CN108087024A - A kind of method of construction of tunnel type salt cave storage cavern - Google Patents

A kind of method of construction of tunnel type salt cave storage cavern Download PDF

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Publication number
CN108087024A
CN108087024A CN201711331004.8A CN201711331004A CN108087024A CN 108087024 A CN108087024 A CN 108087024A CN 201711331004 A CN201711331004 A CN 201711331004A CN 108087024 A CN108087024 A CN 108087024A
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China
Prior art keywords
salt
molten chamber
deposit
construction
well
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CN201711331004.8A
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Chinese (zh)
Inventor
肖文科
樊传忠
续培信
张乐
尹科明
周志刚
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CHINA SALT PROSPECTING DESIGN INSTITUTE Co Ltd
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CHINA SALT PROSPECTING DESIGN INSTITUTE Co Ltd
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Priority to CN201711331004.8A priority Critical patent/CN108087024A/en
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    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21FSAFETY DEVICES, TRANSPORT, FILLING-UP, RESCUE, VENTILATION, OR DRAINING IN OR OF MINES OR TUNNELS
    • E21F17/00Methods or devices for use in mines or tunnels, not covered elsewhere
    • E21F17/16Modification of mine passages or chambers for storage purposes, especially for liquids or gases
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21BEARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/28Dissolving minerals other than hydrocarbons, e.g. by an alkaline or acid leaching agent

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Laying Of Electric Cables Or Lines Outside (AREA)

Abstract

The invention discloses a kind of methods of construction of tunnel type salt cave storage cavern, include the following steps:1)On halite ore deposit surface, Drilling a bite is gone directly the straight well of salt deposit, forms the first molten chamber;2)In halite ore deposit surface Drilling a bite directional well, directional well is connected by salt deposit with the first molten chamber;3)The tripping in casing cementing in directional well, casing are extended near the first molten chamber;4)Form adjacent with the first molten chamber and connection the second molten chamber;5)It is located at the casing inner opening in salt deposit in directional well, by going out halogen to directional well water filling, straight well, dissolves salt deposit, form the threeth molten chamber adjacent with the second molten chamber;6)Repeat step 5), progressively opening forms continuous molten chamber backward in the casing in salt deposit;7)Cutting process is carried out, completes the construction of salt cave storage cavern.Dissolved salt of the present invention is efficient, and the development of molten chamber form is substantially controlled, and the salt cave storage cavern horizontal span built up is small, and axial length is big, and force-bearing of surrounding rock mass condition is good, and salt cave stability is high, and construction cost is low.

Description

A kind of method of construction of tunnel type salt cave storage cavern
Technical field
The invention belongs to rock salt underground storages to make chamber technical field, and in particular to a kind of construction side of tunnel type salt cave storage cavern Method.
Background technology
At present, the underground space being split into using deep salt mine solution mining carries out oil and gas reserve, has become first in the world The energy reserves form of choosing.The western countries such as the U.S., Germany, Canada, France are all completed a large amount of extensive rock salt subterranean oils Gas storage cavern group, for national energy strategic reserves.To the end of the year 2009, the whole world has built up 74 salt hole air reserved storerooms and has put into fortune Row, is mainly distributed on US and European.
The salt cavern underground storage construction in China is started late, and is limited by salt mine geological conditions, at present only in Community of Jin Tan County Salt mine carries out the experimental construction of underground storage.China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) passes through the feasibility opinion of State-level Card, gas reservoirs are established in Henan table mountain, Hubei Yingcheng City.
External salt cave storage cavern is generally built in the thick crude salt ore bed or salt dome of marine deposit.Generally use Single well convection Method dissolves salt deposit, cavity, i.e. salt cave is built in salt ore bed, spatial shape is individual well single-chamber, and the molten chamber shape of salt is suberect Spindle.This salt cave storage cavern is especially stringent to the geologic requirements of halite ore bed due to the limitation of form, generally can only be that marine facies sink It is established in the big salt deposit of long-pending thickness or salt dome.And the halite ore deposit in China is all the multi-layer thin bedded deposit of gyittja mostly, and Gas storage research domestic at present, be still followed it is external make cavity method, using Single well convection method in this multi-thin-layer It carries out making the breach that chamber establishes salt cavern underground storage as China in shape halite deposit, causes China's built underground salt cave at present The problems such as chamber accident is made in storage cavern generally existing chamber cavity form poor controllability, poor sealing, interlayer burst avalanche initiation.
University Of Chongqing appoints pine equal to having applied for " Double-vertical shaft horizontal butt joint salt cavern deposit construction method " patent in December, 2012 (Application publication number:CN102828777 A), the scheme of the invention is:Two mouthfuls of vertical shafts are built on rock salt ore bed respectively, then in Liang Kou Horizontal well is built between vertical shaft, Underground Dissolved Cavity is established by by-level well and two mouthfuls of vertical shaft connections, the purpose of the invention is also In order to establish horizontal Underground Dissolved Cavity.The horizontal distance of the invention twin shafts is 10-30 meters simultaneously, and centre also needs to establish horizontal well, 100 meters or more of tunnel type underground storage is such as established, needs 7 mouthfuls of shaft building or more, scheme implements complexity, and construction cost is higher.
The content of the invention
Present invention aims at the tunnel type salt cave storages for providing a kind of multi-layer thin bedded deposit for China's gyittja The method of construction in storehouse, to solve the above problems.
To achieve the above object, the invention discloses a kind of method of construction of tunnel type salt cave storage cavern, include the following steps:
1)On halite ore deposit surface, Drilling a bite is gone directly the straight well of salt deposit, tripping in casing and central tube, is carried out Single well convection cycle and is adopted The first molten chamber is formed after halogen in salt deposit;
2)In halite ore deposit surface Drilling a bite directional well, the directional well is connected by salt deposit with the described first molten chamber;
3)The tripping in casing cementing in the directional well, described sleeve pipe are extended near the described first molten chamber;
4)By going out halogen to the directional well water filling, straight well, so as to dissolve the salt deposit, formed it is adjacent with the described first molten chamber and Second molten chamber of connection;
5)It is located at the described sleeve pipe inner opening in the salt deposit in directional well, it is molten by going out halogen to the directional well water filling, straight well The salt deposit is solved, forms the threeth molten chamber adjacent with the described second molten chamber;
6)Repeat step 5), progressively to after-opening, water filling dissolving in the described sleeve pipe for being located in the salt deposit in the directional well The salt deposit forms continuous molten chamber;
7)Cutting process is carried out to its lower end of the straight well and directional well, completes the construction of salt cave storage cavern.
Further, according to the geological conditions of the salt deposit, chamber technology is surveyed by sonar, control salt cave storage cavern cross section Horizontal span is 30-40 meters.
Further, in step 3)In, described sleeve pipe is 20 meters -30 meters apart from the described first molten chamber, in the step 6) In, the last opening of each extended distance is 40-50 meters in described sleeve pipe.
Further, in directional well described in the halite ore deposit surface Drilling apart from 100 meters of the straight well or more.
Further, in the step 4)In, the directional well includes interconnected vertical section and horizontal segment, described perpendicular Straight section is extended vertically up to from halite ore deposit surface in the salt deposit, and the horizontal segment is horizontally placed in the salt deposit.
Further, the horizontal segment is arranged at the bottom of the salt deposit.
Further, in the step 6)In, perforating methods either pipe cutting method or explosion side are used in described sleeve pipe Method opening.
Further, in the step 6)With step 7)Between, the company is washed away to central tube press-in pressure-air Continue molten chamber.
Further, electronic submersible pump is set in the straight well, so as to described in extraction while directional well water filling Bittern in straight well.
Compared with prior art, the advantage of the invention is that:
The present invention is directed to the thin objective condition of China's lacustrine facies salt mine ore bed, and salt cave storage cavern is designed to the shape of tunnel type.Due to Directional-butted well adopts the utilization of salt technique, and utilizes horizontal segment casing section perforation(Cutting or explosion)Opening process makes molten The fresh water of intracavitary, which goes out at stream, artificially to be moved and molten intracavitary concentration changing rule, effectively controls dissolved salt process, and molten chamber is controlled to develop Reach design requirement, dissolved salt is efficient, and the development of molten chamber form is substantially controlled, and the salt cave storage cavern horizontal span built up is small, axial Length is big, combines the method for adopting salt with subduction electric pump by directional well, the pressure in molten chamber is already clearly below water and lifts Brine mining techology, subtracts To delay injection water to destroy the etch of cavity's surrounding rock, force-bearing of surrounding rock mass condition is good, and salt cave stability is high, meanwhile, the present invention need to only be built Vertical two mouthfuls of wells can the different tunnel type underground storage of formation length, construction cost is lower, and construction is simpler, more efficient.
Below with reference to accompanying drawings, the present invention is described in further detail.
Description of the drawings
The attached drawing for forming the part of the application is used for providing a further understanding of the present invention, schematic reality of the invention Example and its explanation are applied for explaining the present invention, is not constituted improper limitations of the present invention.In the accompanying drawings:
Fig. 1 is the schematic diagram that the first molten chamber of the embodiment of the present invention is formed;
Fig. 2 is the schematic diagram that the second molten chamber of the embodiment of the present invention is formed;
Fig. 3 is the schematic diagram that the 3rd molten chamber of the embodiment of the present invention is formed;
Fig. 4 is the schematic diagram of the continuous molten chamber of the embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 5 be the first molten chamber of the embodiment of the present invention, the second molten chamber, the 3rd molten chamber, continuous molten chamber cross section schematic diagram.
Marginal data:
1st, straight well;2nd, salt deposit;3rd, the first molten chamber;4th, directional well;41st, vertical section;42nd, horizontal segment;5th, the second molten chamber;6th, the 3rd is molten Chamber;7th, continuous molten chamber.
Specific embodiment
The embodiment of the present invention is described in detail below in conjunction with attached drawing, but the present invention can be defined by the claims Implement with the multitude of different ways of covering.
As Figure 1-Figure 5, the invention discloses a kind of method of construction of tunnel type salt cave storage cavern, include the following steps:
1)On halite ore deposit surface, Drilling a bite is gone directly the straight well 1 of salt deposit 2, tripping in casing and central tube, carries out cycling of Single well convection The first molten chamber 3 is formed in salt deposit 2 after adopting halogen(As shown in Figure 1);
2)Drilling a bite directional well 4 on halite ore deposit surface, directional well 4 are connected by salt deposit 2 with the first molten chamber 3(As shown in Figure 1);
3)The tripping in casing cementing in directional well 4, it is near 20-30 meters that casing, which extends to the first molten chamber 3 of distance,;
4)By going out halogen to 4 water filling of directional well, straight well 1, so as to dissolve salt deposit 2, formed it is adjacent with the first molten chamber 3 and connect the Two molten chambers 5(As shown in Figure 2);
5)It is located at the casing inner opening in salt deposit 2 in directional well 4, the distance of each extended distance last time opening is 40-50 meters, Hatch method is used with perforating methods either pipe cutting method or blasting method, molten by going out halogen to 4 water filling of directional well, straight well 1 Salt deposit 2 is solved, forms the threeth molten chamber 6 adjacent with the second molten chamber 5(As shown in Figure 3);
6)Repeat step 5), progressively to after-opening in the casing for being located in salt deposit 2 in directional well 4, water filling dissolving salt deposit 2 is formed Continuous molten chamber 7;
7)Cutting process is carried out to its lower end of straight well 1 and directional well 4, completes the construction of salt cave storage cavern.
Existing salt cave storage cavern is upright fusoid, it is necessary to be built in thick big salt deposit or salt dome, in order to meet foot Enough storage volumes, it is desirable that molten chamber span is relatively large, very high to the strength of roof requirement of ore bed, while will to the buried depth of ore bed Ask also relatively deep, still, the region of Southeast in particularly China of China disclosure satisfy that the salt mine of construction condition almost without and this hair Bright said program is according to the characteristics of the gyittja halite ore deposit of China southeast, designs a kind of salt cave of suitable lamelliform salt mine The method of construction of storage cavern by salt mine directional-butted well technology, and utilizes the casing section perforation in salt deposit 2(Cutting is quick-fried It is broken)Opening process makes molten chamber(In the present embodiment, molten chamber includes the first molten chamber 3, the second molten chamber 5, the 3rd molten chamber 6 and continuous molten Chamber 7)Interior fresh water, which goes out at stream, artificially to be moved and molten intracavitary concentration changing rule, effectively controls dissolved salt process, and molten chamber is controlled to send out Exhibition reaches design requirement, forms the tunnel type salt cave storage cavern of small span, long axis, safety and stability, meanwhile, the present invention only needs to open A bite straight well 1 plus a bite directional well 4 are dug, low cost, construction, operating procedure are simple, meanwhile, this method can derive block form, ten The stable forms salt such as shape, plum blossom-shaped cave group forms the salt cave storage cavern of large capacity;Simultaneously during halogen is adopted, pass through orientation Butt shaft adopts salt technique, and dissolved salt is efficient, has further speeded up the construction speed of tunnel type salt cave storage cavern.
In the present embodiment, according to the geological conditions of salt deposit 2, chamber technology is surveyed by sonar, controls salt cave storage cavern cross section Horizontal span between 30-40 meters, this kind of span have better collapse resistance can and cracking resistance seam generation performance, for through excessive The safe span confirmed after secondary experiment, while can ensure that the security and leakproofness of salt cavern underground storage, at the same the span away from From each extended distance with casing(40-50 meters)Setting match:If ferrule openings are apart from excessive, salt cave storage cavern horizontal stroke The horizontal span of section is due to the dissolved salt overlong time of end(The dissolved salt efficiency of first and last section is inconsistent)Can be more than safe span, if Extended distance is too small, then can increase the number of ferrule openings, so as to influence the progress entirely constructed, while can increase because casing is held The increase of cost and the reduction of security that mouth is brought.
In the present embodiment, in the halite ore deposit surface Drilling directional well 4 apart from 100 meters of straight well or more, consequently facilitating building Large tunnel formula salt cave storage cavern.
In the present embodiment, in step 4)In, directional well 4 includes interconnected vertical section 41 and horizontal segment 42, vertically Section 41 is extended vertically up to from halite ore deposit surface in salt deposit 2, and horizontal segment 42 is horizontally placed in salt deposit 2, this kind opens up mode can Ensure that horizontal segment 42 can keep larger length in the case of more convenient construction, be further able to be formed longer continuous Molten chamber 7.
In the present embodiment, horizontal segment 42 is arranged at the bottom of salt deposit 2, so as to form a kind of dissolved salt side from bottom to top Formula, the salt mine at top are fallen under gravity into during water is dissolved in molten chamber, so as to which surface more connects with current It touches, accelerates the efficiency of dissolved salt, so as to be rapidly formed continuous molten chamber 7.In the present embodiment, in step 6)With step 7)It Between, continuous molten chamber 7 is washed away to central tube press-in pressure-air, so as to discharge indissoluble in continuous molten chamber 7 or cannot dissolve Slag, further increase the salt cave useful space, prevent the oil vapour pollution to the continuous molten injection of chamber 7 storage to the later stage.
In the present embodiment, electronic submersible pump is set in straight well 1, so as to dive to electronic while 4 water filling of directional well Do not have the bittern in pumping cut-off well 1, the method for adopting salt is combined with subduction electric pump by directional well 4, make water filling and extraction bittern same Shi Jinhang, the pressure in molten chamber are already clearly below water and lift Brine mining techology, slow down injection water and the etch of cavity's surrounding rock is destroyed, into one Step improves out the efficiency of bittern, while also avoids cavity's surrounding rock and cave in or because larger pressure and asking for cracking Topic.
It these are only the preferred embodiment of the present invention, be not intended to limit the invention, for those skilled in the art For member, the invention may be variously modified and varied.Any modification within the spirit and principles of the invention, being made, Equivalent substitution, improvement etc., should all be included in the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (9)

1. a kind of method of construction of tunnel type salt cave storage cavern, which is characterized in that include the following steps:
1)On halite ore deposit surface, Drilling a bite is gone directly salt deposit(2)Straight well(1), tripping in casing and central tube carry out Single well convection Cycling is adopted after halogen in salt deposit(2)The first molten chamber of middle formation(3);
2)In halite ore deposit surface Drilling a bite directional well(4), the directional well(4)By salt deposit(2)With the described first molten chamber(3) Connection;
3)In the directional well(4)Middle tripping in casing cementing, described sleeve pipe extend to the described first molten chamber(3)Near;
4)By to the directional well(4)Water filling, straight well(1)Go out halogen, so as to dissolve the salt deposit(2), formed and the molten chamber (3)Adjacent and connection the second molten chamber(5);
5)In directional well(4)Positioned at the salt deposit(2)In described sleeve pipe inner opening, by the directional well(4)It is water filling, straight Well(1)Go out halogen, dissolve the salt deposit(2), formed and the described second molten chamber(5)The 3rd adjacent molten chamber(6);
6)Repeat step 5), in the directional well(4)Positioned at the salt deposit(2)In described sleeve pipe in progressively to after-opening, note Salt deposit described in water dissolution(2), form continuous molten chamber(7);
7)To the straight well(1)And directional well(4)Its lower end carry out cutting process, complete the construction of salt cave storage cavern.
2. the method for construction of tunnel type salt cave storage cavern according to claim 1, which is characterized in that according to the salt deposit(2) Geological conditions, chamber technology is surveyed by sonar, control the horizontal span in salt cave storage cavern cross section as 30-40 meters.
3. the method for construction of tunnel type salt cave storage cavern according to claim 2, which is characterized in that in step 3)In, it is described Casing is apart from the described first molten chamber(3)For 20 meters -30 meters, in the step 6)In, in described sleeve pipe one on each extended distance Secondary opening is 40-50 meters.
4. the method for construction of tunnel type salt cave storage cavern according to claim 1, which is characterized in that apart from the straight well (1)Directional well described in 100 meters or more of halite ore deposit surface Drilling(4).
5. the method for construction of tunnel type salt cave storage cavern according to claim 1, which is characterized in that in the step 4)In, The directional well(4)Including interconnected vertical section(41)And horizontal segment(42), the vertical section(41)From halite ore deposit surface Extend vertically up to the salt deposit(2)It is interior, the horizontal segment(42)It is horizontally placed on the salt deposit(2)It is interior.
6. the method for construction of tunnel type salt cave storage cavern according to claim 5, which is characterized in that the horizontal segment(42)If It is placed in the salt deposit(2)Bottom.
7. the method for construction of tunnel type salt cave storage cavern according to claim 1, which is characterized in that in the step 6)In, Perforating methods either pipe cutting method or blasting method opening are used in described sleeve pipe.
8. the method for construction of tunnel type salt cave storage cavern according to claim 1, which is characterized in that in the step 6)And step Rapid 7)Between, the continuous molten chamber is washed away to central tube press-in pressure-air(7).
9. the method for construction of tunnel type salt cave storage cavern according to claim 1, which is characterized in that in the straight well(1)In Electronic submersible pump is set, so as to directional well(4)The straight well is extracted while water filling(1)Interior bittern.
CN201711331004.8A 2017-12-13 2017-12-13 A kind of method of construction of tunnel type salt cave storage cavern Pending CN108087024A (en)

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Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN109057768A (en) * 2018-08-02 2018-12-21 四川盐业地质钻井大队 Recovery method suitable for thin interbed native soda deposit
CN109630064A (en) * 2018-11-19 2019-04-16 湖北双环科技股份有限公司 A kind of old salt well remodeling method
CN111219206A (en) * 2018-11-23 2020-06-02 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 Cavity forming method and device for salt cavern gas storage
CN111305808A (en) * 2020-03-31 2020-06-19 南风集团淮安元明粉有限公司 Bittern collecting device by sieve tube method
CN112832732A (en) * 2019-11-25 2021-05-25 中国石油天然气集团有限公司 Salt cavern underground storage warehouse building method and device
CN113417641A (en) * 2021-07-21 2021-09-21 江苏淮盐矿业有限公司 Mine three-dimensional mining process
CN113494314A (en) * 2020-04-03 2021-10-12 江苏省制盐工业研究所有限公司 Method for constructing salt cavern storage in inclined rock salt layer
CN114575924A (en) * 2022-03-11 2022-06-03 浙江大学 Cavity building pipe column and cavity building method for horizontal cavity of underground salt rock energy storage
CN114856524A (en) * 2022-05-24 2022-08-05 中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所 Salt mine drilling solution mining production-increasing capacity-expanding method
CN115324528A (en) * 2021-05-10 2022-11-11 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 Operation method for storing gas by utilizing residual void space of salt cavern gas storage

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CN104265367A (en) * 2014-07-24 2015-01-07 燕山大学 Salt cavern gas storage cavity bottom communicated water discharge method
CN104675433A (en) * 2015-01-27 2015-06-03 太原理工大学 Method for constructing horizontal salt rock dissolving cavity reservoirs
CN106481360A (en) * 2016-05-11 2017-03-08 江苏井神盐化股份有限公司 Salt cave Tank Process quickly built by a kind of asymmetric halogen of adopting of twin-well

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US4488834A (en) * 1982-11-17 1984-12-18 Empak, Inc. Method for using salt deposits for storage
CN1676880A (en) * 2005-04-20 2005-10-05 太原理工大学 Rock salt deposit horizontal chamber type oil-gas depot and its building method
CN104265367A (en) * 2014-07-24 2015-01-07 燕山大学 Salt cavern gas storage cavity bottom communicated water discharge method
CN104675433A (en) * 2015-01-27 2015-06-03 太原理工大学 Method for constructing horizontal salt rock dissolving cavity reservoirs
CN106481360A (en) * 2016-05-11 2017-03-08 江苏井神盐化股份有限公司 Salt cave Tank Process quickly built by a kind of asymmetric halogen of adopting of twin-well

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN109057768A (en) * 2018-08-02 2018-12-21 四川盐业地质钻井大队 Recovery method suitable for thin interbed native soda deposit
CN109630064A (en) * 2018-11-19 2019-04-16 湖北双环科技股份有限公司 A kind of old salt well remodeling method
CN111219206A (en) * 2018-11-23 2020-06-02 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 Cavity forming method and device for salt cavern gas storage
CN111219206B (en) * 2018-11-23 2021-08-31 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 Cavity forming method and device for salt cavern gas storage
CN112832732A (en) * 2019-11-25 2021-05-25 中国石油天然气集团有限公司 Salt cavern underground storage warehouse building method and device
CN111305808A (en) * 2020-03-31 2020-06-19 南风集团淮安元明粉有限公司 Bittern collecting device by sieve tube method
CN113494314A (en) * 2020-04-03 2021-10-12 江苏省制盐工业研究所有限公司 Method for constructing salt cavern storage in inclined rock salt layer
CN113494314B (en) * 2020-04-03 2024-03-22 江苏省制盐工业研究所有限公司 Method for constructing salt cavern storage by inclined rock salt layer
CN115324528A (en) * 2021-05-10 2022-11-11 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 Operation method for storing gas by utilizing residual void space of salt cavern gas storage
CN113417641A (en) * 2021-07-21 2021-09-21 江苏淮盐矿业有限公司 Mine three-dimensional mining process
CN114575924A (en) * 2022-03-11 2022-06-03 浙江大学 Cavity building pipe column and cavity building method for horizontal cavity of underground salt rock energy storage
CN114856524A (en) * 2022-05-24 2022-08-05 中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所 Salt mine drilling solution mining production-increasing capacity-expanding method
CN114856524B (en) * 2022-05-24 2023-05-09 中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所 Method for increasing yield and capacity of salt mine drilling water-soluble exploitation

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