决的主要技术问题：提高防水透气膜的机械和透气性能，增强其使用寿命，提高复合膜的抗污能力，实现无机纳米粒子在高分子材料中的高度分散。
鉴于以上所述现有技术的缺点，本发明的目的在于提供一种高强度防水透气复合膜本发明通过添加高分子分散剂，用于实现在聚偏氟乙烯中以溶胶技术形成纳米级的粒子，确保无机纳米粒子在聚偏氟乙烯网格中的高度分散和稳定吸附。同时，为了进一步提高复合膜的机械性和抗污性能，高分子材料上还复合上纤维丝和无纺布，使复合膜的抗拉伸强度、抗压强度以及抗污能力等各方面与同类膜相比大大提高。
作为优选的技术方案：
一种高强度防水透气复合膜，其特征在于：包括有无纺布层，高分子膜层，纤维丝层，所述高分子膜层材料为掺杂有无机纳米粒子PVDF膜，所述高分子膜层，纤维丝层通过常用的粘合剂粘结，所述高分子膜中包括有纳米粒子高分子分散剂，所述高分子膜层中包括有纳米粒子高分子分散剂。
优选的，所述无机纳米粒子为SiO2，ZnO，TiO2中的任意一种。
优选的，所纳米粒子高分子分散剂为聚二甲基硅氧烷。
优选的，所述无纺布层采用封装技术封装到PVDF膜外面。
优选的，所述无纺布的孔径为5-10um。
优选的，所述纤维长丝可以是涤纶、锦纶、丙纶、粘胶纤维、玻璃纤维或者芳纶纤维中的任意一种。
如上所述，本发明的高强度防水透气复合膜，具有以下有益效果：
1、将无机纳米粒子加入PVDF铸膜液中，使膜丝在保持PVDF优良特性的基础上具备较强的机械性能，复合膜孔隙丰富，具有良好的透气性能，复合膜运用到建筑材料上面，其中的ZnO，TiO2纳米颗粒还起到了屏蔽紫外线的功能。
2、通过将无纺布封装到PVDF膜外面，阻隔了大颗粒以及大分子污染物，提高了PVDF复合膜的抗污染能力。
3、采用纤维增强复合膜结构，使PVDF复合膜的抗拉伸强度和抗压强度与同类膜相比大大提高，抗拉力可达到40Kg，并且使得PVDF复合膜更易适应高强度的环境，保证断丝率小于1‰。
4、高分子分散剂的添加保证了聚偏氟乙烯中以溶胶技术形成纳米级的粒子，确保无机纳米粒子在聚偏氟乙烯网格中的高度分散和稳定吸附，使得复合透气膜在整体上更加稳定。
附图说明
图1显示为第一种实施方式的示意图。
图2显示为第二种实施方式的示意图。
图3显示为第三种实施方式的示意图。
图中：1-无纺布层；2-高分子膜层；3-纤维丝层；4-无机纳米粒子。
具体实施方式
实施例一：
一种高强度防水透气复合膜，包括有无纺布层(1)，高分子膜层(2)，纤维丝层(3)，所述高分子膜层(2)材料为掺杂有无机纳米粒子(4)的PVDF膜，即将无机纳米粒子(4)加入PVDF铸膜液中，使膜丝在保持PVDF优良特性的基础上具备较强的机械性能，所述高分子膜层(1)，纤维丝层(3)通过常用的粘合剂粘结，所述高分子膜层(2)中包括有纳米粒子高分子分散剂。
所述无机纳米粒子(4)为SiO2，ZnO，TiO2中的任意一种。
所纳米粒子高分子分散剂为聚二甲基硅氧烷。
所述无纺布层采用封装技术封装到PVDF膜外面。
所述无纺布的孔径为5-10um。
所述纤维丝可以是涤纶、锦纶、丙纶、粘胶纤维、玻璃纤维或者芳纶纤维中的任意一种。
实施实例二：
一种高强度防水透气复合膜，包括有无纺布层(1)，高分子膜层(2)，纤维丝层(3)，所述高分子膜层(2)材料为掺杂有无机纳米粒子(4)的PVDF膜，即将无机纳米粒子(4)加入PVDF铸膜液中，使膜丝在保持PVDF优良特性的基础上具备较强的机械性能，所述高分子膜层，纤维丝层通过原材料原始纺丝后先将纤维丝均匀缠绕在PVDF丝外表面形成复合膜材料，所述高分子膜层中(2)包括有纳米粒子高分子分散剂。
所述无机纳米粒子(4)为SiO2，ZnO，TiO2中的任意一种。
所纳米粒子高分子分散剂为聚二甲基硅氧烷。
所述无纺布层采用封装技术封装到PVDF膜外面。
所述无纺布的孔径为5-10um。
所述纤维丝可以是涤纶、锦纶、丙纶、粘胶纤维、玻璃纤维或者芳纶纤维中的任意一种。
实施实例三：
一种高强度防水透气复合膜，包括有为无纺布层(1)，高分子膜层(2)，纤维丝层(3)，所述高分子膜层(2)材料为掺杂有无机纳米粒子(4)的PVDF膜，即将无机纳米粒子(4)加入PVDF铸膜液中，使膜丝在保持PVDF优良特性的基础上具备较强的机械性能，所述高分子膜层(2)，纤维丝层(3)通过将高分子PVDF原料液均匀附着在纤维丝上后在纺丝形成复合材料，这样使得高分子膜可以均匀的包附在纤维丝两侧，保证了PVDF在纺丝时即不易断裂，节约了成本，提高了工作效率，所述高分子膜中包括有纳米粒子高分子分散剂。
所述无机纳米粒子(4)为SiO2，ZnO，TiO2中的任意一种。
所纳米粒子高分子分散剂为聚二甲基硅氧烷。
所述无纺布层采用封装技术封装到PVDF膜外面。
所述无纺布的孔径为5-10um。
所述纤维长丝可以是涤纶、锦纶、丙纶、粘胶纤维、玻璃纤维或者芳纶纤维中的任意一种。
本发明除了作为常见的建筑复合膜以外，还可以用在其他领域，其它还包括：组织模板、电磁防护、复合物阻隔和液晶显示器等方面的应用。
以上所述仅是本发明的优选实施方式，应当指出，对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说，在不脱离本发明原理的前提下，还可以作出若干改进，这些改进也应视为本发明的保护范围。

Claims (6)

1.一种高强度防水透气复合膜，其特征在于：包括有无纺布层(1)，高分子膜层(2)，纤维丝层(3)，所述高分子膜层(2)材料为掺杂有无机纳米粒子(4)的PVDF膜，所述高分子膜层(2)，纤维丝层(3)通过常用的粘合剂粘结，所述高分子膜层(2)中包括有纳米粒子高分子分散剂。
2.根据权利要求1所述的高强度防水透气复合膜，其特征在于：所述无机纳米粒子(4)为SiO2，ZnO，TiO2中的任意一种。
3.根据权利要求2所述的高强度防水透气复合膜，其特征在于：所述纳米粒子高分子分散剂为聚二甲基硅氧烷。
4.根据权利要求1所述的高强度防水透气复合膜，其特征在于：所述无纺布层采用封装技术封装到PVDF膜外面。
5.根据权利要求4所述的高强度防水透气复合膜，其特征在于：所述无纺布的孔径为5-10um。
6.根据权利要求1所述的高强度防水透气复合膜，其特征在于所述纤维丝可以是涤纶、锦纶、丙纶、粘胶纤维、玻璃纤维或者芳纶纤维中的任意一种。
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