CN108100993B - 一种蓝藻结合p-n复合催化剂光解水产生氢气的方法 - Google Patents
一种蓝藻结合p-n复合催化剂光解水产生氢气的方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明的为一种蓝藻结合p‑n复合催化剂光解水产生氢气的方法。该方法包括以下步骤:将p‑n复合催化剂加入到光催化反应器中,然后再于反应器中加入含有蓝藻的溶液;将反应器接入光反应系统,抽真空后充入氩气至一定的负压,开磁力搅拌,然后光源照射下进行光催化反应,得到氢气。所述p‑n复合催化剂包括:CuCrO2‑WO3、CuAlO2‑WO3、CuCrO2‑ZnO、CuAlO2‑ZnO、CuCrxAl1‑xO2‑WO3、CuCrO2‑MoyW1‑yO3、Cu2O‑WO3和CuCrxAl1‑xO2‑MoyW1‑yO3中的一种或多种。本发明利用蓝藻能够通过光合作用分解水产生氧气的特性,促进光解水产氢速率的提高。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于光解水制氢领域,具体为一种蓝藻结合p-n复合催化剂光分解水产生氢气的方法。
技术背景
借助半导体催化剂的作用,光催化分解水产生氢气是洁净化制氢的理想途径之一,但单一组成的催化剂很难表现出理想的活性。p型半导体物质具有较负的导带底电位,吸收光子后能够产生具有较强还原能力的电子来还原H+放氢,n型半导体物质具有较正的价带顶电位,吸收光子后能够产生氧化能力较强的空穴来氧化水放氧,同时释放H+,而p型半导体物质中的光激发空穴和n型半导体物质中的光激发电子在二者界面的异质节处复合,可促进各自体内光激发电子和空穴的分离,实现水的完全分解。不过,由于光激发空穴氧化水放氧的反应,2H2O+4h+==O2+4H+,为四电子过程,较难进行,成为了光催化分解水产生氢气和氧气反应的控制步骤,抑制了氢气的产生,降低了氢气的生成速率,使得已报道的p-n复合催化剂体系光催化效率较低。
蓝藻能够通过光合作用分解水产生氧气,同时形成H+,正好可以弥补现有p-n复合催化剂体系的不足,因而蓝藻结合p-n复合催化剂光解水产生氢气和氧气是一个有前途的构想。专利CN104340957.B报道了一种光合系统II和半导体杂化体系光催化分解水制氢的方法,该方法与上述构想有相似性,该专利要求将光合系统II和担载金属助催化剂的半导体材料直接耦合,并分散在含有电子载体的缓冲溶液中,可见光照射下,分解水产生氢气和氧气,所述光合系统II由高等植物、藻类或者蓝细菌为原料分离制备得到;所述金属助催化剂为Pt、Pd、Ru、Rh、Ni、Mo、Cd、Pb、Co、Au、Ag,以及这些金属的硫化物中的一种或几种,半导体材料为硫化物、氧化物、氮化物、硒化物、单质硅、硫氧化物或氮氧化物;所述电子载体为铁络合物、钴络合物、2,6二氯酚靛酚和醌类化合物中的一种或多种,电子载体的浓度为0.01mM-50mM;所述缓冲溶液为甲基对苯醌、苯基-P-苯醌、2,6-二氯苯醌、2,6二甲基苯醌、杜醌中的一种或几种。过程非常复杂,需要将含有光合系统II的原料,在不同pH值的缓冲溶液中,通过细胞破碎、离心分离或层析分离、去污剂切割保护等步骤得到光合系统II;光解水的反应液中需要加入成分较为复杂的电子载体和缓冲溶液。这就使得过程的影响因素及限制条件较多,过程的稳定性较差,成本较高。
发明内容
本发明为克服现有技术的不足,开发了一种蓝藻结合p-n复合催化剂光解水产生氢气的方法。在p-n复合催化剂光催化反应体系中,加入适量蓝藻,利用蓝藻可通过光合作用分解水释放氧气,并产生H+的特性,大幅度提高光催化分解水的产氢速率。
本发明的技术方案为:
一种蓝藻结合p-n复合催化剂光解水产生氢气的方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)将p-n复合催化剂加入到光催化反应器中,然后再加入含有蓝藻的溶液;
其中,质量比为p-n复合催化剂:溶液=1×10-5:1~5×10-3:1;蓝藻的含量为20-500个/L水;
(2)将反应器接入光反应系统,先抽真空,再充氩气,再抽真空,再充氩气至一定负压,开磁力搅拌;
所述的负压为表压指示-80kPa~-10kPa;所述磁力搅拌的转速为200r/min~2000r/min;
(3)然后光源照射下进行光催化反应,得到氢气;
所述p-n复合催化剂包括:CuCrO2-WO3、CuAlO2-WO3、CuCrO2-ZnO、CuAlO2-ZnO、CuCrxAl1-xO2-WO3(x=0.01-0.99)、CuCrO2-MoyW1-yO3(y=0.01-0.20)、Cu2O-WO3和CuCrxAl1- xO2-MoyW1-yO3(x=0.01-0.99,y=0.01-0.20)中的一种或多种。
所述光源包括氙灯、卤光灯及聚焦后的太阳光。
所述的蓝藻为蓝球藻、颤藻或念珠藻。
本发明的有益效果为:
利用蓝藻能够通过光合作用分解水产生氧气,同时形成H+的特性,弥补p-n复合催化剂中光激发空穴氧化水放氧反应速率较慢的不足,促进光解水产氢速率的提高。氙灯照射下,反应液中含有蓝藻和p-n复合催化剂的最大产氢速率,如实施例2,是单独用p-n复合催化剂,如比较例1,产氢速率的5.35倍。
蓝藻是广泛存在于自然界中的藻类物质,繁殖条件简单,繁殖速率较快,已成为许多江、河、湖泊的重要污染源之一,利用蓝藻产氢,不仅可获得清洁能源氢气,还可以为蓝藻治理寻找新的路径。
附图说明:
图1为CuCrO2-WO3的X射线衍射图;
图2为蓝藻的显微图;
图3为300W氙灯为光源时,实施例1与比较例1的光催化产氢速率图。
具体实施方法:
本发明涉及的p-n复合催化剂包括:CuCrO2-WO3、CuAlO2-WO3、CuCrO2-ZnO、CuAlO2-ZnO、CuCrxAl1-xO2-WO3(x=0.01-0.99)、CuCrO2-MoyW1-yO3(y=0.01-0.20)、Cu2O-WO3和CuCrxAl1-xO2-MoyW1-yO3(x=0.01-0.99,y=0.01-0.20)中的一种或多种。它们均为公知材料。
实施例1
(1)CuCrO2-WO3的制备
①CuCrO2的制备
称取4g三水硝酸铜及6.624g九水硝酸铬,放入高型烧杯中,加去离子水配制成硝酸铜+硝酸铬总质量浓度为10%的水溶液,按与硝酸铜的摩尔比为1.4:1的比例称取甘氨酸,配制成质量浓度为20%的水溶液,两种溶液混合,混合后的溶液在85℃的水浴上加热,同时进行电动搅拌,搅拌转速为200r/min,加热6h后得粘稠状液体,然后将装有粘稠液体的烧杯转移至温度为900℃的电阻炉上,溶液受热燃烧,燃烧完毕后,收集到灰色粉末,研磨所得灰色粉末,转移至管式炉中,氮气氛下800℃焙烧2h,950℃焙烧2h得CuCrO2粉末。
②WO3的制备
称取5g Na2WO4.2H2O,加去离子水配制成质量浓度为10%的水溶液,按NHO3与钨原子摩尔比为2:1的比例加入质量浓度为63%的硝酸溶液,得淡黄色沉淀,搅拌0.5h,沉淀转化为亮黄色。离心分离,收集得到黄色沉淀。再加入与沉淀质量比为6:1的去离子水搅拌成浆状。同时按与钨原子摩尔比为2:1的比例称取柠檬酸,加水配制成质量浓度为20%的水溶液,并将其加入到上述浆液中,再按硝酸与钨离子摩尔比为6:1的量量取质量百分浓度63%的浓硝酸,加入到上述浆料中,常温下搅拌2h,而后将浆料转移至0.5L高压釜中,密闭釜盖后升温至190℃连续反应12h。反应结束后,将釜中物料进行离心分离,去离子水及无水乙醇各洗涤三次,120℃烘干24h,研磨后再于600℃焙烧3h得三氧化钨晶体粉末。
③CuCrO2-WO3的制备
称取0.1mol①制得CuCrO2和0.1mol②制得的WO3粉末,加入到球磨机中,同时称取pH值为8的无水乙醇加入其中,无水乙醇的pH值用质量浓度为5%的氨水溶液调节,无水乙醇与CuCrO2+WO3的质量比为0.05:1,在800r/min的转速下研磨0.5h。研磨后的样品干燥,而后于空气氛下,450℃热处理3h得到CuCrO2-WO3复合催化剂。复合催化剂的XRD曲线见附图1。
(2)含蓝藻反应液的制备
蓝藻取自于家养鱼缸,经鉴定为颤藻,形貌见附图2。取藻水1mL,放入500mL营养液中培育。营养液由去离子水加一定量的KH2PO4和NH4Cl得到,营养成分含量:1μmol/L的KH2PO4,10μmol/L的NH4Cl,培育条件:20-30℃之间,溶液装入塑料瓶中,太阳光下照射5天。得到的含藻反应液用显微镜观察,其中的蓝藻数为80个左右/L水。
(3)光催化实验
将0.05g(1)制得的CuCrO2-WO3加入到容积为500mL的石英反应器中(北京泊菲莱科技有限公司),加(2)制得含藻反应液400mL。而后将反应器接入一封闭系统中,抽真空到表压为-95kPa~-90kPa,再充氩气到5kPa~15kPa,再抽真空到-95kPa~-90kPa,最后再充氩气至表压为-0.50kPa,开磁力搅拌,转速为800r/min左右,在300W氙灯照射下进行光催化反应,光源距反应器为6cm,每隔0.5h测定一次氢气的生成量,产气量随时间的变化曲线见附图3的图线1,计算得3.5h内氢气的平均产生速率为15.1μmol/h。
实施例2
采取与实施例1完全相同的方法制备CuCrO2-WO3和含蓝藻反应液,其余的光催化实验条件同实施例1,只是复合催化剂CuCrO2-WO3的加入量为0.1g。实验结果:3.5h内氢气的平均产生量为18.2μmol/h。
实施例3
采取与实施例1完全相同的方法制备CuCrO2-WO3,含蓝藻反应液是蓝藻原液经10天培育所得,得到的含藻反应液用显微镜观察,其中的蓝藻数为220个左右/L水,光催化实验及条件也同实施例1。实验结果:3.5h内氢气的平均产生量为10.5μmol/h。
实施例4
采取与实施例1完全相同的方法制备CuCrO2-WO3和含蓝藻反应液,其余的光催化实验条件同实施例1,只是光源采用500W卤光灯。实验结果:3.5h内氢气的平均产生量为0.8μmol/h。
实施例5
采取与实施例1完全相同的方法制备CuCrO2-WO3,蓝藻原液取自北运河,蓝藻反应液的制备方法同实施例1,蓝藻为念珠藻和颤藻混合体,反应液中蓝藻的数量为50个/L水左右。光催化实验同实施例1。实验结果:3.5h内产氢气的平均产生量为12.3μmol/h。
比较例1
采取与实施例1相同的方法制备CuCrO2-WO3,反应液为含有1μmol/L的KH2PO4,10μmol/L的NH4Cl的去离子水溶液,没有蓝藻,光催化实验条件完全同实施例1。产气量随时间的变化曲线见附图3的图线2,3.5h内氢气的平均产生量为3.4μmol/h。
比较例2
采取与实施例1相同的方法制备含蓝藻反应液,反应过程中不加入CuCrO2-WO3催化剂,光催化实验条件完全同实施例1,实验结果:3.5h内无氢气产生。
实施例2是比较例1产氢速率的5.35倍。
本发明未尽事宜为公知技术。
Claims (1)
1.一种蓝藻结合p-n复合催化剂光解水产生氢气的方法,其特征为该方法包括以下步骤:
(1)将p-n复合催化剂加入到光催化反应器中,然后再加入含有蓝藻的溶液;
其中,质量比为p-n复合催化剂:溶液=1×10-5:1~5×10-3:1;蓝藻的含量为20-500个/L溶液;
(2)将反应器接入光反应系统,先抽真空,再充氩气,再抽真空,再充氩气至一定负压,开磁力搅拌;
所述的负压为表压指示-80kPa~-10kPa;所述磁力搅拌的转速为200r/min~2000r/min;
(3)然后光源照射下进行光催化反应,得到氢气;
所述p-n复合催化剂包括:CuCrO2-WO3、CuAlO2-WO3、CuCrO2-ZnO、CuAlO2-ZnO、CuCrxAl1- xO2-WO3、CuCrO2-MoyW1-yO3、Cu2O-WO3和CuCrxAl1-xO2-MoyW1-yO3中的一种或多种;
其中,CuCrxAl1-xO2-WO3中,x=0.01-0.99;CuCrO2-MoyW1-yO3中,y=0.01-0.20;CuCrxAl1- xO2-MoyW1-yO3中,x=0.01-0.99,y=0.01-0.20;
所述光源为氙灯、卤光灯及聚焦后的太阳光;
所述的蓝藻为蓝球藻、颤藻或念珠藻。
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