CN108002812A - 一种抗菌防霉降解甲醛的Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合吸音板 - Google Patents
一种抗菌防霉降解甲醛的Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合吸音板 Download PDFInfo
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- CN108002812A CN108002812A CN201711224833.6A CN201711224833A CN108002812A CN 108002812 A CN108002812 A CN 108002812A CN 201711224833 A CN201711224833 A CN 201711224833A CN 108002812 A CN108002812 A CN 108002812A
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- parts
- oyster shell
- shell whiting
- absorbing board
- mouldproof
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种抗菌防霉降解甲醛的Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合吸音板，包括以下成分及其重量份：Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合材料5‑20份、矿渣20‑40份、珍珠岩3‑15份、粉煤灰5‑18份、玻璃粉1‑5份、发泡剂0.2‑5份、助溶剂2‑15份、稳泡剂2‑8份。吸音板的制备方法包括粗贝壳粉制备、粗贝壳粉制备、纳米贝壳粉制备、Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合材料制备、复合吸音板制备。有益效果为：本发明吸音板可以吸收、阻隔噪音，吸音效果好，具有优异的抗菌防霉防污自洁性能；具有吸附、分解甲醛、苯、TVOC、氨气的作用，释放负氧离子和远红外线；复合吸音板闭孔率高，无塌陷现象，为贝壳资源的开发和利用提供新途径。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及环保材料技术领域，尤其是涉及一种抗菌防霉降解甲醛的Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合吸音板。
背景技术
吸音板是指板状的具有吸音减噪作用的材料，主要应用于影剧院、音乐厅、博物馆、展览馆、图书馆、审讯室、画廊、拍卖厅、体育馆、报告厅、多功能厅、酒店大堂、医院、商场、学校、琴房、会议室、演播室、录音室、KTV包房、酒吧、工业厂房、机房、家庭降噪等对声学环境要求较高及高档装修的场所。目前常用的石膏板是一种重量轻、强度较高、厚度较薄、加工方便以及吸音绝热和防火等性能较好的建筑材料，是当前着重发展的新型轻质板材之一。石膏板已广泛用于住宅、办公楼、商店、旅馆和工业厂房等各种建筑物的内隔墙、墙体覆面板、天花板、吸音板、地面基层板和各种装饰板等，但石膏板仍存在很多问题，如耐水性差，不宜用于潮湿环境中，在潮湿环境中容易发霉等缺点。有些吸音板利用海绵或聚酯纤维压合制成，该种方式制造的吸音板所用的材料会散发有害气体，如甲醛等，特别是在高温条件下，容易受热产生有害气体，对人体造成伤害，特别不环保。
现有技术如授权公告号为CN 103556735 B的中国发明专利，公开了一种石膏环保吸音板，其技术方案的要点是，将内置框架平放在模具上，内置框架内的短钢管插入立柱以后，采用石膏复合型发泡剂浇注在内置框架外围，内置框架完全镶嵌在复合型发泡剂的内部，经过静置固化处理、焙烧和冷却后，包装为石膏环保吸音板成品。石膏复合型发泡剂由熟石膏粉、凹凸棒陶土粉和过氧化氢等原料组成；石膏复合型发泡剂固化后与内置框架形成一个一体化的整体，增加了石膏环保吸音板的整体强度、抗弯曲能力和实际使用效果，不但有增强吸音和控制噪声污染的效果，还具有保温、吸附和净化空气的功能。石膏环保吸音板适用于安装在高速公路、高架桥、城市轻轨、地铁、工厂、仓库、公共场所等设施中。但是该吸音板抗菌防霉性差，使用寿命短。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种抗菌防霉降解甲醛的Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合吸音板，该复合吸音板可以吸收、阻隔噪音，吸音效果好，同时具有优异的抗菌防霉防污自洁性、保温性能和调节空气湿度功能，还具有吸附、分解甲醛、苯、TVOC、氨气的作用。
本发明针对上述技术中提到的问题，采取的技术方案为：
一种抗菌防霉降解甲醛的Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合吸音板，包括以下成分及其重量份：Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合材料5-20份、矿渣20-40份、珍珠岩3-15份、粉煤灰5-18份、玻璃粉1-5份、发泡剂0.2-5份、助溶剂2-15份、稳泡剂2-8份。该配方中各原料相互配合，可在降低的温度下熔融，把发泡剂产生的气体包覆于熔融体内，形成闭孔率较高的吸音材料，该复合吸音板可以吸收、阻隔噪音，吸音效果好，具有优异的抗菌防霉防污自洁性能，能够有效杀死空气中的各种流感和传染病病菌，解决了传统吸音板材不耐水，裂缝、脱粉、返潮后滋生大量细菌的问题，使用寿命长，还具有吸附、分解甲醛、苯、TVOC、氨气的作用，解决了室内温度、湿度，空气清新度问题，还能释放负氧离子和远红外线，有利于调节人体微循环，提高人们的睡眠质量。
优选的，发泡剂为氧化铝或碳酸钠或碳酸镁或碳酸钙或氧化铁或碳化硅。高温下，发泡剂会发生高温分解或氧化还原反应，产生挥发气体，并与材料基体共熔；同时溶剂性原料高温下共熔，形成高黏度的硅酸盐熔体，使气体无法轻易往外扩散，封闭在材料内部，引起材料整体膨胀。随着烧成温度的降低，被熔融的高温熔体封闭在材料内部的气体产生闭气孔。
优选的，助溶剂为重量比为1:10-18:15-22的氧化钾、氧化钙和硼砂混合。该助溶剂熔点较低，能够降低原料的始熔温度，调节高温熔融粘度，封闭住发泡剂反应产生的气体，从而制得大量闭气孔的多孔陶瓷材料。
一种抗菌防霉降解甲醛的Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合吸音板的制备方法，包括粗贝壳粉制备、粗贝壳粉制备、纳米贝壳粉制备、Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合材料制备、复合吸音板制备，具体包括以下步骤：
粗贝壳粉制备：将贝壳清洗干净，用稀酸溶液浸泡4-5h，再用稀碱液中和洗涤，去除贝壳表面杂质，最后用清水洗净，烘干，再在900-1000℃下煅烧2-3h，冷却至室温，研磨后过150-200目筛，即得粗贝壳粉，该步骤使得贝壳粉体中碳酸钙转化为氧化钙，降低碳酸钙的含量，增加有机物的含量，并大大增加贝壳粉中活性官能团的含量，煅烧可使贝壳粉中的碳酸钙变为多孔纤维状双螺旋体结构，此多孔结构有利于制成具有光触媒特性的生态壁材，同时也具有抑菌，杀菌能力；
纳米贝壳粉制备：向粗贝壳粉中加入粗贝壳粉重量1.7-2.2%的粉碎分散剂，然后使用纳米粉碎机粉碎，即得纳米贝壳粉，粉碎分散剂为重量比为1:1.1-1.3:0.02-0.03的PEG2000、六偏磷酸钠和右旋糖酐的混合物，该粉碎分散剂各成分能够发挥协同作用，使贝壳粉的Zeta电位绝对值增大，颗粒之间不易团聚，很容易扩散到贝壳粉粒子表面上，形成了牢固的包膜层，有效地降低粒子的表面活性，从而使外加的粉碎能量更集中于粒子的粉碎上，达到较为满意的粉碎分散状态，提高物料粉碎效率及其水分散性，纳米贝壳粉的粒径为20-100nm，该细度的纳米贝壳粉在制备Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合物时易于分散，和Bi2O3之间易于接触，使得Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合物的得率高，且可提高Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合物的抗菌性和稳定性，同时该细度的纳米贝壳粉的骨架结构具有多孔性，其自身具有吸附、分解（甲醛、苯、TVOC、氨气）的作用以及调节空气湿度等功能；
Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合材料制备：按重量份取硝酸铋10-13份、纳米贝壳粉20-26份、1.2-1.3mol/L的氢氧化钠溶液6-10份、碳酸钠6-8份、表面活性剂0.02-0.03份，将硝酸铋和纳米贝壳粉中加水，超声分散20-40min，然后滴加氢氧化钠溶液，再加入滴加碳酸钠和表面活性剂溶液，搅拌反应30-60min，反应结束后洗涤，抽滤，然后在60-80℃下真空干燥，将干燥后的粉体在450-550℃下煅烧2-3h，取出，研磨后过150-200目筛，得到Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合材料，该Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合材料是一种新型、高效、环境友好型的光催化材料，可以利用太阳光中的紫外光和可见光光谱，约占太阳光能量的44%，对太阳光的利用率相对较高，能够降解甲醛、苯、氨、氡、有机化合物TVOC、APEO等有机污染物为二氧化碳，在日光灯照射下48小时内甲醛去除率≥80%，达到JC/T1074-2008《室内空气净化功能涂敷材料净化性能》标准中“I类材料”的要求，同时具有良好的吸附、杀菌、呼吸调湿等作用，同时也为废弃贝壳资源的开发和利用提供新途径，兼具环保和经济意义；
复合吸音板制备：按重量份取Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合材料、矿渣、陶粒、粉煤灰、玻璃粉、发泡剂、助溶剂、稳泡剂，混合均匀，研磨至粒度为100-200目，然后将原料粉放入窑炉内，以3-8℃/min速率升温至300-400℃，保温20-30min，除去原料中的游离水和结合水，然后以15-25℃/min速率快速升温800-900℃烧成，保温30-90min后快速降温至300-400℃，然后在窑炉内自然冷却，出炉，根据需要切割成所需形状和尺寸，即得复合吸音板，该制备方法得到的复合吸音板闭孔率高，无塌陷现象，可以吸收、阻隔噪音，吸音效果好，也具有保温效果，具有优异的抗菌防霉防污自洁性能，解决了传统吸音板材不耐水，裂缝、脱粉、返潮后滋生大量细菌的问题，还具有吸附、分解甲醛、苯、TVOC、氨气的作用，解决了室内温度、湿度，空气清新度问题。
与现有技术相比，本发明的优点在于：
1）本发明复合吸音板可以吸收、阻隔噪音，吸音效果好，具有优异的抗菌防霉防污自洁性能，解决了传统吸音板材不耐水，裂缝、脱粉、返潮后滋生大量细菌的问题，使用寿命长；
2）本发明复合吸音板具有吸附、分解甲醛、苯、TVOC、氨气的作用，解决了室内温度、湿度，空气清新度问题，还能释放负氧离子和远红外线，有利于调节人体微循环，提高人们的睡眠质量；
3）本发明复合吸音板的配方中各原料相互配合，可在降低的温度下熔融，把发泡剂产生的气体包覆于熔融体内，形成闭孔率较高的吸音材料，同时赋予吸音板保温的功能；
4）本发明制备方法使得复合吸音板闭孔率高，无塌陷现象，同时也为废弃贝壳资源的开发和利用提供新途径，兼具环保和经济意义。
具体实施方式
下面通过实施例对本发明方案作进一步说明：
实施例1：
一种抗菌防霉降解甲醛的Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合吸音板，包括以下成分及其重量份：Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合材料5-20份、矿渣20-40份、珍珠岩3-15份、粉煤灰5-18份、玻璃粉1-5份、发泡剂0.2-5份、助溶剂2-15份、稳泡剂2-8份。上述发泡剂为氧化铝或碳酸钠或碳酸镁或碳酸钙或氧化铁或碳化硅；助溶剂为重量比为1:10-18:15-22的氧化钾、氧化钙和硼砂混合。
一种抗菌防霉降解甲醛的Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合吸音板的制备方法，包括粗贝壳粉制备、粗贝壳粉制备、纳米贝壳粉制备、Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合材料制备、复合吸音板制备，具体包括以下步骤：
1）粗贝壳粉制备：将贝壳清洗干净，用稀酸溶液浸泡4-5h，再用稀碱液中和洗涤，去除贝壳表面杂质，最后用清水洗净，烘干，再在900-1000℃下煅烧2-3h，冷却至室温，研磨后过150-200目筛，即得粗贝壳粉；
2）纳米贝壳粉制备：向粗贝壳粉中加入粗贝壳粉重量1.7-2.2%的粉碎分散剂，然后使用纳米粉碎机粉碎，即得粒径为20-100nm的纳米贝壳粉，粉碎分散剂为重量比为1:1.1-1.3:0.02-0.03的PEG2000、六偏磷酸钠和右旋糖酐的混合物；
3）Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合材料制备：按重量份取硝酸铋10-13份、纳米贝壳粉20-26份、1.2-1.3mol/L的氢氧化钠溶液6-10份、碳酸钠6-8份、表面活性剂0.02-0.03份，将硝酸铋和纳米贝壳粉中加水，超声分散20-40min，然后滴加氢氧化钠溶液，再加入滴加碳酸钠和表面活性剂溶液，搅拌反应30-60min，反应结束后洗涤，抽滤，然后在60-80℃下真空干燥，将干燥后的粉体在450-550℃下煅烧2-3h，取出，研磨后过150-200目筛，得到Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合材料；
4）复合吸音板制备：按重量份取Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合材料、矿渣、陶粒、粉煤灰、玻璃粉、发泡剂、助溶剂、稳泡剂，混合均匀，研磨至粒度为100-200目，然后将原料粉放入窑炉内，以3-8℃/min速率升温至300-400℃，保温20-30min，除去原料中的游离水和结合水，然后以15-25℃/min速率快速升温800-900℃烧成，保温30-90min后快速降温至300-400℃，然后在窑炉内自然冷却，出炉，根据需要切割成所需形状和尺寸，即得复合吸音板。
实施例2：
一种抗菌防霉降解甲醛的Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合吸音板，包括以下成分及其重量份：Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合材料18份、矿渣22份、珍珠岩13份、粉煤灰6份、玻璃粉5份、发泡剂5份、助溶剂13份、稳泡剂8份。上述发泡剂为氧化铝；助溶剂为重量比为1:10-18:15-22的氧化钾、氧化钙和硼砂混合。
一种抗菌防霉降解甲醛的Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合吸音板的制备方法，包括粗贝壳粉制备、粗贝壳粉制备、纳米贝壳粉制备、Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合材料制备、复合吸音板制备，具体包括以下步骤：
1）粗贝壳粉制备：将贝壳清洗干净，用稀酸溶液浸泡5h，再用稀碱液中和洗涤，去除贝壳表面杂质，最后用清水洗净，烘干，再在900℃下煅烧3h，冷却至室温，研磨后过150目筛，即得粗贝壳粉；
2）纳米贝壳粉制备：向粗贝壳粉中加入粗贝壳粉重量2.2%的粉碎分散剂，然后使用纳米粉碎机粉碎，即得粒径为20-100nm的纳米贝壳粉，粉碎分散剂为重量比为1:1.1:0.03的PEG2000、六偏磷酸钠和右旋糖酐的混合物；
3）Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合材料制备：按重量份取硝酸铋10份、纳米贝壳粉26份、1.2mol/L的氢氧化钠溶液10份、碳酸钠6份、表面活性剂0.03份，将硝酸铋和纳米贝壳粉中加水，超声分散20min，然后滴加氢氧化钠溶液，再加入滴加碳酸钠和表面活性剂溶液，搅拌反应60min，反应结束后洗涤，抽滤，然后在60℃下真空干燥，将干燥后的粉体在550℃下煅烧2h，取出，研磨后过150目筛，得到Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合材料；
4）复合吸音板制备：按重量份取Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合材料、矿渣、陶粒、粉煤灰、玻璃粉、发泡剂、助溶剂、稳泡剂，混合均匀，研磨至粒度为100-200目，然后将原料粉放入窑炉内，以8℃/min速率升温至300℃，保温30min，除去原料中的游离水和结合水，然后以15℃/min速率快速升温900℃烧成，保温30min后快速降温至300℃，然后在窑炉内自然冷却，出炉，根据需要切割成所需形状和尺寸，即得复合吸音板。
实施例3：
一种抗菌防霉降解甲醛的Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合吸音板，包括以下成分及其重量份：Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合材料17份、矿渣30份、珍珠岩10份、粉煤灰12份、玻璃粉3份、发泡剂2份、助溶剂8份、稳泡剂5份。上述发泡剂为重量比为1:0.2的碳酸钠和碳化硅混合物；助溶剂为重量比为1:14:15-22的氧化钾、氧化钙和硼砂混合。
一种抗菌防霉降解甲醛的Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合吸音板的制备方法，包括粗贝壳粉制备、粗贝壳粉制备、纳米贝壳粉制备、Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合材料制备、复合吸音板制备，具体包括以下步骤：
1）粗贝壳粉制备：将贝壳清洗干净，用稀酸溶液浸泡4.5h，再用稀碱液中和洗涤，去除贝壳表面杂质，最后用清水洗净，烘干，再在950℃下煅烧2.5h，冷却至室温，研磨后过180目筛，即得粗贝壳粉；
2）纳米贝壳粉制备：向粗贝壳粉中加入粗贝壳粉重量2.0%的粉碎分散剂，然后使用纳米粉碎机粉碎，即得粒径为20-100nm的纳米贝壳粉，粉碎分散剂为重量比为1:1.2:0.025的PEG2000、六偏磷酸钠和右旋糖酐的混合物；
3）Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合材料制备：按重量份取硝酸铋12份、纳米贝壳粉23份、1.25mol/L的氢氧化钠溶液8份、碳酸钠7份、表面活性剂0.025份，将硝酸铋和纳米贝壳粉中加水，超声分散30min，然后滴加氢氧化钠溶液，再加入滴加碳酸钠和表面活性剂溶液，搅拌反应45min，反应结束后洗涤，抽滤，然后在70℃下真空干燥，将干燥后的粉体在500℃下煅烧2.5h，取出，研磨后过180目筛，得到Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合材料；
4）复合吸音板制备：按重量份取Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合材料、矿渣、陶粒、粉煤灰、玻璃粉、发泡剂、助溶剂、稳泡剂，混合均匀，研磨至粒度为100-200目，然后将原料粉放入窑炉内，以5℃/min速率升温至350℃，保温25min，除去原料中的游离水和结合水，然后以20℃/min速率快速升温850℃烧成，保温60min后快速降温至350℃，然后在窑炉内自然冷却，出炉，根据需要切割成所需形状和尺寸，即得复合吸音板。
实施例4：
一种抗菌防霉降解甲醛的Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合吸音板，包括以下成分及其重量份：Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合材料17份、矿渣30份、珍珠岩10份、粉煤灰12份、玻璃粉3份、发泡剂2份、助溶剂8份、稳泡剂5份。上述发泡剂为重量比为1:0.2的碳酸钠和碳化硅混合物；助溶剂为重量比为1:14:15-22的氧化钾、氧化钙和硼砂混合。
一种抗菌防霉降解甲醛的Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合吸音板的制备方法，包括粗贝壳粉制备、粗贝壳粉制备、纳米贝壳粉制备、Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合材料制备、复合吸音板制备，具体包括以下步骤：
1）粗贝壳粉制备：将贝壳清洗干净，用稀酸溶液浸泡4.5h，再用稀碱液中和洗涤，去除贝壳表面杂质，最后用清水洗净，烘干，再在950℃下煅烧2.5h，冷却至室温，研磨后过180目筛，即得粗贝壳粉；
2）纳米贝壳粉制备：按重量比为100:0.38-0.52向粗贝壳粉中加入酒石酸二乙酯，搅拌1-2h，再按固液比为1:8-12加入0.1mol/L AgNO3溶液，搅拌3-5h，过滤干燥，然后向干燥粉末中加入粗贝壳粉重量2.0%的粉碎分散剂，然后使用纳米粉碎机粉碎，即得粒径为20-100nm的纳米贝壳粉，粉碎分散剂为重量比为1:1.2:0.025的PEG2000、六偏磷酸钠和右旋糖酐的混合物，上述酒石酸二乙酯中L-酒石酸二乙酯和D-酒石酸二乙酯的重量比为100:1.32-1.36，酒石酸二乙酯的加入可以与粗贝壳粉中的活性基团发生聚合反应，为贝壳粉上结合Ag离子提供更多的活性基团，同时可得到新的手性物质，大大提高贝壳粉识别真菌等细菌的能力，进而快速灭杀细菌，而D-酒石酸二乙酯的加入提高反应的立体选择性，增加手性反应物的得率，该纳米贝壳粉的活性官能团中结合有纳米银，能够提高纳米贝壳粉的抗菌性和抗菌稳定性；
3）Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合材料制备：按重量份取硝酸铋12份、纳米贝壳粉23份、1.25mol/L的氢氧化钠溶液8份、碳酸钠7份、表面活性剂0.025份，将硝酸铋和纳米贝壳粉中加水，超声分散30min，然后滴加氢氧化钠溶液，再加入滴加碳酸钠和表面活性剂溶液，搅拌反应45min，反应结束后洗涤，抽滤，然后在70℃下真空干燥，将干燥后的粉体在500℃下煅烧2.5h，取出，研磨后过180目筛，得到Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合材料；
4）复合吸音板制备：按重量份取Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合材料、矿渣、陶粒、粉煤灰、玻璃粉、发泡剂、助溶剂、稳泡剂，混合均匀，研磨至粒度为100-200目，然后将原料粉放入窑炉内，以5℃/min速率升温至350℃，保温25min，除去原料中的游离水和结合水，然后以20℃/min速率快速升温850℃烧成，保温60min后快速降温至350℃，然后在窑炉内自然冷却，出炉，根据需要切割成所需形状和尺寸，即得复合吸音板。
实施例5：
吸音性能测试：
按照《驻波管法吸声系数与声阻抗率测量规范》（GBJ 88-85），标准试件采用直径96mm，高100mm的圆柱体，每组含三块标准试件，每个影响因素取3-4组，针对每个测量频率，应取三个标准试件测量的吸声系数平均值作为该频率下的最终吸声系数。采用驻波管吸声系数测试系统测量实施例3产品和市售吸声材料，配合计算机测试软件，测试驻波管内传声器的峰点和谷点的声级，然后自动计算出材料在各个频率下产品垂直入射对应的吸声系数，结果如表1所示。
表1 产品的吸声系数
由表1可知，实施例3产品在任何中心频率的吸声系数均高于市售吸声材料，说明实施例3产品的吸声效果较好，声音在实施例3产品中传播容易与孔道发生更多的碰撞和摩擦，消耗更多的声能。
本发明的操作步骤中的常规操作为本领域技术人员所熟知，在此不进行赘述。
以上所述的实施例对本发明的技术方案进行了详细说明，应理解的是以上所述仅为本发明的具体实施例，并不用于限制本发明，凡在本发明的原则范围内所做的任何修改、补充或类似方式替代等，均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (10)
1.一种抗菌防霉降解甲醛的Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合吸音板，其特征在于：所述复合吸音板的成分及其重量份为：Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合材料5-20份、矿渣20-40份、珍珠岩3-15份、粉煤灰5-18份、玻璃粉1-5份、发泡剂0.2-5份、助溶剂2-15份、稳泡剂2-8份。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种抗菌防霉降解甲醛的Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合吸音板，其特征在于：所述发泡剂为氧化铝或碳酸钠或碳酸镁或碳酸钙或氧化铁或碳化硅。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种抗菌防霉降解甲醛的Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合吸音板，其特征在于：所述助溶剂为重量比为1:10-18:15-22的氧化钾、氧化钙和硼砂混合。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种抗菌防霉降解甲醛的Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合吸音板，其特征在于：所述复合吸音板制备方法包括以下步骤：
1）粗贝壳粉制备：将贝壳清洗干净，用稀酸溶液浸泡，再用稀碱液中和洗涤，最后用清水洗净，烘干，再煅烧，冷却至室温，研磨后过筛，即得粗贝壳粉；
2）纳米贝壳粉制备：向粗贝壳粉中加入粉碎分散剂，然后使用纳米粉碎机粉碎，即得纳米贝壳粉；
3）Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合材料制备：将硝酸铋和纳米贝壳粉中加水，超声分散，然后滴加氢氧化钠溶液，再加入滴加碳酸钠和表面活性剂溶液，搅拌反应，反应结束后洗涤，抽滤，干燥，煅烧，取出，研磨后过筛，得到Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合材料；
4）复合吸音板制备：按重量份取Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合材料、矿渣、陶粒、粉煤灰、玻璃粉、发泡剂、助溶剂、稳泡剂，混合均匀，研磨，然后将原料粉放入窑炉内，烧成，出炉，根据需要切割成所需形状和尺寸，即得复合吸音板。
5.根据权利要求4所述的一种抗菌防霉降解甲醛的Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合吸音板的制备方法，其特征在于：所述步骤1中稀酸溶液浸泡4-5h，煅烧温度为900-1000℃下，煅烧时间为2-3h。
6.根据权利要求4所述的一种抗菌防霉降解甲醛的Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合吸音板的制备方法，其特征在于：所述步骤2中粉碎分散剂的添加量为粗贝壳粉重量1.7-2.2%，所述粉碎分散剂为重量比为1:1.1-1.3:0.02-0.03的PEG2000、六偏磷酸钠和右旋糖酐的混合物。
7.根据权利要求4所述的一种抗菌防霉降解甲醛的Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合吸音板的制备方法，其特征在于：所述步骤2中纳米贝壳粉的粒径为20-100nm。
8.根据权利要求4所述的一种抗菌防霉降解甲醛的Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合吸音板的制备方法，其特征在于：所述步骤3中Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合材料的原料的重量份为：硝酸铋10-13份、纳米贝壳粉20-26份、1.2-1.3mol/L的氢氧化钠溶液6-10份、碳酸钠6-8份、表面活性剂0.02-0.03份。
9.根据权利要求4所述的一种抗菌防霉降解甲醛的Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合吸音板的制备方法，其特征在于：所述步骤3中煅烧温度为450-550℃，煅烧时间为2-3h。
10.根据权利要求4所述的一种抗菌防霉降解甲醛的Bi2O3/贝壳粉复合吸音板的制备方法，其特征在于：所述步骤4中烧成工艺为：以3-8℃/min速率升温至300-400℃，保温20-30min，然后以15-25℃/min速率快速升温800-900℃烧成，保温30-90min后快速降温至300-400℃，然后在窑炉内自然冷却。
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