CN108027198B - 用于冷却工艺流的方法 - Google Patents

用于冷却工艺流的方法 Download PDF

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CN108027198B
CN108027198B CN201680052440.9A CN201680052440A CN108027198B CN 108027198 B CN108027198 B CN 108027198B CN 201680052440 A CN201680052440 A CN 201680052440A CN 108027198 B CN108027198 B CN 108027198B
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L·德克尔
A·昆迪格
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Abstract

描述了用辅助流冷却工艺流的方法，其中，工艺流与辅助流之间的热交换在第一热交换器和第一热交换器下游的第二热交换器中进行。根据本发明：a)工艺流(1)被分成两个或更多个子流(2、2a、2b)，b)可借助于相应阀门(a、b、c)来调节各子流(2、2a、2b)的流量，c)在第一热交换器和第二热交换器(E1、E2)中由辅助流(9、11)来仅冷却第一子流(1)，以及d)将其他的子流(2a、2b)混合到已冷却的第一子流(3)中，且由此形成的工艺流在第二热交换器(E2)中被再次冷却，其中，在分成多于两个子流(2a、2b)的情形中，在将每个子流混合入之后，在第二热交换器(E2)中再次对工艺流进行冷却，e)其中，将各子流(2、2a、2b)的流量调节成，在进入第二热交换器(E2)之时，要在第二热交换器(E2)中冷却的各工艺流的温度互相间相差不超过10K，以及f)其中，调节各子流的流量的阀门(a、b、c)中的至少一个完全打开。

Description

用于冷却工艺流的方法
本发明涉及一种用辅助流来冷却工艺流的方法，其中，在工艺流与辅助流之间的热交换是在第一热交换器和连接在第一热交换器下游的第二热交换器中进行的。
所示出的是本发明的用辅助流来冷却工艺流的可执行的两个实施例，例如为低温氦和氖冷冻系统、氢和氦液化器等。此种冷冻系统和液化设备通常具有初步冷却回路，在该初步冷却回路中，所要冷却的、且适当的是所要液化的工艺流由辅助流所冷却，例如是由液氮(LN2)冷却。液氮构成相较而言廉价的冷冻源。它使得能够将工艺流冷却到低至大约80K的温度。
工艺流在此由辅助流在两个串联的热交换器中冷却。所循环的辅助流或液氮在其被冷冻膨胀之后被分成液相段和气相段，如参考图1所阐述的。在液相段与所冷却的工艺流逆流地被引导通过两个热交换器、从第一热交换器到较冷的第二热交换器的同时，气相段仅与所冷却的工艺流逆流地被引导通过两个热交换器中的第一热交换器、即较热的热交换器。
颗粒加速器、熔融研究反应堆等具有相对较大体积的超导磁体和附随的设施。必需将这些磁体从环境温度(大约300K)冷却到通常低于5K的操作温度。该冷却过程会用去数天和数周。如一开始就已经描述的，对于从大约300K到大约80K的第一冷却阶段，所需的冷冻较佳地是由廉价的液氮提供的。但是，与此同时必需不是将氮直接引导通过所要冷却的磁体的冷却通道，因为在接下来的冷却到低至小于5K的温度的冷却阶段中，存留在冷却通道中的氮会冻结在该冷却通道中，并堵塞该通道。出于这一原因，所执行的是液氮与所要冷却的工艺流之间的间接热交换。
由于它们的相对较高的效率和紧凑设计，较佳的是为此目的而使用逆流板热交换器。然而，这些热交换器类型易受各个通道之间过高温度梯度的影响，并且会被过高的热膨胀力所损坏或破坏。
特别是在上述第一冷却阶段中存在这一风险，在该第一冷却阶段中，所要冷却的工艺流从环境温度被冷却到大约80K的温度。在传统的冷却和液化循环的情形中，从所要冷却的从磁体或试验装置中返回的低压或中压流在相对较长的时期内保持温暖的，并且经由处于环境温度的加热器回到循环压缩机。在该冷却阶段中，高压流专门地由液氮以上述方式冷却。来自液氮的蒸发热的量大约与氮的通过饱和蒸气至环境温度的焓差的大小相等。在氦冷冻系统和氦液化设备的情形中，氦的焓的图线相较而言为恒定。因此，在较温暖的热交换器的冷端和较冷的热交换器的热端之间的区域中，所要冷却的氦工艺流与氮流之间的温度分布在饱和氮蒸气的水平处为其最大的。
至今，通过临时允许热交换器的各通道之间的最大允许温度差的超出量来应对该问题。由于热交换器损坏的风险，这降低了设备的操作安全性。业已提出的还有，预先蒸发液氮并将液氮至少加热到所获得的冷冻回路温度以下50K的温度，该冷冻回路温度始自250K的温度。但是，该过程效率不高，且相对较慢。
本发明的目的是具体描述一种用辅助流冷却工艺流的一般类型的方法，在该方法中避免上述缺点。
实现该目的，提出一种用辅助流冷却工艺流的一般类型的方法，该方法的特征在于：
a)将工艺流分成两个或更多个子流；
b)每个子流分别借助于一个阀门来调节各子流的流量；
c)在第一热交换器和第二热交换器中由辅助流来仅冷却第一子流；以及
d)将其余的子流混合到被冷却的第一子流中，且由此形成的工艺流在第二热交换器中被再次冷却，并且，在被分成多于两个子流的情形中，在将每个子流混合入之后，在第二热交换器中再次对工艺流进行冷却；
e)其中，将各子流的流量调节成，在进入第二热交换器之时，将要在第二热交换器中冷却的各工艺流的温度互相间相差不超过10K；以及
f)其中，调节各子流的流量的阀门中的至少一个完全打开。
根据本发明，所要冷却的工艺流被分成两个或更多个、较佳地分成三个子流。这些子流的流量中的每一个借助于一个阀门来调节。在第一热交换器和第二热交换器中由辅助流来仅冷却第一且最大的子流。在此，执行冷却以降到辅助流的温度以上1K的温度。接着，将第二子流混合到以此方式冷却的工艺子流中，且由此形成的工艺流被输送回到第二热交换器，并在第二热交换器中由辅助流冷却。如果工艺流被分成三个或更多个子流，在每一个进一步的子流被混合入之后，由此形成的工艺流在第二热交换器中再次由辅助流冷却。根据本发明，两个或更多子流的流量被调节成，在第二热交换器的入口处，所有要被冷却的工艺流具有大致相等的温度。更具体地，在第二热交换器的入口处，所要冷却的各工艺流的温度互相间相差不超过10K、较佳地不超过5K、特别地不超过2K。由此，至多10K、较佳地至多5K、特别地至多2K的临时控制偏差是可接受的。此外，用于调节两个或更多个子流的流量的阀门中的至少一个是完全打开的。其结果是，控制元件(n+1个阀门)的数量与所控制的变量(n个温度差)的数量相匹配。与此同时，使工艺流中的压降最小。
根据本发明，所冷却的工艺流的子流现在穿过第一热交换器；其所具有的结果是，热负荷降低，同时辅助流蒸发器中的负荷上升。这样，在工艺流与辅助流之间存在明显的温度一致性。现有技术的方法中的最大温差是大于100K，而通过两个或更多个混合入的操作/分成三个或更多个子流，可将该温差降低到小于50K。这样，该温差在板式热交换器所允许的最大温差之下，根据制造商以及热交换器的几何形状，该所允许的最大温差在50到100K之间。
如果所使用的热交换器中的最大允许温差为至少70K，则在所要冷却的工艺流恰被分成两个子流时基本上是足够的。在这一情形中，第二或进一步的混合入的子流并不是绝对必要的。
借助于本发明的过程，可通过两个以上的混合入的操作来进一步减少所发生的最大温差。
由于本发明的过程，在氦冷冻系统的情形中，在冷冻回路中从冷却阶段开始向前进的整个可得到的高压氦流可由液氮来冷却，而不会超出板式热交换器中的各个通道之间的最大允许温差。为执行本发明的方法所需的附加设备和附加逻辑回路的支出是相对较低的。此外，本发明的方法还始终确保完全的操作安全性。
构成了从属权利要求主题的本发明的用辅助流来冷却工艺流的方法的进一步的有利构型的特征在于：
-将各子流的流量调节成，在进入第二热交换器之时，要在第二热交换器中冷却的各工艺流的温度互相间相差不超过5K、较佳地不超过2K；
-第一热交换器和/或第二热交换器呈板式热交换器的形式；
-所要冷却的工艺流是富含氢、氦或氖的气体；以及
-辅助流是富含氮的液体和/或富含氮的气体。
术语“富含氢的气体”、“富含氦的气体”、“富含氖的气体”、“富含氮的液体”和“富含氮的气体”各自应被理解为指的是所提到的成分的比例为至少90％体积、较佳地至少95％体积、特别地至少99％体积的气体或液体。
下面将结合图1所示的实施例来详细阐述本发明的用辅助流冷却工艺流的方法及其进一步的有利构型。
所示出的是本发明的用辅助流来冷却工艺流的两个实施例，例如可执行用于低温氦和氖冷冻系统、氢和氦液化器等。以下，所要冷却的工艺流应为氦，而辅助流是富含氮的流。
根据图1所示的第一实施例，所要冷却的氦工艺流1被分成两个子流2和2a。阀门a和b用来调节两个子流的流量。在热交换器E1和E2中将第一且最大的子流2冷却到辅助流或液氮9的温度以上约1K的温度。
在分离器D中将冷冻膨胀的富含氮的流8分成液相段9和气相段10。仅液相段9相对于热交换器E2中的所要冷却的上述氦子流2’逆流地被引导通过热交换器E2，并与气相段10混合，且组合后的富含氮的子流11接着相对于所要冷却的氦子流2逆流地被引导通过热交换器E1，之后经由管道12被抽出并回馈到图1中没有示出的循环压缩机中。
接着，第二氦子流2a被混合到在热交换器E1和E2中被冷却的氦子流3中。以此方式形成的氦工艺流4在热交换器E2中被冷却，冷却了的氦工艺流5接着被馈送到所要冷却的载荷和/或至少一个膨胀设备。
如果有至少两个将氦子流混合到热交换器E1和E2中的所要冷却的氦子流2中的操作，则需要将氦工艺流1分成三个子流2、2a和2b。该变化在图1中用以虚线显示的管道段2b、5’、6和7以及以虚线显示的控制阀c来示出。在本发明的方法的这一实施例中，在混合入氦子流2a之后于热交换器E2中被冷却的氦工艺流5’没有经管道5被抽出。相反，第三氦子流2b被混合入其中，并且如此形成的氦工艺流6于热交换器E2中被冷却，之后经由管道7而被抽出。
无论所要冷却的氦工艺流1是被分成两个、三个或三个以上的氦子流2、2a、2b……，氦子流2、2a和2b的流量都应借助于控制阀a、b和c而被调节成，在第二热交换器中要被冷却的工艺流2’、4和6的温度互相相差不超过10K、较佳地不超过5K、特别地不超过2K。
如果仅在特定的操作状态下、例如在持续操作过程中所需的控制/调节阀被设置在冷冻系统或液化设备中，这些可确保上述控制阀a、b和c中的一个的功能。借助于这一实施例，可以减少有关所需的配件或阀门的额外支出。

Claims (6)

1.一种用辅助流来冷却工艺流的方法，其中，在所述工艺流与所述辅助流之间的热交换是在第一热交换器和连接在所述第一热交换器下游的第二热交换器中进行的，
其特征在于，
a)将所述工艺流(1)分成两个或更多子流(2、2a、2b)，
b)每个所述子流(2、2a、2b)的流量各自借助于一个阀门(a、b、c)来调节，
c)在所述第一热交换器(E1)和所述第二热交换器(E2)中由所述辅助流(9、11)来仅冷却第一子流(2)，以及
d)将其他的子流(2a、2b)混合到已冷却的第一子流(3)中，且由此形成的所述工艺流在所述第二热交换器(E2)中被再次冷却，并且，在被分成多于两个子流(2a、2b)的情形中，在将每个子流混合入之后，在所述第二热交换器(E2)中再次对所述工艺流进行冷却，
e)其中，将各所述子流(2、2a、2b)的流量调节成，在进入所述第二热交换器(E2)之时，要在所述第二热交换器(E2)中冷却的各所述工艺流的温度互相间相差不超过10K，以及
f)其中，调节各所述子流的流量的所述阀门(a、b、c)中的至少一个完全打开。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，将各所述子流(2、2a、2b)的流量调节成，在进入所述第二热交换器(E2)之时，要在所述第二热交换器(E2)中冷却的各所述工艺流的温度互相间相差不超过5K。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，将各所述子流(2、2a、2b)的流量调节成，在进入所述第二热交换器(E2)之时，要在所述第二热交换器(E2)中冷却的各所述工艺流的温度互相间相差不超过2K。
4.如权利要求1或2所述的方法，其特征在于，所述第一热交换器(E1)和/或所述第二热交换器(E2)呈板式热交换器的形式。
5.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所要冷却的所述工艺流(1)为富含氢、氦或氖的气体。
6.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述辅助流(8－12)是富含氮的液体和/或富含氮的气体。
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