CN108138204B - 使用分选酶a生产硫酯的方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本文报道了用于酶促产生硫酯的方法,其包括孵育i)包含氨基酸序列LPXTG(SEQ ID NO:01,其中X可以是任何氨基酸残基)的第一多肽,ii)在其N端具有半胱氨酸氨基酸残基或是半胱氨酰基化合物的第二多肽,和iii)具有分选酶A活性的第三多肽。
Description
本文报道了一种酶促连接方法,其中将包含分选酶基序的第一多肽和在其N-末端具有半胱氨酸残基的第二多肽与分选酶A一起孵育,所述分选酶A导致在第一和第二多肽之间形成硫酯。
发明背景
分选酶A(SrtA)是将蛋白质共价附着至细菌细胞壁的膜结合酶。SrtA底物上的特异性识别基序是LPXTG,由此该酶在残基苏氨酸和甘氨酸之间切割。肽聚糖上的识别基序是五甘氨酸基序。已显示N端上的三甘氨酸和甚至二甘氨酸基序足以支持SrtA反应(Clancy,K.W.等,Peptide science 94(2010)385-396)。反应通过硫酯酰基-酶中间体进行,该中间体通过来自寡聚甘氨酸的胺亲核体的攻击而分解,将肽聚糖共价连接至蛋白质底物,并再生SrtA。SrtA可以用于将化学合成的肽共价缀合至重组表达的蛋白质。
在WO2010/087994中报道了用于连接的方法及其用途。Marvin,J.S.等人报道了针对IgG样双特异性抗体的重组方法(Acta Pharmacol Sinica 26(2005)649-658)。在WO2013/003555中报道了使用分选酶来安装用于蛋白质连接的点击化学柄。
Strijbis,K等人(Traffic 13(2012)780-789)报道了使用分选酶在活细胞中进行蛋白质连接。他们已经表明,Ca2+依赖型金黄色葡萄球菌分选酶A在细胞内是非功能的,但是Ca2+非依赖型酿脓链球菌分选酶A在酿酒酵母和哺乳动物HEK293T细胞的胞质溶胶和内质网(ER)腔中是有功能的。
Levary,D.A.等人报道了由分选酶A催化的蛋白质-蛋白质融合(PLOS ONE 6(2011))。Madej,M.P.等人报道了通过分选酶A介导的蛋白质连接将抗表皮生长因子受体抗体工程化为单链形式并标记(Biotechnol.Bioeng.109(2012)1461-1470)。Ta,H.T.等人报道了酶促单链抗体标记作为心血管疾病中靶向分子成像和细胞归巢的通用方法(Cir.Res.109(2011)365-373)。Popp,M.等人报道了使用分选酶制造并破坏肽键-蛋白质工程化(Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.Eng.50(2011)5024-5032)。WO2010/099536中报道了对DOTA螯合物具有高亲和力的工程化蛋白质。
已报道了阻断分选酶的逆反应的不同努力。Yamamura,Y.等(Chem.Commun.47(2011)4742-4744)报道了通过在底物识别位点附近引入β-发夹,在连接位点附近诱导β-发夹结构来增强分选酶A介导的蛋白质连接。
Biswas,T.等(Biochem.53(2014)2515-2524)报道了通过原型分选酶A分选LPXTG肽、不变底物残基在调节酶动力学中的作用及生产底物的构象特征。
Li,Y.M.等报道了通过使用分选酶来使蛋白质发生不可逆位点特异性肼解(Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.Engl.53(2014)2198-2202)。
蛋白缀合的显著发展是天然化学连接(NCL)(Dawson,P.E.等人,Science 266(1994)776-779),其允许两个未保护的肽的连接。NCL的先决条件是N-末端肽上的硫酯。硫酯的合成是一项复杂的工作,另外硫酯在长时间内不稳定,特别是在水生条件下。在肽或甚至蛋白质C-末端的侧链特异性原位产生硫酯将增强NCL的能力(Dawson,PE和Kent,SBAnnual review of biochemistry 69(2000)923-960;Aimoto,S.,Tanpakushitsu kakusankoso.Protein,nucleic acid,enzyme 52(2007)1804-1805)。
WO2013/016653报道了用于检测生物样品内至少两种靶标的同时存在的方法。该方法包括使所述生物样品与第一结合剂接触,所述第一结合剂有效连接至第一分选酶分子,其中所述第一结合剂特异性结合第一靶标;使所述生物样品与第二结合剂接触,所述第二结合剂有效连接至第一分选酶识别序列肽,其中所述第二结合剂特异性结合第二靶标;在分选酶底物与第一分选酶识别序列的第一分选酶介导的连接将产生连接产物的条件下添加分选酶底物并检测连接产物,其中检测到所述连接产物指示第一靶标和第二靶标在生物样品中的同时存在。
Schmohl,L.和Schwarzer,D.报道了关于蛋白质的位点特异性修饰的分选酶介导的连接(Curr.Opin.Chem.Biol.22(2014)122-128)。Race,P.R.等人(J.Biol.Chem.284(2009)6924-6933)报道了酿脓链球菌分选酶的晶体结构和对分选酶机制的影响。
Ling和同事们展示了经由分选酶引入含硫酯组(Ling,J.J.J.等人,J.Am.Chem.Soc.134(2012)10749-10752)。
发明内容
已经发现分选酶A作为亲核体接受在其N-末端包含半胱氨酸氨基酸残基的多肽。从酶释放的所得酶缀合产物是硫酯,其随后可发生重排。进一步发现在分选酶基序和分选酶本身之间的位点特异性的、原位产生的C-末端硫酯可用于天然化学连接(NCL)。
本文报道的一个方面是用于酶促形成/生产硫酯(在氨基酸的α碳酸基团和半胱氨酸的硫醇基团之间形成新的硫酯键)的方法,其包括以下步骤
-孵育
i)第一多肽,(任选地在100个C-末端氨基酸残基内)包含氨基酸序列LPXTG(SEQID NO:01,其中X可以是任何氨基酸残基),
ii)第二多肽,在其N-末端具有半胱氨酸氨基酸残基或为半胱氨酰基化合物(即包含半胱氨酸氨基酸残基的化合物,所述半胱氨酸氨基酸残基具有游离的α氨基,例如NH2或NH3 +以及位置1处的羧基,它是肽键的一部分),和
iii)作为分选酶A的第三多肽或其催化活性片段(即,具有分选酶A活性),
以及从而产生硫酯。
在一个实施方案中,第三多肽衍生自金黄色葡萄球菌分选酶A或单核细胞增生李斯特菌分选酶A。
在一个实施方案中,该方法用于两种多肽的酶促缀合。
在一个实施方案中,第二多肽在其N-末端具有半胱氨酸氨基酸残基,随后是一至三个甘氨酸或丙氨酸氨基酸残基。在一个优选的实施方案中,第二多肽在其N-末端具有氨基酸序列CGG,CGGG(SEQ ID NO:02),CAA或CAAA(SEQ ID NO:03)。
在一个实施方案中,孵育进一步是在硫醇添加剂存在下。在一个实施方案中,硫醇添加剂选自苯硫酚、4-巯基苯基乙酸(MPAA)、2-巯基乙磺酸盐(MESNA)及其组合。在一个优选的实施方案中,孵育是在2-巯基乙磺酸盐的存在下进行的。
在一个实施方案中,第一多肽在其C-末端包含氨基酸序列LPXTG(SEQ ID NO:01,其中X可以是任何氨基酸残基)。在一个实施方案中,第一多肽在其C-末端包含氨基酸序列LPETG(SEQ ID NO:04)。
在一个实施方案中,第一多肽和第二多肽彼此独立地选自抗体可变结构域、抗体重链Fab片段、抗体Fc区域、标签和肽、接头和非-分选酶基序部分,所述肽包含氨基酸序列LPXTG(SEQ ID NO:01,其中X可以是任何氨基酸残基)。
在一个实施方案中,第三多肽具有SEQ ID NO:05或SEQ ID NO:06的氨基酸序列。
本发明的详细描述
本发明至少部分基于以下发现:分选酶A作为亲核体接受在其N-末端具有半胱氨酸残基的多肽。
I.定义
在本说明书和权利要求书中,免疫球蛋白重链Fc区中残基的编号是Kabat的EU索引的编号(Kabat,EA等人,Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest,第5版,Public Health Service,National Institutes of Health,Bethesda,MD(1991),NIHPublication 91 3242,明确地通过引用并入本文)。
术语“半胱氨酰基化合物”指这样的化合物,其包含具有自由α氨基(例如NH2或NH3 +)和在与另一部分的肽键中或作为所述肽键一部分的1位羧基的甘氨酸氨基酸残基,其中该部分可以是任意包含氨基的部分,如分离的氨基酸残基、肽、多肽、蛋白质、小分子、染料、或(化学或肽)接头。
术语“改变”指在例如至少包含Fc区的FcRn结合部分的抗体或融合多肽的亲本氨基酸序列中突变、添加或缺失一个或多个氨基酸残基,以获得变体抗体或融合多肽。
术语“氨基酸突变”指亲本氨基酸序列的氨基酸序列中的修饰。示例性修饰包括氨基酸取代、插入和/或缺失。在一个实施方案中,该氨基酸突变是取代。术语“位置上的氨基酸突变”指取代或缺失指定的残基,或在邻近指定残基处插入至少一个氨基酸残基。术语“邻近指定残基的插入”指其一个或两个残基内的插入。插入可以在指定残基的N端或C端。
术语“氨基酸取代”指用不同的“替换”氨基酸残基替换预先确定的亲本氨基酸序列中的至少一个氨基酸残基。该一个或多个替换残基可以是“天然存在的氨基酸残基”(即由遗传密码编码),且选自:丙氨酸(Ala);精氨酸(Arg);天冬酰胺(Asn);天冬氨酸(Asp);半胱氨酸(Cys);谷氨酰胺(Gln);谷氨酸(Glu);甘氨酸(Gly);组氨酸(His);异亮氨酸(Ile);亮氨酸(Leu);赖氨酸(Lys);甲硫氨酸(Met);苯丙氨酸(Phe);脯氨酸(Pro);丝氨酸(Ser);苏氨酸(Thr);色氨酸(Trp);酪氨酸(Tyr);和缬氨酸(Val)。在一个实施方案中,该替换残基不是半胱氨酸。一个或多个非天然存在的氨基酸残基的取代也为本文的氨基酸取代的定义所涵盖。“非天然存在的氨基酸残基”指除上文所列出的那些天然存在的氨基酸残基外的残基,其能够共价结合多肽链中的一个或多个邻近氨基酸残基。非天然存在的氨基酸残基的实例包括正亮氨酸、鸟氨酸、正缬氨酸、高丝氨酸、α-氨基异丁酸和其他氨基酸残基类似物,如Ellman等,Meth.Enzym.202(1991)301-336中所述的那些。为了产生这类非天然存在的氨基酸残基,可以使用Noren等(Science 244(1989)182)和/或Ellman等(上文)的方案。简言之,这些方案涉及用非天然存在的氨基酸残基化学活化阻抑型tRNA,然后体外转录和翻译RNA。非天然存在的氨基酸还可以通过化学肽合成掺入肽,然后使这些肽与重组产生的多肽(如抗体或抗体片段)融合。
术语“氨基酸插入”指在预先确定的亲本氨基酸序列中掺入至少一个附加的氨基酸残基。虽然插入通常将包括插入一个或两个氨基酸残基,但本申请考虑更大的“肽插入”,例如插入约3个至约5个或甚至至多约10个氨基酸残基。一个或多个插入残基可以是上文定义的天然存在或非天然存在的残基。
术语“氨基酸缺失”指在氨基酸序列中预先确定的位置上去除至少一个氨基酸残基。
在本申请内,任何时候提到氨基酸改变时,它是有意的氨基酸改变,而不是随机氨基酸修饰。
术语“标签”表示通过具有特异性结合特性的肽键彼此连接的氨基酸残基序列。在一个实施方案中,标签是亲和标签或纯化标签。在一个实施方案中,标签选自Arg-标签、His-标签、Flag标签、3xFlag-标签、Strep-标签、HA-标签、纳米标签、SBP-标签、c-myc-标签、S标签、SNUT-标签、NusA、T7、硫氧还蛋白、钙调蛋白结合肽、纤维素结合结构域、几丁质结合结构域、GST标签或MBP标签(参见例如Amau,J.等人,Prot.Expr.Purif.48(2006)1-13)。
在一个实施方案中,标签选自SEQ ID NO:07(RRRRR)、或SEQ ID NO:08(RRRRRR)、或SEQ ID NO:09(HHHHHH)、或SEQ ID NO:10(KDHLIHNVHKEFHAHAHNK)、或SEQ ID NO:11(DYKDDDDK)、或SEQ ID NO:12(DYKDHDGDYKDHDIDYKDDDDK)、或SEQ ID NO:13(AWRHPQFGG)、或SEQ ID NO:14(WSHPQFEK)、或SEQ ID NO:15(MDVEAWLGAR)、或SEQ ID NO:16(MDVEAWLGARVPLVET)、或SEQ ID NO:17(MDEKTTGWRGGHVVEGLAGELEQLRARLEHHPQGQREP)、或SEQ ID NO:18(EQKLISEEDL)、或SEQ ID NO:19(KETAAAKFERQHMDS)、或SEQ ID NO:20(KRRWKKNFIAVSAANRFKKISSSGAL)、或SEQ ID NO:21(纤维素结合结构域)、或SEQ ID NO:22(纤维素结合结构域)、或SEQ ID NO:23(TNPGVSAWQVNTAYTAGQLVTYNGKTYKCLQPHTSLAGWEPSNVPALWQLQ)、或SEQ ID NO:24(GST-标签)、或SEQ ID NO:25(MBP-标签)。
活性剂(agent)(例如药物制剂)的“有效量”指对在必要的剂量下和时间内达到希望得到的治疗或预防结果的有效量。
术语“个体”或“受试体”是哺乳动物。哺乳动物包括但不限于饲养的动物(例如牛、绵羊、猫、狗和马)、灵长类(例如人类和非人灵长类,如猴)、兔和啮齿类(例如小鼠、大鼠和仓鼠)。在某些实施方案中,该个体是人。
术语“药物制剂”指这样的制备物,其以这样的形式存在,使得允许包含在其中的活性成分的生物活性有效,且不包含对将要施用该制剂的个体具有不可接受的毒性的附加成分。
“可药用载体”指药物制剂中除活性成分之外的成分,其对个体无毒性。可药用载体包括但不限于缓冲剂、赋形剂、稳定剂或防腐剂。
术语“位置”指多肽的氨基酸序列中的氨基酸残基的位置。位置可以顺次编号,或按照确定的型式(例如用于抗体编号的Kabat的EU指数)编号。
本文所用的“治疗”(及其语法变形)指改变所治疗的个体的自然过程的尝试中的临床干预,且可以为了预防而进行或在临床病理的过程中进行。希望得到的治疗作用包括但不限于防止疾病的发生或复发、减轻症状、减少疾病的任何直接或间接的病理结果、防止转移、降低疾病进展的速率、改善或缓和疾病状态及消退或改善的预后。在一些实施方案中,用本发明的抗体来延迟疾病的发展或减慢疾病的进展。
如本文所用的术语“分选酶A酶促活性”表示在报道分子固定测定(即根据实施例6的测定;以及如WO2016/096740中所报道的(通过引用并入本文)中显示转肽作用活性的多肽。
II.天然化学连接
术语天然化学连接(NCL)表示合成方案,其中通过组装两个或更多未被保护的小多肽片段来构建大的多肽,即不打算在该反应中反应的小多肽的反应基团不被保护基团遮蔽(参见例如Kemp,DS,Biopolymers 20(1981)1793-1804;Schnolzer,M.和Kent,SB,Science 256(1992)221-225;Dawson,PE等人,Science.266(1994)776-779)。NCL特别适用于合成300个氨基酸残基或更少的多肽。
在迄今已知的天然化学连接的化学形式中,包含N-末端游离半胱氨酸残基的第一多肽与包含C-末端硫酯的第二多肽彼此反应。在反应的第一步中,作为亲核体的N-末端半胱氨酸残基的巯基攻击C-末端硫酯的活化羰基碳原子,由此形成分子间硫酯。该反应通常在20℃至37℃的温度范围内在约中性pH7的缓冲水溶液中进行。这第一步是可逆的,但是化学-以及区域选择性的。由于分子间硫酯的空间取向,分子内S,N-酰基转移是可能的。S,N-酰基转移导致硫酯键在第一和第二多肽的缀合位点重排成天然酰胺键(肽键)。
NCL反应的第一步是可逆的,特别是在游离硫醇作为催化剂的情况下。但在S,N-酰基转移后,反应不再可逆。
即使第一和/或第二多肽在其各自的氨基酸序列(内部半胱氨酸残基)中包含另外的半胱氨酸残基,NCL反应也可以高产率进行。这是由于基于S,N-酰基转移的不稳定硫代酸酯重排成稳定的酰胺键(不稳定和稳定是指在不存在键断裂试剂的情况下的中性pH条件)。其他官能团可以存在于第一和第二多肽中,例如,酸基团、碱性氨基或酚羟基。
NCL反应可以通过硫醇添加剂例如苯硫酚、4-巯基苯基乙酸(MPAA)或2-巯基乙磺酸盐(MESNA)的组合来催化。
由于S,N-酰基转移,初级反应产物从反应平衡中去除,并且反应通常产生非常高的产量,通常甚至是缀合物中分离的多肽的定量转化。
所得多肽在连接位点包含半胱氨酸残基。该半胱氨酸残基可被修饰以产生其他氨基酸残基,例如,丙氨酸(通过脱硫)。除了半胱氨酸之外,同型半胱氨酸、硒代半胱氨酸和β-硫醇氨基酸也已用于NCL反应。
与其他酰胺键形成反应相比,NCL反应具有以下优点:不需要存在于待连接的两种多肽中的其它反应性基团必须被掩蔽/保护,即使是通常会导致副产物形成的低摩尔浓度,也几乎只有预期的反应产物形成,并且不需要进行酰基的容易外消旋化活化。
NCL反应的主要缺点是需要提供具有C-末端硫酯的未被保护的多肽。这种硫酯可以使用基于BOC的方法合成,因为基于FMOC的方法需要使用亲核碱,这在要合成硫酯时是不可能的。此外,由于释放的醛或酮可能与N-末端半胱氨酸残基反应,导致醛或酮释放时形成醛或酮的保护基也不适用。
天然化学连接方法的变型(经修饰的合成多肽与重组产生的多肽的缀合)是表达蛋白质连接(参见例如Pellois,J.-P.和Muir,TW,Curr.Opin.Chem.Biol.10(2006)487;Muir,TW等人,Proc.Nat.Acad.Sci.USA 95(1998)6705-6710)和内含肽介导的蛋白质连接(参见例如Saleh,L.和Perler,FB,Chem.Rec.6(2006)183-193;Noren,CJ等人,Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.39(2000)451-466)。
Ling和同事们展示了经由分选酶引入硫酯(Ling,J.J.J.等人,J.Am.Chem.Soc.134(2012)10749-10752)。他们使用含有C-末端硫酯的五甘氨酸的正常分选酶反应。产生的产物在用于NCL之前必须进行纯化。
III.使用分选酶A的酶缀合
包含两个体内非共价缔合的实体的共价缀合物可以通过使用酶分选酶,特别是分选酶A在体外获得。
转酰胺酶通常催化酰基供体和亲核酰基受体之间形成肽键(酰胺键)。为了形成肽键,酰基受体必须含有NH2-CH2-部分。革兰氏阳性菌包括下列属:放线菌属(Actinomyces)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、双歧杆菌属(Bifidobacterium)、纤维单胞菌属(Cellulomonas)、梭菌属(Clostridium)、棒状杆菌属(Corynebacterium)、微球菌属(Micrococcus)、分枝杆菌属(Mycobacterium)、诺卡氏菌属(Nocardia)、葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)、链球菌属(Streptococcus)和链霉菌属(Streptomyces)。
基于来自革兰氏阳性细菌基因组的61种分选酶的序列比对和系统发生分析,已将分选酶分为4类,称为A、B、C和D(Dramsi,S.等人,Res.Microbiol.156(2005)289-297)。这些类别对应于以下亚家族,其中Comfort和Clubb也将分选酶分类到这些亚家族中(Comfort,D.和Clubb,RT,Infect.Immun.72(2004)2710-2722):A类(亚家族1),B类(亚家族2),C类(亚家族3),D类(亚家族4和5)。上述参考文献公开了多种分选酶和识别基序(也参见Pallen,M.J.等人,Trends Microbiol.9(2001)97-101)。利用这些信息,本领域技术人员可以基于其顺序和/或其他特性(例如Dramsi(上文)中所述的那些)将分选酶分配给正确的分类。
分选酶A(SrtA)是一种具有转酰胺酶活性的膜结合酶。它已经从革兰氏阳性细菌中鉴定和分离出来。体内分选酶A将蛋白质共价连接至细菌细胞壁。SrtA底物上的特异性识别基序是LPXTG,由此该酶在残基苏氨酸和甘氨酸之间切割。肽聚糖上的识别基序是五甘氨酸基序。已显示N端上的三甘氨酸和甚至二甘氨酸基序足以支持SrtA反应(Clancy,K.W.等,Peptide Science 94(2010)385-396)。反应通过硫酯酰基-酶中间体进行,该中间体通过来自寡聚甘氨酸的胺亲核体的攻击而分解,将肽聚糖共价连接至蛋白质底物,并再生SrtA。SrtA可以用于将化学合成的肽共价缀合至重组表达的蛋白质。
许多革兰氏阳性菌用分选酶来将多种表面蛋白质(包括毒力因子)共价锚定至其细胞壁(肽聚糖)。分选酶是膜结合酶。野生型金黄色葡萄球菌分选酶A(SrtA)是具有N端跨膜区的206个氨基酸的多肽。在第一步中,分选酶A识别含有LPXTG(SEQ ID NO:01)氨基酸序列基序的底物蛋白质,并借助活性部位Cys切割Thr和Gly之间的酰胺键。此肽切割反应产生分选酶A-底物硫酯中间体。在第二步中,该硫酯酰基-酶中间体通过含有寡聚甘氨酸的第二底物多肽(对应于金黄色葡萄球菌中肽聚糖的五甘氨酸单位)的氨基的亲核攻击而分解,产生共价连接的细胞壁蛋白质,并再生分选酶A。在缺乏寡聚甘氨酸亲核体的情况下,酰基-酶中间体可以被水分子水解。
分选酶介导的连接/缀合已开始应用于多种蛋白质改造和生物缀合目的。此技术能够在LPXTG标记的重组或化学合成多肽中引入天然和合成的功能性。实例包括共价附着寡聚甘氨酸衍生的聚合物(例如PEG)、荧光团、维生素(例如生物素和叶酸)、脂质、糖类、核酸、合成肽和蛋白质(例如GFP)(参见例如Tsukiji,S.和Nagamune,T.,ChemBioChem 10(2009)787-798;Popp,M.W.L.和Ploegh,H.L.,Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.Engl.50(2011)5024-5032)。
对于酶缀合,可以使用缺乏膜跨越区(SrtA;金黄色葡萄球菌SrtA的氨基酸残基60-206)的可溶性截短分选酶A(SEQ ID NO:05;也参见Ton-That,H.等人Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 96(1999)12424-12429;Ilangovan,H.等人,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 98(2001)6056-6061)。
分选酶A介导的反应导致含有分选酶基序(序列)的物质与带有一个或多个N-末端甘氨酸残基的物质连接。分选酶基序可以是氨基酸序列LPXTG,但也可以与其不同(见下文)。然而,使用这样的序列作为酰基供体的缺点在于将LPXT单元转移到亲核酰基受体释放化学计量的量的含有至少一个N-末端甘氨酸残基的相应片段。释放的含甘氨酸的片段与预期的酰基受体竞争酶促中间产物并针对酶促连接反应的进展发挥作用。此外,酶促中间体以及含有LPXTG的底物的水解切割虽然是相对较慢的过程,但与反应竞争。在使用分选酶介导的反应开始时,只能使用至少5mM包含分选酶基序的酰基供体的浓度来获得有用的连接水平。
一般的分选酶基序具有氨基酸序列LPXT,其中X可以是任何氨基酸残基,即天然存在的氨基酸残基或非天然存在的氨基酸残基。在一些实施方案中,X选自氨基酸残基组,所述组包含D、E、A、N、Q、K和R(一个字母代码)或由其组成。在一些实施方案中,分选酶基序选自下组,所述组包含氨基酸序列LPXT、LPXA、SPXT、LAXT、LSXT、NPXT、VPXT、IPXT、LGXT和YPXR或由其组成。在一些实施方案中,分选酶基序选自氨基酸序列组,所述组由LPST、LPKT、LPIT、LPDT、SPKT、LAET、LAAT、LAET、LAST、LAET、LPLT、LSRT、LPET、VPDT、IPQT、YPRR、LPMT、LPLT、LAFT和LPQT组成。在使用分选酶A的某些实施方案中,分选酶基序包含氨基酸序列X1PX2X3,其中i)X1选自亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、缬氨酸和甲硫氨酸的氨基酸残基,ii)X2是任何氨基酸酸,和iii)X3选自苏氨酸、丝氨酸和丙氨酸。在具体的实施方案中,如上所述,X1是亮氨酸,X3是苏氨酸。在某些实施方案中,X2选自天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、丙氨酸、谷氨酰胺、赖氨酸和甲硫氨酸。
在一些实施方案中,分选酶基序选自氨基酸序列组,其包含LPKTG、LPITG、LPDTA、SPKTG、LAETG、LAATG、LAHTG、LASTG、LAETG、LPLTG、LSRTG、LPETG、VPDTG、IPQTG、YPRRG、LPMTG,LPLTG,LAFTG和LPQTS。在本发明的一些实施方案中,分选酶是分选酶A(SrtA)。SrtA识别具有氨基酸序列LPXTG的分选酶基序。常见的分选酶基序氨基酸序列是例如LPKTG、LPATG、LPETG和LPNTG。在一些实施例中,使用LPETG。然而,也可以识别不符合该共有分选酶基序氨基酸序列的分选酶基序。例如,在一些实施方案中,分选酶基序在位置4处包含氨基酸残基A而不是氨基酸残基T,例如LPXAG或LPNAG。在一些实施方案中,分选酶基序在位置5处包含氨基酸残基A而不是氨基酸残基G,例如LPXTA或LPNTA。在一些实施方案中,分选酶基序在位置2处包含氨基酸残基G而不是氨基酸残基P,例如LGXTG或LGATG。在一些实施方案中,分选酶基序在位置1处包含氨基酸残基I而不是氨基酸残基L,例如IPXTG或IPNTG或IPETG。
在分选酶基序是LPXTG或LPXT的一些实施方案中,X选自D、E、A、N、Q、K和R。在一些实施方案中,在LPXTG或LPXT基序中X选自由K、E、N、Q和A组成的氨基酸残基的组,其中分选酶是分选酶A。在一个实施方式中,分选酶基序是LPET或LPETG或LPETA。
在使用来自金黄色葡萄球菌分选酶A(Staph.SrtA)的某些实施方案中,分选酶基序具有氨基酸序列LPX1TX2,其中i)X1选自由D、E、A、N、Q、K和R组成的氨基酸残基的组,并且ii)X2选自由丙氨酸和甘氨酸组成的氨基酸残基的组。在某些实施方案中,Staph.SrtA的分选酶基序是LPX1TA。在其他实施方案中,Staph.SrtA的分选酶基序是LPX1TG。X1的含义如前所述。
酿脓链球菌分选酶A(Strep SrtA)将接受基于二丙氨酸的亲核体。该分选酶将有效切割苏氨酸和丙氨酸残基之间的分选酶基序氨基酸序列LPXTA并安装修饰的基于丙氨酸的亲核体。Strep SrtA也会识别并切割LPXTG基序,尽管效率降低。
金黄色葡萄球菌分选酶A(Staph.SrtA)不会显著切割LPXTA基序或接受基于丙氨酸的亲核体。
在一个实施方案中,使多肽与链球菌SrtA和含丙氨酸的亲核体接触。该多肽包含在其C-末端或附近可以被链球菌SrtA识别的分选酶基序氨基酸序列并且亲核体包含在其N-末端或附近的一个或多个能够作用为Staph.SrtA介导的反应的亲核体的氨基酸(例如(G)n,其中n在1和10之间,例如1和5之间)。这导致在反应位点形成LPXTA序列,它是难以被Staph.SrtA切割的基序。这允许例如Staph.SrtA在不影响安装链球菌SrtA的C-末端修饰的情况下作用于N-末端。
具有分选酶转酰胺化活性的分选酶片段可用于本文报道的方法中。分选酶片段可以通过产生分选酶片段来鉴定,例如通过重组技术或全长分选酶的蛋白水解消化,以及确定肽键形成的速率,即连接。该片段可以包含全长分选酶的氨基酸序列的约80%,全长分选酶例如金黄色葡萄球菌分选酶A(GenBank登录号AAD48437)的氨基酸序列的约70%、约60%、约50%、约40%或约30%。在一些实施方案中,片段缺少全长分选酶氨基酸序列的N末端部分,其对分选酶的催化活性不是必需的,例如该片段缺少延伸至膜锚定序列末端的N末端部分。在一些实施方案中,片段包含全长分选酶氨基酸序列的C-末端。在一些实施方案中,片段包含分选酶的催化核心区。在一个实施方案中,核心区从SrtA例如金黄色葡萄球菌SrtA,的约位置60位到约位置206,或约从Strep.SrtA的位置82到约位置249。
来自其他生物的分选酶也可用于本文报道的方法中。这种分选酶通常由与编码SrtA的核苷酸序列基本上相同或相似的核苷酸序列编码。相似或基本相同的核苷酸序列可以包括对天然序列的修饰,例如一个或多个核苷酸的取代、缺失或插入。包括与天然核苷酸序列具有至少55%、60%、65%、70%、75%、80%或85%或更多同一性的核苷酸序列,并且通常是与天然核苷酸序列为90%或95%或更多同一性(每个同一性百分比可包括1%、2%、3%或4%方差)。用于确定两个核酸是否基本上相同的一个测试是确定两个核酸之间共享的相同核苷酸位置的百分比。
SrtA核苷酸序列可以用作“查询序列”来执行针对公共数据库的搜索以识别相关序列。这种搜索可以使用Altschul等人的NBLAST和XBLAST程序(版本2.0)来执行(J.Mol.Biol.215(1990)403-410)。可以用NBLAST程序以得分=100,字长=12进行BLAST核苷酸搜索,以获得同源核苷酸序列。为了获得用于比较目的的空位比对,可以使用空位BLAST,如Altschul等人(Nuc.Acids Res.25(1997)3389-3402)所述。当使用BLAST和GappedBLAST程序时,可以使用各个程序(例如XBLAST和NBLAST)的默认参数(参见例如www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)。
变体氨基酸序列偏离天然氨基酸序列。可以基于极性、电荷、溶解度、疏水性、亲水性、螺旋形成性质和/或两亲性性质的相似性进行氨基酸取代,并且用合适的测定法筛选所得变体的酶活性,例如在欧洲专利申请EP14198535中所报道的。例如,带负电荷的氨基酸包括天冬氨酸和谷氨酸;带正电荷的氨基酸包括赖氨酸和精氨酸;具有相似亲水性值的带有不带电荷极性或非极性头部基团的氨基酸包括亮氨酸,异亮氨酸,缬氨酸,甘氨酸,丙氨酸,天冬酰胺,谷氨酰胺,丝氨酸,苏氨酸,苯丙氨酸和酪氨酸。在某些实施方案中,根据下表可以进行保守取代。第二列中相同区段中的氨基酸和第三列中相同行中的氨基酸可以以保守取代中相互替代。某些保守性取代是将第三列中对应于第二列中的一个区段一行中的一个氨基酸替换为在第二列中相同区段内来自第三列中另一行中的氨基酸。
在某些实施方案中,可以进行同源取代,其为相似氨基酸的取代或置换,例如碱性取代碱性、酸性取代酸性、极性氨基酸取代极性、疏水性取代疏水性。可以将非同源取代引入天然序列,例如从一类残基到另一类残基(例如非疏水性氨基酸到疏水性氨基酸),或用非天然氨基酸或非经典氨基酸取代天然存在的氨基酸酸。
在本文报道的方法中,将分选酶,包含分选酶基序的多肽(即酰基供体)和亲核体(即酰基受体)一起在适合于实现包含分选酶基序的多肽和亲核体的N-末端部分之间形成肽键的条件下孵育。如本文所用,术语“孵育”或其语法等价物表示将该过程的组分彼此非常接近以允许分子之间的接触。例如,通过将组分添加到一个反应容器中来进行孵育。系统中的组分可以以各种方式混合,例如通过振荡容器,使容器经受涡流产生装置,或者用一个或多个移液管反复混合。这些组分可以以任何顺序添加到系统中。
分选酶反应可以在任何方便的容器(例如,诸如微量离心管的管、烧瓶、皿等)、微量滴定板(例如96孔或384孔板)、载玻片、硅芯片、过滤器或任何固体或半固体支持体(所述固体或支持体具有表面,所述表面(任选涂覆)具有固定在其上并且任选地在阵列中定向的分子(参见例如US 6,261,776和Fodor,Nature 364(1993)555-556))以及微流体装置(参见例如US 6,440,722;US 6,429,025;US 6,379,974;和US 6,316,781)。
反应混合物通常不含细胞,并且进一步不包含细菌细胞壁组分或完整的细菌细胞壁。在一些实施方案中,包含分选酶基序的多肽和/或亲核体由细胞中的一个或多个重组核苷酸序列表达,所述核苷酸序列被整合到细胞基因组中或未整合(例如在质粒中)。
反应混合物保持在可以进行分选酶反应的任何适宜温度下。在一些实施方案中,分选酶反应在介于约15℃和约50℃之间的温度下进行。在一些实施方案中,分选酶反应在介于约23℃和约37℃之间的温度下进行。在一些实施方案中,温度是室温(即约20℃至25℃)。通过在不同温度下重复进行相同的分选酶反应并确定连接速率,可以优化温度。
可以使用任何方便的体积和组分比例。
在某些实施方案中,利用1:1000或更大的分选酶与含分选酶-基序的多肽的(摩尔)比率,或利用1:1000或更大的分选酶与亲核体的(摩尔)比率。在具体的实施方案中,分选酶与包含分选酶基序的多肽或酶与亲核体的比率为约1:1,包括1:2或更大,1:3或更大,1:4或更大,1:5或更大,1:6或更大,1:7或更大,1:8或更大,和1:9或更大。
在一些实施方案中,包含分选酶基序的多肽以约10μM至约10mM的浓度存在。在一些实施方案中,包含分选酶基序的多肽以范围在约100μM至约1mM的浓度存在。在一些实施方案中,包含分选酶基序的多肽以范围在约100μM至约50mM的浓度存在。在一些实施方案中,包含分选酶基序的多肽以范围在约200μM至约10mM的浓度存在。在一些实施方案中,包含分选酶基序的多肽以范围在约200μM至约800μM的浓度存在。在一些实施方案中,包含分选酶基序的多肽以范围在约400μM至约600μM的浓度存在。
在某些实施方案中,亲核体相对于包含分选酶基序的多肽过量存在。在某些实施方案中,亲核体相对于分选酶基序多肽以10倍过量存在。在某些实施方案中,亲核体相对于分选酶基序多肽以25倍过量存在。在某些实施方案中,亲核体相对于分选酶-基序多肽以50倍过量存在。在某些实施方案中,亲核体相对于分选酶基序多肽以100倍过量存在。在某些实施方案中,亲核体相对于分选酶基序多肽以250倍过量存在。
在某些实施方案中,亲核体以范围从约1μM至约50mM的浓度存在。在某些实施方案中,亲核体以范围从约15μM至约1500μM的浓度存在。在某些实施方案中,亲核体以范围从约25μM至约1000μM的浓度存在。在某些实施方案中,亲核体以范围从约40μM至约250μM的浓度存在。
在某些实施方案中,分选酶以范围从约1μM至约500μM的浓度存在。在某些实施方案中,分选酶以范围从约15μM至约150μM的浓度存在。在某些实施方案中,分选酶以范围从约25μM至约100μM的浓度存在。在某些实施方案中,分选酶以范围从约40μM至约60μM的浓度存在。
在某些实施方案中,该方法在包含含水环境的反应混合物中进行。通常可以利用具有合适缓冲液和/或盐含量的水。在某些实施方案中可以包括醇或有机溶剂。有机溶剂的量通常不会在连接过程中明显地酯化蛋白质或肽(例如,加入醇或有机溶剂时,酯化蛋白质或肽通常仅增加5%或更少)。醇和/或有机溶剂含量有时为20%或更少,15%或更少,10%或更少或5%或更少,并且在利用更大量的醇或有机溶剂的实施方案中,存在30%或更少,40%或更少,50%或更少,60%或更少,70%或更少或80%或更少的醇或有机溶剂。在某些实施方案中,反应混合物仅包含醇或有机溶剂,如果存在的话,仅有有限量的水。
在一些实施方案中,反应混合物包含缓冲液。本领域技术人员将熟悉可以根据本文报道的方法使用的各种缓冲液。在一些实施方案中,缓冲溶液包含钙离子。在某些实施方案中,缓冲溶液不含有沉淀钙离子的物质。在一些实施方案中,缓冲溶液不包含磷酸根离子。在一些实施方案中,缓冲溶液不含螯合剂。
在一些实施方案中,该方法在范围从6至8.5的pH值下进行。在一些实施方案中,所述方法在范围从6至8的pH值下进行。在一些实施方案中,所述方法在范围从6至7.5的pH值下进行。在一些实施方案中,该方法在范围从6.5至8.5的pH值下进行。在一些实施方案中,该方法在范围从7至8.5的pH值下进行。在一些实施方案中,该方法在范围从7.5至8.5的pH值下进行。在一些实施方案中,该方法在范围从7.0至8.5的pH值下进行。在一些实施方案中,该方法在范围从7.3至7.8范围内的pH值下进行。
反应混合物或产物的一种或多种组分可以固定到固体支持体上。反应混合物组分和固体支持体之间的连接可以是共价或非共价的(参见例如US 6,022,688,用于非共价连接)。固体支持体可以是系统的一个或多个表面,例如微量滴定板的每个孔中的一个或多个表面,载玻片或硅晶片的表面,BIAcore芯片,颗粒例如珠的表面(参见例如Lam,Nature 354(1991)82-84),例如,其任选地与另一种固体支持体或微流体装置中的通道连接。固体支持体的类型,用于共价和非共价连接固体支持体的接头分子以及将分子固定到固体支持体的方法是已知的(参见例如US 6,261,776;US 5,900,481;US 6,133,436;US 6,022,688;WO2001/18234)。可以使用任何材料,例如塑料(例如聚苯乙烯)、金属、玻璃、纤维素、凝胶(例如,至少部分由有机聚合物例如PDMS形成)等。在一些实施方案中,固体支持体是半固体和/或凝胶状、可变形、柔性的等。
最终在导入分选酶基序或寡聚甘氨酸或-丙氨酸之后,任何多肽可用作本文所报道的方法中的包含分选酶基序的多肽或亲核体。
综上所述,第一底物(也称为供体)包含分选酶识别基序。它在识别基序中的苏氨酸残基后被分选酶切割。由此产生C-末端活化的羧基(酰基中间体)。第二底物(也称为受体或亲核体)提供游离N-末端氨基。在分选酶催化的转肽反应中,在游离氨基和活化的羧基之间形成肽键。
因此,对于酶促分选酶介导的转肽反应,只需要将包含分选酶识别基序的供体和包含N-末端游离甘氨酸、丙氨酸、半胱氨酸或等同官能团的受体与具有分选酶A催化活性的多肽孵育。供体的其余部分以及受体不会干扰反应。
因此,分选酶介导的转肽反应可以使用事实上任何彼此独立的蛋白质或小分子作为供体或受体来进行,只要它们包含一对分选酶识别序列和亲核体即可。
这由本领域证实。
例如,Marraffini等人(Microbiol.Mol.Biol.Rev.70(2006)192-221)报道了分选酶A可用于将含有具有游离氨基的甘氨酸残基的化学品掺入重组蛋白质的LPXTG基序中,即不限制蛋白质。提出的实例是高效率地将三甘氨酰-赖氨酸-叶酸与(GFP或Cre或p27)-LPETG-His6缀合,将分支肽AT-P-022并入多肽中,以及His6-分选酶-LPETG-靶蛋白的嵌合体的自我切割(一旦该酶通过加入钙和三甘氨酸而被激活,融合体就切割自身)。
此外,Antos等人(J.Am.Chem.Soc.131(2009)10800-10801)报道了由分选酶A催化的转肽反应允许用实际上任何类型的功能材料进行蛋白质的位点特异性衍生化。目标蛋白被改造为在其C-末端附近含有识别位点(LPXTG),因此允许将C-末端至苏氨酸的残基交换成合成寡聚甘氨酸肽的反式酰化反应。据报道,分选酶识别基序的末端G残基可以被甲基酯取代而不发生反应。在该文献中,包含荧光标记或蛋白质的亲核体用于缀合霍乱毒素B亚基。
此外,Popp等人(Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 108(2011)3169-3174)报道了分选酶用于多肽环化和聚乙二醇化的用途。该方法是通用的并且适用于各种各样的蛋白质。如使用干扰素a2、GCSF和促红细胞生成素所例证的,分选酶转肽酶反应允许多种不同蛋白质的轻松的位点特异性聚乙二醇化。在所有测试的情况下,位点特异性C-末端聚乙二醇化均有效地进行。
在EP 2 990 423中报道了自切割分选酶构建体。在该构建体中,分选酶识别序列LPETG和催化分选酶结构域已经在相同的分子中结合。作为包含分选酶识别序列的蛋白质,任何蛋白质,例如选自包含聚合物蛋白、糖蛋白、细胞因子、生长因子、血液制品、疫苗、激素、酶、抗体及其部分或片段(分离的轻链或重链)的组的蛋白质。
IV.如本文所报道的方法
已经发现分选酶A作为亲核体接受在其N-末端包含半胱氨酸氨基酸残基的多肽。所得到的从酶释放的酶缀合产物是硫酯。进一步发现在分选酶基序和分选酶本身之间的位点特异性的、原位产生的C-末端硫酯可用于天然化学连接(NCL)。
如本文报道的一个方面是用于通过形成硫酯键来酶促产生(=形成)硫酯的方法/用于酶促形成硫酯的方法,其包括以下步骤
-孵育
i)第一多肽(任选地在100个C-末端氨基酸残基内),包含氨基酸序列LPXTG(SEQID NO:01,其中X可以是任何氨基酸残基),
ii)第二多肽,在其N-末端具有半胱氨酸氨基酸残基或是半胱氨酰基化合物,和
iii)具有分选酶活性的第三多肽,
并且因而产生硫酯。
在一个实施方案中,半胱氨酰基化合物是包含半胱氨酸氨基酸残基的化合物,所述半胱氨酸残基具有游离α氨基(在一个实施方案中为NH2或NH3 +)和是肽键的一部分的在位置1处的羧基。
在一个实施方案中,具有分选酶A活性的多肽衍生自金黄色葡萄球菌分选酶A或单核细胞增生李斯特菌分选酶A。
在一个实施方案中,第三多肽是具有分选酶A催化活性的分选酶A或分选酶A片段。在一个实施方案中,分选酶A催化活性使用键形成测定来确定。在一个实施方案中,键形成测定法是根据实施例4的测定法。
在一个实施方案中,该方法用于两种多肽的酶促缀合。
在一个实施方案中,第二多肽在其N-末端具有半胱氨酸氨基酸残基,随后是一至三个甘氨酸或丙氨酸氨基酸残基。在一个优选的实施方案中,第二多肽在其N-末端具有氨基酸序列CGG,CGGG(SEQ ID NO:02),CAA或CAAA(SEQ ID NO:03)。
在一个实施方案中,孵育进一步是在硫醇添加剂存在下。在一个实施方案中,硫醇添加剂选自苯硫酚、4-巯基苯基乙酸(MPAA)、2-巯基乙磺酸盐(MESNA)及其组合。在一个优选的实施方案中,孵育是在2-巯基乙磺酸盐的存在下进行的。
在一个实施方案中,第一多肽在250个C-末端氨基酸残基内包含氨基酸序列LPXTG(SEQ ID NO:01,其中X可以是任何氨基酸残基)。在一个实施方案中,第一多肽在100个C-末端氨基酸残基内包含氨基酸序列LPXTG(SEQ ID NO:01,其中X可以是任何氨基酸残基)。在一个实施方案中,第一多肽在25个C-末端氨基酸残基内包含氨基酸序列LPXTG(SEQ ID NO:01,其中X可以是任何氨基酸残基)。在一个实施方案中,第一多肽在10个C-末端氨基酸残基内包含氨基酸序列LPXTG(SEQ ID NO:01,其中X可以是任何氨基酸残基)。
在一个实施方案中,第一多肽在其C-末端包含氨基酸序列LPXTG(SEQ ID NO:01,其中X可以是任何氨基酸残基)。在一个实施方案中,第一多肽在其C-末端包含氨基酸序列LPETG(SEQ ID NO:04)。
在一个实施方案中,第一多肽和第二多肽彼此独立地选自抗体可变结构域、抗体重链Fab片段、抗体Fc区域、标签和肽、接头和非分选酶基序部分,其中肽包含氨基酸序列LPXTG(SEQ ID NO:01,其中X可以是任何氨基酸残基)。
在一个实施方案中,第三多肽具有SEQ ID NO:05或SEQ ID NO:06的氨基酸序列。
第一或第二多肽
如果分选酶基序(氨基酸序列)不直接包含在这些分子之一中,则分选酶基序(氨基酸序列)可以与治疗剂(药物),细胞毒剂(例如毒素,如多柔比星或百日咳毒素),诸如荧光染料如荧光素或罗丹明的荧光团,用于成像或放射治疗性金属的螯合剂,肽基或非肽基标记,标签或诸如聚乙二醇的各种异构体的间隙修饰剂(clearance-modifying agent),结合第三种成分的肽,另一种碳水化合物或亲脂性活性剂或小分子如合成的小分子(例如乙酰水杨酸)缀合或掺入其中。如果基序通过缀合掺入,则缀合可以直接或通过间插接头。此外,第一和/或第二多肽可以重组产生,或者可以是合成或半合成的,即重组产生并随后化学修饰。
a)治疗剂
治疗剂可以是具有治疗效果的任何化合物、部分或基团,例如,抗体、细胞毒性或细胞抑制化合物。抗体可以是全长或完整抗体或其抗原结合片段。
已知许多抗细胞表面分子及其配体的治疗性抗体,如美罗华(Rituxan)/MabThera/利妥昔单抗(Rituximab)、2H7/Ocrelizumab、Zevalin/Ibrizumomab、Arzerra/Ofatumumab(CD20)、HLL2/Epratuzumab、Inotuzomab(CD22)、Zenapax/Daclizumab、Simulect/巴利昔单抗(Basiliximab)(CD25)、赫赛汀(Herceptin)/曲妥珠单抗(Trastuzumab)、帕妥珠单抗(Pertuzumab)(Her2/ERBB2)、Mylotarg/吉妥珠单抗(Gemtuzumab)(CD33)、Raptiva/Efalizumab(Cd11a)、爱必妥(Erbitux)/西妥昔单抗(Cetuximab)(EGFR,表皮生长因子受体)、IMC-1121B(VEGF受体2)、Tysabri/那他珠单抗(Natalizumab)(α4β1和α4β7整联蛋白的α4亚基)、ReoPro/阿昔单抗(Abciximab)(gpIIb-gpIIa和αvβ3整联蛋白)、Orthoclone OKT3/Muromonab-CD3(CD3)、Benlysta/Belimumab(BAFF)、Tolerx/Oteliximab(CD3)、Soliris/Eculizumab(C5补体蛋白质)、Actemra/Tocilizumab(IL-6R)、Panorex/依决洛单抗(Edrecolomab)(EpCAM,表皮细胞黏附分子)、CEA-CAM5/Labetuzumab(CD66/CEA,癌胚抗原)、CT-11(PD-1,程序性死亡-1T细胞抑制受体,CD-d279)、H224G11(c-Met受体)、SAR3419(CD19)、IMC-A12/Cixutumumab(IGF-1R,胰岛素样生长因子1受体)、MEDI-575(PDGF-R,血小板衍生生长因子受体)、CP-675、206/Tremelimumab(细胞毒性T淋巴细胞抗原4)、RO5323441(胎盘生长因子或PGF)、HGS1012/Mapatumumab(TRAIL-R1)、SGN-70(CD70)、Vedotin(SGN-35)/Brentuximab(CD30)和ARH460-16-2(CD44)。
用本文报道的方法获得的缀合物可以用于制备用于治疗例如肿瘤学疾病、心血管疾病、感染性疾病、炎性疾病、自身免疫病、代谢性(例如内分泌)疾病或神经(例如神经变性)疾病的药物。这些疾病的示例性非限制性实例是阿尔茨海默病、非霍奇金淋巴瘤、B细胞急性和慢性淋巴细胞白血病、伯基特淋巴瘤、霍奇金淋巴瘤、多毛细胞白血病、急性和慢性髓细胞白血病、T细胞淋巴瘤和白血病、多发性骨髓瘤、神经胶质瘤、Waldenstrom巨球蛋白血症、癌(如口腔、胃肠道、结肠、腹部、肺道、肺、乳腺、卵巢、前列腺、子宫、子宫内膜、宫颈、膀胱、胰腺、骨、肝、胆囊、肾、皮肤和睾丸癌)、黑素瘤、肉瘤、神经胶质瘤、皮肤癌、急性特发性血小板减少性紫癜、慢性特发性血小板减少性紫癜、皮肌炎、Sydenham舞蹈症、重症肌无力、系统性红斑狼疮、狼疮肾炎、风湿热、多腺性综合征、大疱性类天疱疮、糖尿病、Henoch-Schonlein紫癜、链球菌感染后肾炎、结节性红斑、Takayasu动脉炎、Addison病、类风湿性关节炎、多发性硬化、结节病、溃疡性结肠炎、多形性红斑、IgA肾病、结节性多动脉炎、关节强硬性脊髓炎、Goodpasture综合征、血栓闭塞性脉管炎、Sjogren综合征、原发性胆汁性肝硬化、桥本甲状腺炎、甲状腺毒症、硬皮病、慢性活动性肝炎、多肌炎/皮肌炎、多软骨炎、寻常性天疱疮、Wegener肉芽肿病、膜性肾病、肌萎缩性侧索硬化症、脊髓痨、巨细胞性动脉炎/多肌痛、恶性贫血、急进性肾小球肾炎、银屑病或致纤维性肺泡炎。
已知许多细胞表面标志及其配体。例如,已报道癌细胞至少表达以下细胞表面标志和/或配体之一,包括但不限于:碳酸酐酶IX、甲胎蛋白、α-辅肌动蛋白-4、A3(A33抗体特异性抗原)、ART-4、B7、Ba-733、BAGE、BrE3抗原、CA125、CAMEL、CAP-1、CASP-8/m、CCCL19、CCCL21、CD1、CD1a、CD2、CD3、CD4、CDS、CD8、CD1-1A、CD14、CD15、CD16、CD18、CD19、CD20、CD21、CD22、CD23、CD25、CD29、CD30、CD32b、CD33、CD37、CD38、CD40、CD40L、CD45、CD46、CD54、CD55、CD59、CD64、CD66a-e、CD67、CD70、CD74、CD79a、CD80、CD83、CD95、CD126、CD133、CD138、CD147、CD154、CDC27、CDK-4/m、CDKN2A、CXCR4、CXCR7、CXCL12、HIF-l-α、结肠特异性抗原p(CSAp)、CEA(CEACAM5)、CEACAM6、c-met、DAM、EGFR、EGFRvIII、EGP-1、EGP-2、ELF2-M、Ep-CAM、Flt-1、Flt-3、叶酸受体、G250抗原、GAGE、GROB、HLA-DR、HM1.24、人绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)及其亚基、HER2/neu、HMGB-1、低氧诱导因子(HIF-1)、HSP70-2M、HST-2或la、IGF-1R、IFN-γ、IFN-α、IFN-β、IL-2、IL-4R、IL-6R、IL-13R、IL-15R、IL-17R、IL-18R、IL-6、IL-8、IL-12、IL-15、IL-17、IL-18、IL-25、胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)、KC4抗原、KS-1抗原、KS1-4、Le-Y、LDR/FUT、巨噬细胞迁移抑制因子(MIF)、MAGE、MAGE-3、MART-1、MART-2、NY-ESO-1、TRAG-3、mCRP、MCP-1、MIP-1A、MIP-1B、MIF、MUC1、MUC2、MUC3、MUC4、MUC5、MUM-1/2、MUM-3、NCA66、NCA95、NCA90、胰腺癌黏蛋白、胎盘生长因子、p53、PLAGL2、前列腺酸性磷酸酶、PSA、PRAME、PSMA、P1GF、ILGF、ILGF-1R、IL-6、IL-25、RS5、RANTES、T101、SAGE、S100、存活蛋白、存活蛋白-2B、TAC、TAG-72、生腱蛋白、TRAIL受体、TNF-α、Tn抗原、Thomson-Friedenreich抗原、肿瘤坏死抗原、VEGFR、ED-B纤连蛋白、WT-1、17-1A抗原、补体因子C3、C3a、C3b、C5a、C5、血管发生标志、bcl-2、bcl-6、Kras、cMET、癌基因标志和癌基因产物(参见例如Sensi等,Clin.Cancer Res.12(2006)5023-5032;Parmiani等,J.Immunol.178(2007)1975-1979;Novellino等,Cancer Immunol.Immunother.54(2005)187-207).
因此,识别特异性细胞表面受体(包括其配体)的抗体可以用于特异性和选择性靶向和结合许多/大量疾病相关细胞表面标志。细胞表面标志是例如与信号发放事件或配体结合相关的定位在细胞表面(例如疾病相关细胞)的多肽。
在一个实施方案中,为了治疗癌症/肿瘤,产生靶向肿瘤相关抗原的多特异性结合分子/双特异性抗体,该肿瘤相关抗原如Fleisher(编辑),"The Clinical Biochemistryof Cancer",第347页(American Association of Clinical Chemists(1979))中的Herberman,"Immunodiagnosis of Cancer"中及US 4,150,149、US 4,361,544和US 4,444,744中报道的那些。
关于肿瘤相关抗原(TAA)的报道包括Mizukami等,(Nature Med.11(2005)992-997);Hatfield等,(Curr.Cancer Drug Targets 5(2005)229-248);Vallbohmer等,(JClin.Oncol.23(2005)3536-3544);和Ren等,(Ann.Surg.242(2005)55-63),每篇文献在此就所鉴定的TAA引入作为参考。
在疾病涉及淋巴瘤、白血病或自身免疫障碍时,靶向的抗原可以选自:CD4、CD5、CD8、CD14、CD15、CD19、CD20、CD21、CD22、CD23、CD25、CD33、CD37、CD38、CD40、CD40L、CD46、CD54、CD67、CD74、CD79a、CD80、CD126、CD138、CD154、CXCR4、B7、MUC1或la、HM1.24、HLA-DR、生腱蛋白、VEGF、P1GF、ED-B纤连蛋白、癌基因、癌基因产物(例如c-met或PLAGL2)、CD66a-d、坏死抗原、IL-2、T101、TAG、IL-6、MIF、TRAIL-R1(DR4)和TRAIL-R2(DR5)。
已知许多抗两种不同靶标的双特异性抗体,该两种不同靶标如BCMA/CD3;HER家族的不同抗原的组合(EGFR、HER2、HER3);CD19/CD3;IL17RA/IL7R;IL-6/IL-23;IL-1-β/IL-8;IL-6或IL-6R/IL-21或IL-21R;第一特异性针对选自Lewis x、Lewis b和Lewis y结构、Globo H结构、KH1、Tn抗原、TF抗原和黏蛋白的糖类结构、CD44、糖脂和鞘糖脂(如Gg3、Gb3、GD3、GD2、Gb5、Gm1、Gm2、唾液酰基四糖神经酰胺(sialyltetraosylceramide))的抗原的糖表位,第二特异性针对选自EGFR、HER2、HER3和HER4的ErbB受体酪氨酸激酶;GD2与选自T淋巴细胞NK细胞、B淋巴细胞、树突细胞、单核细胞、巨噬细胞、嗜中性粒细胞、间充质干细胞、神经干细胞的免疫细胞相关的第二抗原结合部位的组合;ANG2/VEGF;VEGF/PDGFR-β;血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)受体2/CD3;PSMA/CD3;EPCAM/CD3;选自VEGFR-1、VEGFR-2、VEGFR-3、FLT3、c-FMS/CSF1R、RET、c-Met、EGFR、Her2/neu、HER3、HER4、IGFR、PDGFR、c-KIT、BCR、整联蛋白和MMP的抗原与选自VEGF、EGF、PIGF、PDGF、HGF和血管生成素(angiopoietin)的水溶性配体的组合;ERBB-3/C-MET;ERBB-2/C-MET;EGF受体1/CD3;EGFR/HER3;PSCA/CD3;C-MET/CD3;ENDOSIALIN/CD3;EPCAM/CD3;IGF-1R/CD3;FAPALPHA/CD3;EGFR/IGF-1R;IL17A/F;EGF受体1/CD3和CD19/CD16。
毒性药物部分包括:(i)化疗剂,其可以作为微管抑制剂、有丝分裂抑制剂、拓扑异构酶抑制剂或DNA嵌入剂发挥作用;(ii)蛋白质毒素,其可以通过酶活性发挥作用;和(iii)放射性同位素。
示例性毒性药物部分包括但不限于美登木素生物碱(maytansinoid)、auristatin、多拉司他汀(dolastatin)、单端孢霉烯(trichothecene)、CC1065、加利车霉素(calicheamicin)及其他烯二炔类(enediyne)抗生素、紫杉烷(taxane)、蒽环类抗生素(anthracycline)、及其立体异构体、等构物、类似物或衍生物。
蛋白质毒素包括白喉A链、白喉毒素的非结合活性片段、外毒素A链(来自铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa))、蓖麻毒蛋白A链(Vitetta等(1987)Science,238:1098)、相思豆毒蛋白A链、蒴莲根毒蛋白A链、α-帚曲霉素、油桐(Aleurites fordii)蛋白质、香石竹毒蛋白蛋白质、美洲商陆(Phytolaca americana)蛋白质(PAPI、PAPII和PAP-S)、苦瓜(Momordica charantia)抑制剂、麻风树毒蛋白、巴豆毒蛋白、sapaonaria officinalis抑制剂、多花白树毒蛋白、米托洁林(mitogellin)、局限曲霉素、酚霉素、伊诺霉素和单端孢霉烯(WO 93/21232)。
治疗性放射性同位素包括32P、33P、90Y、125I、131I、131In、153Sm、186Re、188Re、211At、212B、212Pb及Lu的放射性同位素。
放射性同位素或其他标记可以以已知方式掺入(Fraker等(1978)Biochem.Biophys.Res.Commun.80:49-57;"Monoclonal Antibodies inImmunoscintigraphy"Chatal,CRC Press 1989)。碳14标记的3-甲基二乙烯三胺五乙酸1-异硫氰基苄酯(MX-DTPA)是用于将放射性核素缀合至复合物的示例性螯合剂(WO 94/11026)。
b)标记
非分选酶基序部分可以是标记。可以使用可以共价附着至分选酶氨基酸序列的任何标记部分(参见例如Singh等(2002)Anal.Biochem.304:147-15;Harlow E.和Lane,D.(1999)Using Antibodies:A Laboratory Manual,Cold Springs Harbor LaboratoryPress,Cold Spring Harbor,N.Y.;Lundblad R.L.(1991)Chemical Reagents forProtein Modification,第2版CRC Press,Boca Raton,Fla.)。标记可以发挥功能来:(i)提供可检测信号;(ii)与第二标记相互作用来修饰由该第一或第二标记提供的可检测信号,例如以提供FRET(荧光共振能量转移);(iii)通过电荷、疏水性、形状或其他物理参数影响迁移率,例如电泳迁移率或细胞通透性;或(iv)提供捕获部分,例如以调节离子络合。
本文报道的包含半抗原化标记的缀合物可以用于诊断测定,例如用于检测目的抗原在具体细胞、组织或血清中的表达。对于诊断应用,将使用双特异性抗体,其中第一结合特异性结合靶标,第二结合特异性结合半抗原化标记。半抗原通常将用可检测部分标记。有许多标记可用,这些标记通常分为以下类别:
(a)放射性同位素(放射性核素),如3H、11C、14C、18F、32P、35S、64Cu、68Gn、86Y、89Zr、99TC、111In、123I、124I、125I、131I、133Xe、177Lu、211At或131Bi。放射性同位素标记的缀合物可以用于靶向报道分子的成像实验。可以使用Current Protocols inImmunology,(1991)1和2卷,Coligen等编辑Wiley-Interscience,New York,N.Y.,Pubs中所述的技术,用结合、螯合或以其他方式络合放射性同位素金属的配体试剂标记抗原(半抗原)。可以络合金属离子的螯合配体包括DOTA、DOTP、DOTMA、DTPA和TETA(Macrocyclics,Dallas,Tex.)。放射性核素可以经与本文报道的复合物络合而靶向(Wu等,NatureBiotechnology 23(9)(2005)1137-1146)。用放射性核素标记复合物进行受体靶标成像,可以通过检测和定量复合物或对应的治疗性抗体在肿瘤组织中的进行性累积来提供途径激活的标志(Albert等(1998)Bioorg.Med.Chem.Lett.8:1207-1210)。
金属-螯合剂复合物适合作为用于成像实验的标志(US 2010/0111856;US 5,342,606;US 5,428,155;US 5,316,757;US 5,480,990;US 5,462,725;US 5,428,139;US 5,385,893;US 5,739,294;US 5,750,660;US 5,834,456;Hnatowich等,J.Immunol.Methods65(1983)147-157;Meares等,Anal.Biochem.142(1984)68-78;Mirzadeh等,BioconjugateChem.1(1990)59-65;Meares等,J.Cancer(1990),Suppl.10:21-26;Izard等,BioconjugateChem.3(1992)346-350;Nikula等,Nucl.Med.Biol.22(1995)387-90;Camera等,Nucl.Med.Biol.20(1993)955-62;Kukis等,J.Nucl.Med.39(1998)2105-2110;Verel等.,J.Nucl.Med.44(2003)1663-1670;Camera等,J.Nucl.Med.21(1994)640-646;Ruegg等,Cancer Res.50(1990)4221-4226;Verel等,J.Nucl.Med.44(2003)1663-1670;Lee等,Cancer Res.61(2001)4474-4482;Mitchell等,J.Nucl.Med.44(2003)1105-1112;Kobayashi等Bioconjugate Chem.10(1999)103-111;Miederer等,J.Nucl.Med.45(2004)129-137;DeNardo等,Clinical Cancer Research 4(1998)2483-90;Blend等,CancerBiotherapy&Radiopharmaceuticals 18(2003)355-363;Nikula等J.Nucl.Med.40(1999)166-76;Kobayashi等,J.Nucl.Med.39(1998)829-36;Mardirossian等,Nucl.Med.Biol.20(1993)65-74;Roselli等,Cancer Biotherapy&Radiopharmaceuticals,14(1999)209-20)。
(b)荧光标记,如稀土螯合剂(铕螯合剂);荧光素类型,包括FITC、5-羧基荧光素、6-羧基荧光素;罗丹明类型,包括TAMRA;丹磺酰;丽丝胺;花菁;藻红蛋白;德克萨斯红;及其类似物。可以用例如Current Protocols in Immunology,上文中所公开的技术将荧光标记缀合至抗原(半抗原)。荧光染料和荧光标记试剂包括可从Invitrogen/Molecular Probes(Eugene,Oregon,USA)和Pierce Biotechnology,Inc.(Rockford,Ill.)购得的那些。
检测标记如荧光染料和化学发光染料(Briggs等"Synthesis of FunctionalisedFluorescent Dyes and Their Coupling to Amines and Amino Acids,"J.Chem.Soc.,Perkin-Trans.1(1997)1051-1058)提供了可检测信号,通常可用于标记,尤其是具有以下特性:(i)标记的缀合物应以低背景产生非常高的信号,使得可以在无细胞和基于细胞的测定二者中选择性检测小量缀合物;和(ii)标记的缀合物应光稳定,使得可以观察、监测和记录荧光信号而无显著的光漂白。对于涉及标记的缀合物与膜或细胞表面(尤其是活细胞)的细胞表面结合的应用,标记应(iii)具有良好的水溶性,以达到有效缀合浓度和检测灵敏度;和(iv)对活细胞无毒性,以便不破坏细胞的正常代谢过程或引起细胞提前死亡。
(c)多种酶-底物标记可用或已公开(参见例如US 4,275,149)。酶通常催化可以用多种技术测量的生色底物的化学改变。例如,酶可以在底物中催化可通过分光光度计测量的颜色变化。备选地,酶可以改变底物的荧光或化学发光。化学发光底物通过化学反应变为电子激发态,然后可以发射可以测量(用例如化学发光计)的光或贡献能量给荧光受体。酶标记的实例包括萤光素酶(例如萤火虫萤光素酶和细菌萤光素酶;US 4,737,456)、荧光素、2,3-二氢酞嗪二酮、苹果酸脱氢酶、脲酶、过氧化物酶如辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)、碱性磷酸酶(AP)、3-半乳糖苷酶、葡糖淀粉酶、溶菌酶、糖氧化酶(例如葡萄糖氧化酶、半乳糖氧化酶和葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶)、杂环氧化酶(如尿酸氧化酶和黄嘌呤氧化酶)、乳过氧化物酶、微过氧化物酶体等。Methods in Enzym.(J.Langone&IT Van Vunakis编辑),Academic Press,New York,73(1981)147-166中的O'Sullivan等"Methods for the Preparation ofEnzyme-Antibody Conjugates for use in Enzyme Immunoassay"中描述了用于将酶缀合至多肽的技术。
酶-底物组合的实例(US 4,275,149;US 4,318,980)包括,例如:
(i)以过氧化氢酶为底物的辣根过氧化物酶(HRP),其中过氧化氢酶氧化染料前体(例如邻苯二胺(OPD)或3,3',5,5'-四甲基联苯胺盐酸盐(TMB));
(ii)以对硝基苯磷酸酯为生色底物的碱性磷酸酶(AP);和
(iii)具有生色底物(例如对硝基苯基-(3-D-半乳糖苷酶)或荧光底物(4-甲基伞形基-(3-D-半乳糖苷酶))的3-D-半乳糖苷酶((3-D-Gal)。
本文报道的标记缀合物可以用于任何已知的测定方法,如ELISA、竞争结合测定、直接和间接夹心测定和免疫沉淀测定(Zola,Monoclonal Antibodies:A Manual ofTechniques(1987)第147-158页,CRC Press,Inc.)。
本文报道的标记缀合物可用作多种生物医学和分子成像方法和技术的成像生物标志和探针,如:(i)MRI(磁共振成像);(ii)MicroCT(计算机化断层照相);(iii)SPECT(单光子发射计算机化断层照相);(iv)PET(正电子发射断层照相)Tinianow,J.等,NuclearMedicine and Biology,37(3)(2010)289-297;Chen等,Bioconjugate Chem.15(2004)41-49;US 2010/0111856;(v)生物发光;(vi)荧光;和(vii)超声。免疫闪烁显像是成像方法,中对动物或人患者施用放射性物质标记的缀合物,并采集缀合物在体内定位部位的图像(US6,528,624)。成像生物标志可以作为正常生物学过程、致病过程或对治疗干预的药理学反应的指示物客观地测量和评价。生物标志可以属于几种类型:0型标志是疾病的天然历史标志,与已知的临床指数纵向相关,例如类风湿性关节炎中滑液炎症的MRI评估;I型标志按照作用机制捕获干预的作用,即使该机制可与临床结果不相关;II型标志作为替代终点发挥作用,其中生物标志的变化或来自生物标志的信号预测临床收益来“验证”目标反应,如类风湿性关节炎中通过CT测量的骨侵蚀。成像生物标志因此可以提供关于以下的药效学(PD)治疗信息:(i)靶蛋白的表达;(ii)治疗剂与靶蛋白的结合,即选择性;和(iii)清除率和半衰期药代动力学数据。体内成像生物标志相对于基于实验室的生物标志的优势是:非侵入性处理、可定量、整体评估、重复给药和评估(即多个时间点)及从临床前(小动物)至临床(人)结果的潜在可转移效应。对于一些应用,生物成像取代了临床前研究中的动物实验或使临床前研究中的动物实验数目最小化。
肽标记方法众所周知。参见Haugland(2003)Molecular Probes Handbook ofFluorescent Probes and Research Chemicals,Molecular Probes,Inc.;Brinkley(1992)Bioconjugate Chem.3:2;Garman,(1997)Non-Radioactive Labeling:A PracticalApproach,Academic Press,London;Means(1990)Bioconjugate Chem.1:2;Glazer等Chemical Modification of Proteins.Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry andMolecular Biology(T.S.Work和E.Work编辑)American Elsevier Publishing Co.,NewYork;Lundblad,R.L.和Noyes,C.M.(1984)Chemical Reagents for ProteinModification,I和II卷,CRC Press,New York;Pfleiderer,G.(1985)"ChemicalModification of Proteins",Modern Methods in Protein Chemistry,H.Tschesche编辑,Walter DeGruyter,Berlin和New York;及Wong(1991)Chemistry of ProteinConjugation and Cross-linking,CRC Press,Boca Raton,Fla.);DeLeon-Rodriguez等,Chem.Eur.J.10(2004)1149-1155;Lewis等,Bioconjugate Chem.12(2001)320-324;Li等,Bioconjugate Chem.13(2002)110-115;Mier等Bioconjugate Chem.16(2005)240-237。
c)接头
术语“接头”指可以用于将第一部分与第二部分缀合(连接)的双功能或多功能部分。可以用具有两种反应性功能的接头方便地制备连接的缀合物。
在一个实施方案中,接头具有这样的反应性部位,该反应性部位具有可与存在于分选酶氨基酸序列中的亲核基团反应的亲电子基团。有用的亲电子基团包括但不限于另一巯基、马来酰亚胺和卤乙酰胺基团(参加例如Klussman等,Bioconjugate Chemistry 15(4)(2004)765-773的第766页中的缀合方法)。
巯基反应官能团的实例包括但不限于巯基、马来酰亚胺和α-卤乙酰基。
接头可以包含将分选酶氨基酸序列连接至非分选酶基序部分的氨基酸残基。该氨基酸残基可以形成二肽、三肽、四肽、五肽、六肽、七肽、八肽、九肽、十肽、十一肽或十二肽单位。氨基酸残基包括那些天然存在的,以及非天然存在的氨基酸类似物,例如瓜氨酸或β-氨基酸,例如β-丙氨酸,或ω-氨基酸,如4-氨基丁酸。
在另一实施方案中,该接头具有这样的反应性官能团,该官能团具有可与存在于分选酶氨基酸序列中的亲电子基团反应的亲核基团。有用的亲电子基团包括但不限于醛和酮羰基。接头的亲核基团的杂原子可以与分选酶氨基酸序列中的亲电子基团反应,与分选酶氨基酸序列形成共价键。接头上有用的亲核基团包括但不限于酰肼、肟、氨基、肼、肼羧酸和芳基酰肼。抗原(半抗原)上的亲核基团提供了用于附着至接头的方便位点。
通常,可以通过在两个或多个氨基酸和/或肽片段之间形成肽键来制备肽型接头。这类肽键可以例如按照肽化学领域公知的液相合成法(E.Schroder和K.Lubke"ThePeptides",1卷(1965)76-136,Academic Press)制备。
在另一实施方案中,可以用调节溶解性或反应性的基团取代该接头。例如,带电荷的取代基如磺酸(SO3 -)或铵或聚合物如PEG可以提高试剂的水溶解性,便于接头试剂与抗原(半抗原)或药物部分的偶联反应,或便于取决于所利用的合成途径的偶联反应。
本文报道的包含非分选酶基序部分的缀合物明确考虑但不限于用以下接头试剂制备的复合物:BMPEO、BMPS、EMCS、GMBS、HBVS、LC-SMCC、MBS、MPBH、SBAP、SIA、SIAB、SMCC、SMPB、SMPH、磺基-EMCS、磺基-GMBS、磺基-KMUS、磺基-MBS、磺基-SIAB、磺基-SMCC、磺基-SMPB和SVSB(琥珀酰亚胺基-(4-乙烯砜)苯甲酸酯),且包括双马来酰亚胺试剂:DTME、BMB、BMDB、BMH、BMOE、BM(PEO)3和BM(PEO)4,其可从Pierce Biotechnology,Inc.购得。双马来酰亚胺试剂允许以顺次或同时的方式将例如巯基附着至含巯基的药物部分、标记或接头中间体。除马来酰亚胺外可与例如巯基反应的其他官能团包括碘乙酰胺、溴乙酰胺、乙烯基吡啶、二硫化物、吡啶基二硫化物、异氰酸酯和异硫氰酸酯。
示例性接头包括具有马来酰亚胺延伸基团(stretcher)和对-氨基苄基甲氨酰(PAB)自降解间隔基团的缬氨酸-瓜氨酸(val-cit或vc)二肽接头试剂,及具有马来酰亚胺延伸单元和对-氨基苄基自降解间隔基团的phe-lys(Mtr)二肽接头试剂。
半胱氨酸巯基是亲核基团,能够与接头试剂和非分选酶基序部分或分选酶氨基酸序列上包括以下的亲电子基团反应形成共价键:(i)活性酯,如NHS酯、HOBt酯、卤甲酸和酰基卤;(ii)烷基和苄基卤,如卤乙酰胺;(iii)醛、酮、羧基和马来酰亚胺基团;和(iv)二硫化物,包括吡啶基二硫化物,经硫化物交换。半抗原化化合物上的亲核基团包括但不限于:能够与接头部分和接头试剂上的亲电子基团反应形成共价键的胺、巯基、羟基、酰肼、肟、肼、肼羧酸和芳基酰肼基团。
V.重组方法
在其N-末端包含亲核氨基酸序列的任何多肽结构域(例如单链抗原结合多肽诸如scFv、scFab或darpin,或多链抗原结合多肽诸如dsFv或Fab)如例如寡聚甘氨酸基序(GG(SEQ ID NO:28),GGG(SEQ ID NO:29),GGGG(SEQ ID NO:30),GGGGG(SEQ ID NO:31))可以表达并从真核细胞(例如HEK293细胞,CHO细胞)的上清液纯化。多肽是否是分离的多肽或包含在多聚体或异聚体中并不重要。
适合用于克隆或表达/分泌编码多肽的载体的宿主细胞包括本文所述的原核或真核细胞。例如,尤其是在不需要糖基化时,可以在细菌中产生多肽(参见例如US 5,648,237、US 5,789,199和US 5,840,523,Charlton,Methods in Molecular Biology 248(2003)245-254(B.K.C.Lo,(编辑),Humana Press,Totowa,NJ),描述在大肠杆菌(E.coli.)中表达抗体片段)。表达后,可以从可溶性级分中的细菌细胞糊分离或可以从所谓内含体(且可以溶解并重折叠为生物活性形式)的不溶性级分分离多肽。然后可以进一步纯化多肽。
除原核生物外,诸如丝状真菌或酵母的真核微生物也是适合用于编码多肽的载体的克隆或表达宿主,包括糖基化途径已“人源化”,导致产生具有部分或完全人糖基化模式的多肽的真菌和酵母菌株(参见例如Gerngross,Nat.Biotech.22(2004)1409-1414和Li等,Nat.Biotech.24(2006)210-215)。
适合用于表达糖基化多肽的宿主细胞还源自多细胞生物(无脊椎动物和脊椎动物)。无脊椎动物细胞的实例包括植物细胞和昆虫细胞。已鉴定了许多杆状病毒株,其可以与昆虫细胞结合使用,尤其是用于转染草地夜蛾(Spodoptera frugiperda)细胞。
也可以用植物细胞培养物作为宿主(参见例如US 5,959,177、US 6,040,498、US6,420,548、US 7,125,978和US 6,417,429(描述用于在转基因植物中产生抗体的PLANTIBODIESTM技术))。
可以用脊椎动物细胞作为宿主。例如,可以使用适应悬浮生长的哺乳动物细胞系。有用的哺乳动物宿主细胞系的实例是COS-7细胞系(SV40转化的猴肾CV1细胞);HEK293细胞系(人胚肾细胞);BHK细胞系(幼仓鼠肾);TM4小鼠支持细胞系(例如Mather,Biol.Reprod.23(1980)243-251中所述的TM4细胞);CVl细胞系(猴肾细胞);VERO-76细胞系(非洲绿猴肾细胞);HELA细胞系(人宫颈癌细胞);MDCK细胞系(犬肾细胞);BRL 3A细胞系(buffalo大鼠肝细胞);W138细胞系(人肺细胞);Hep G2细胞系(人肝细胞);MMT 060562细胞系(小鼠乳腺肿瘤细胞);TRI细胞系(例如描述于Mather等,Anal.N.Y.Acad.Sci.383(1982)44-68中);MRC5细胞系;和FS4细胞系。其他有用的哺乳动物宿主细胞系包括CHO细胞系(中国仓鼠卵巢细胞),包括DHFR阴性CHO细胞系(参见例如Urlaub等,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 77(1980)4216);及骨髓瘤细胞系,如Y0、NS0和Sp2/0细胞系。某些适合用于多肽产生的哺乳动物宿主细胞系的综述参见例如Yazaki和Wu,Methods inMolecular Biology,Antibody Engineering 248(2004)255-268(B.K.C.Lo,(编辑),Humana Press,Totowa,NJ)。
附图说明
图1、示出天然化学连接反应的方案。
图2、示出在NCL中使用分选酶的方案。
图3、实施例3的反应产物的色谱图。
图4、图3色谱图峰的质谱图;A:1,B:2,C:3,D:4,E:5,F:6,G:7,H:8。
图5、使用具有不同亲核体的REIA的Sa-SrtA的酶活性。
图6、使用具有不同亲核体的REIA的Lm-SrtA的酶活性。
提供以下实施例、附图和序列来辅助理解本发明,本发明的真正范围在所附权利要求书中给出。应理解,可在所示方法中进行修改而不背离本发明的精神。
实施例
重组DNA技术
按Sambrook,J.等,Molecular cloning:A laboratory manual;Cold SpringHarbor Laboratory Press,Cold Spring Harbor,纽约,1989中所述用标准方法来操作DNA。分子生物学试剂按厂家说明书使用。
基因和寡核苷酸合成
在Geneart GmbH(Regensburg,德国)通过化学合成制备希望得到的基因区段。将合成的基因片段克隆入大肠杆菌质粒进行繁殖/扩增。通过DNA测序验证亚克隆的基因片段的DNA序列。备选地,通过退火化学合成的寡核苷酸或通过PCR组装短的合成DNA片段。各寡核苷酸由metabion GmbH(Planegg-Martinsried,德国)制备。
基本/标准哺乳动物表达质粒描述
为了表达希望得到的基因/蛋白质(例如全长抗体重链、全长抗体轻链或在其N端含有寡聚甘氨酸的Fc链),使用含有以下功能元件的转录单位:
-包含内含子A的来自人巨细胞病毒的立即早期增强子和启动子(P-CMV);
-人重链免疫球蛋白5’非翻译区(5’UTR);
-鼠免疫球蛋白重链信号序列;
-待表达的基因/蛋白质(例如全长抗体重链);和
-牛生长激素多腺苷酸化序列(BGH pA)。
除包含所希望的待表达基因的表达单元/盒外,基本/标准哺乳动物表达质粒包含:
-允许此质粒在大肠杆菌中复制的来自载体pUC18的复制起点;和
-在大肠杆菌中赋予氨苄青霉素抗性的β-内酰胺酶基因。
蛋白质测定
使用根据多肽氨基酸序列计算的摩尔消光系数,通过测定280nm光密度(OD)来测定纯化多肽的蛋白质浓度。
实施例1
可溶性金黄色葡萄球菌分选酶A的表达质粒的产生
分选酶基因编码N-末端截短的金黄色葡萄球菌分选酶A(60-206)分子(SEQ IDNO:05的氨基酸序列)。
用于在大肠杆菌细胞中表达可溶性分选酶的表达质粒除可溶性分选酶表达盒之外还包含来自允许该质粒在大肠杆菌中复制的载体pUC18的复制起点和作为选择标记的URA3基因,以及LacI基因以允许使用IPTG诱导转录。
可溶性分选酶的转录单位包含以下功能元件:
-T5启动子,
-纯化标签,
-编码N-末端截短的金黄色葡萄球菌分选酶A的核酸,和
-To和fd终止序列。
用于在HEK293细胞中瞬时表达可溶性分选酶的表达质粒除了可溶性分选酶表达盒外还包含来自允许该质粒在大肠杆菌中复制的载体pUC18的复制起点和在赋予大肠杆菌中的氨苄青霉素抗性的β-内酰胺酶基因。
可溶性分选酶的转录单位包含以下功能元件:
-来自人巨细胞病毒(P-CMV)(包括内含子A)的立即早期增强子和启动子,
-人重链免疫球蛋白5'非翻译区(5'UTR),
-鼠免疫球蛋白重链信号序列,
-编码纯化标签的核酸,
-编码N-末端截短的金黄色葡萄球菌分选酶A的核酸,和
-牛生长激素聚腺苷酸化序列(BGH pA)。
成熟可溶性分选酶的氨基酸序列是
QAKPQIPKDKSKVAGYIEIPDADIKEPVYPGPATPEQLNRGVSFAEENESLDDQNISIAGHTFIDRPNYQFTNLKAAKKGSMVYFKVGNETRKYKMTSIRDVKPTDVGVLDEQKGKDKQLTLITCDDYNEKTGVWEKRKIFVATEVK(SEQ ID NO:05).
纯化标签具有氨基酸序列MRGSHHHHHHGS(SEQ ID NO:32)。
实施例2
瞬时表达和分析表征
大肠杆菌:
分选酶的重组生产通过将用相应分选酶表达质粒转化的大肠杆菌细胞在37℃生长至OD578约0.9而进行(预培养)。在这个约0.9的OD578处,通过加入2mM IPTG诱导蛋白质表达,并在28℃使细胞生长另外的24小时。之后,通过离心收获细胞并使用均化器经由高压裂解。离心细胞裂解物以除去细胞碎片,随后将细胞裂解物在降低的温度(例如-80℃)下储存直至纯化。使用Ni-NTA色谱法然后进行尺寸排阻色谱法纯化可溶性分选酶。为了消耗内毒素,以流通模式进行阴离子交换色谱。使用基于氨基酸序列计算的摩尔消光系数,通过测量280nm处的光密度(OD)来确定分选酶制剂的蛋白质浓度。在存在和不存在还原剂(5mM 1,4-二硫苏糖醇)并用考马斯亮蓝染色的条件下,通过SDS-PAGE确定分选酶的纯度和完整性。
使用基于氨基酸序列计算的摩尔消光系数,通过测量280nm处的光密度(OD)来确定蛋白质浓度。在存在和不存在还原剂(5mM 1,4-二硫苏糖醇)并用考马斯亮蓝染色的条件下,通过SDS-PAGE分析纯度。
HEK:
通过瞬时转染培养在F17培养基(Invitrogen Corp.)中的HEK293细胞(人胚肾细胞系293衍生)来进行重组产生。对于转染,使用“293-Fectin”转染试剂(Invitrogen)。转染按照厂家说明书中的说明进行。转染后三至七(3-7)天收集细胞培养上清。将上清保存于低温(例如-80℃)。
Meissner,P.等,Biotechnol.Bioeng.75(2001)197-203中给出了关于在例如HEK293细胞中重组表达人免疫球蛋白的一般信息。
使用根据氨基酸序列计算的摩尔消光系数,通过测量280nm光密度(OD)来测定蛋白质浓度。通过存在和缺乏还原剂(5mM 1,4-二硫苏糖醇)情况下的SDS-PAGE和考马斯亮蓝染色来分析纯度。
实施例3
分选酶介导的缀合
将包含0.5mM的包含LPETG分选酶基序(SEQ ID NO:04)的多肽LCR640-ULPETGGGRRC(U:与β丙氨酸缀合的LCR640荧光团;SEQ ID NO:33)Fc-区片段,1.5mM的具有C-末端生物素化氨基酸序列CAAA(SEQ ID NO:03)的含N-末端生物素化N-末端半胱氨酸肽和50μM金黄色葡萄球菌分选酶A的反应混合物在37℃下在50mM Tris pH7.5,150mM NaCl,10mM CaCl2中孵育18小时。
在不停止反应的情况下分析样品。
将样品(10μl)注射到LC-Ms系统的Vydac C18柱上并用线性梯度达100%缓冲液B(缓冲液A(v/v):95%水,5%乙腈,0.1%三氟乙酸(TFA);缓冲液B(v/v):5%水,95%乙腈,0.1%TFA)分离30min。相应的色谱图如图3所示。
用正离子模式分析LC-ESI-TOF MS的反应混合物在峰4中显示具有2155Da的质量的天然化学连接反应的产物。
下表中显示了相应的片段模式和质量。
实施例4、报道分子固定化测定
可使用如欧洲专利申请EP14198535中所述报道分子固定测定(REIA)和如下所述来完成产生用于天然化学连接的硫酯的分选酶的更详细分析。
反应混合物:
20μM金黄色葡萄球菌分选酶A(Sa-SrtA)
100μM亲核体(GGGG/AAAA/CAAA)
20μM具有C-末端分选酶基序(LPXTG)的葡萄糖脱氢酶
250mM MESNA
0.5mM TCEP
或
100μM单核细胞增生李斯特菌分选酶A(Lm-SrtA)
100μM亲核体(GGGG/AAAA/CAAA)
20μM具有C-末端分选酶基序(LPXTG)的葡萄糖脱氢酶
250mM MESNA。
如WO 2007/118647中所述表达并纯化葡萄糖脱氢酶。
在50mM Tris-HCl缓冲液pH 7.5,150mM NaCl,10mM CaCl2中制备反应混合物。
将该反应混合物在37℃孵育高达60小时。通过加入60倍过量的抑制缓冲液(50mMTris,pH 7.5,200mM NaCl,10mM CaCl2,5mM碘乙酰胺)终止反应。将终止的反应混合物以5000×g离心10min。将上清液(50μL)加入100μL含有200mM NaCl,10mM CaCl2和链霉抗生物素包被的磁珠的50mM Tris缓冲液(pH7.5)中。将混合物在30℃以200rpm振荡孵育30min。此后,将磁珠在V底微量滴定板中各自用300μL洗涤缓冲液(50mM Tris,pH 7.5,200mM NaCl,10mM CaCl2,5mg/mL BSA,0.1%Triton X-100)使用磁铁和真空泵洗涤5次。之后将珠重悬于100μL柠檬酸盐缓冲液中,并将其80μL转移到新的孔中。向其中加入150μL测试缓冲液(0.2M柠檬酸钠,pH 5.8,0.3g/L 4-亚硝基苯胺,1mM CaCl2,30mM葡萄糖)。在620nm处测量5min的时间段内报道酶的动力学。
结果在图5和图6中示出。
尽管为了清楚理解的目的已经通过举例说明和实例详细描述了前述发明,但是描述和示例不应被解释为限制本发明的范围。
Claims (8)
1.一种酶促形成在氨基酸的α碳酸基团和半胱氨酸的硫醇基团之间的硫酯键的方法,包括以下步骤-孵育
i)第一多肽,包含SEQ ID NO:01所示的氨基酸序列LPXTG,其中X能够是任何氨基酸残基,
ii)第二多肽,其中所述第二多肽的N-末端为CAAA(SEQ ID NO:03),和
iii)第三多肽,其是金黄色葡萄球菌分选酶A或单核细胞增生李斯特菌分选酶A,
以及从而产生硫酯键。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述孵育进一步是在硫醇添加剂存在下。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中所述硫醇添加剂选自苯硫酚、4-巯基苯基乙酸、2-巯基乙磺酸盐及其组合。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法,其中所述第一多肽的C-末端为SEQ ID NO:01所示的LPXTG,其中X能够是任何氨基酸残基。
5.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法,其中所述第一多肽的C-末端为LPETG(SEQID NO:04)。
6.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法,其中所述第二多肽选自抗体可变结构域、抗体Fab片段、抗体Fc区域和标签。
7.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法,其中所述第一多肽为包含SEQ ID NO:01所示的且其中X能够是任何氨基酸残基的氨基酸序列LPXTG、接头以及非-分选酶基序部分的肽。
8.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法,其中所述第三多肽具有SEQ ID NO:05或SEQ ID NO:06的氨基酸序列。
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US20180334661A1 (en) | 2018-11-22 |
EP3353310B1 (en) | 2020-04-29 |
WO2017050874A1 (en) | 2017-03-30 |
CN108138204A (zh) | 2018-06-08 |
HK1255459A1 (zh) | 2019-08-16 |
US11162088B2 (en) | 2021-11-02 |
EP3353310A1 (en) | 2018-08-01 |
JP2018531008A (ja) | 2018-10-25 |
JP6895953B2 (ja) | 2021-06-30 |
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