CN107991179A - A kind of method for measuring strain inducing martensitic traoformation kinetic curve - Google Patents
A kind of method for measuring strain inducing martensitic traoformation kinetic curve Download PDFInfo
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- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/08—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying steady tensile or compressive forces
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/0014—Type of force applied
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/0058—Kind of property studied
- G01N2203/0069—Fatigue, creep, strain-stress relations or elastic constants
- G01N2203/0075—Strain-stress relations or elastic constants
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/02—Details not specific for a particular testing method
- G01N2203/025—Geometry of the test
- G01N2203/0252—Monoaxial, i.e. the forces being applied along a single axis of the specimen
Abstract
A kind of method for measuring strain inducing martensitic traoformation kinetic curve, includes the following steps：The metal material of the phase containing metastable austenite, is made standard tensile specimen by S1, is carried out tension test and is obtained stress-strain diagram；S2, by the metal material of the phase containing metastable austenite be made " stairstepping " tensile sample with N number of deformation section, and tension test is carried out under the environment and strain rate identical with step S1 to sample fracture；The strain inducing martensite content f of N number of deformation section characteristic portion in S3, determination step S2α′；S4, obtain the corresponding N groups strain stress that locates in step S3；S5, the strain inducing martensitic traoformation kinetic curve for having obtained the metal material of phase containing metastable austenite.The advantage of the invention is that：For the metal material of phase containing metastable austenite, while measuring the metal material stress-strain diagram data of phase containing metastable austenite, the strain inducing martensitic traoformation kinetic curve of the metal material of phase containing metastable austenite can be also measured, is killed two birds with one stone.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to Analysis of Metallic Materials field, and in particular to one kind measure strain inducing martensitic traoformation dynamics is bent
The method of line.
Background technology
It is current structural metallic materials research that its intensity is improved on the premise of Plastic Deformation of Metal Materials ability is not reduced
Important directions, in conventional experience improve metal material intensity often lose its part plastic deformation ability, but
Result of study in recent years shows to answer Microstructure Design for what high intensity matrix phase and hard second phase or metastable phase were formed
Phase constitution can improve the intensity and plasticity of metal material at the same time, wherein being answered by high intensity matrix phase with what metastable austenite was mutually formed
Phase constitution is widely used in the organization design of the advanced high-strength steel of the third generation, and this organization design thought has been extended to
The high intensity inductile metal material field such as amorphous and high-entropy alloy.Metastable austenite is mutually in certain environment (for example, temperature and Jie
Matter when) in deform especially plastic deformation when strain inducing martensitic traoformation occurs, this postponed stress concentrate and
Caused crack initiation, namely the plastic deformation ability of material is improved, it is referred to as phase change induction plasticity
(Transformation-induced plasticity,TRIP)。
Martensitic traoformation occurs in deformation process for the metal material of phase containing metastable austenite causes to add one kind in parent phase
Reciprocation, and martensite are occurred for the crystal defect in the parent phase with around by cenotype, martensite in subsequent deformation process
Itself elastic-plastic deformation will also occur, this will match somebody with somebody the tensile strength of material, uniform elongation, processing hardening and each alternate stress
The macro-microscopic mechanics behavior that grades has an important influence on, so strain inducing martensitic traoformation dynamics is to inquire into contain metastable austenite
The significant data of phase metal material macro-microscopic mechanics behavior, therefore the always research emphasis of association area.Olson and Cohen
A kind of well accepted strain inducing Kinetics Model For Martensitic Transformation, f are proposed based on Germicidal efficacy in 1974α′=1-
exp{-β[1-exp(-αε)]n, wherein, fα′It is strain inducing Martensite Volume Fraction, the first factor alpha is the formation of deformation band
Speed, the second factor beta are the probability that deformation band intersection point forms martensite core, and the 3rd coefficient n is equal to 4.5 constant, other
Model is then amendment or the variation of Olson-Cohen models mostly.
The strain inducing martensitic traoformation kinetic curve assay method used at present can be divided into ex situ method and in-situ method
Two kinds.Ex situ method：N number of standard specimen is subjected to difference and determines strain deformation experiment, then using X-ray diffraction, Magnetic testi instrument
And the methods of backscattered electron diffraction tests the martensite content in N number of sample, finally intended using Olson-Cohen models
Close；In-situ method：1 sample is subjected to original position stretching in the device equipped with synchrotron radiation or neutron diffraction, should by what is obtained
Become and martensite content data carry out Olson-Cohen models fittings.Obviously, ex situ method needs to carry out more experiment ability
Obtain believable strain inducing martensitic traoformation kinetic curve, although and in-situ method experimental amount is seldom, synchrotron radiation and
Neutron diffraction experimental provision resource is limited, it is difficult to is realized in common laboratory.
The content of the invention
The purpose of the present invention is to overcome above-mentioned the deficiencies in the prior art, there is provided one kind measure strain inducing martensitic phase changes
The method of force diagram.
To achieve the above object, present invention employs following technical scheme：
A kind of method for measuring strain inducing martensitic traoformation kinetic curve, includes the following steps：
S1, by the metal material of the phase containing metastable austenite be made standard tensile specimen, is needing to measure strain inducing geneva
Tension test is carried out under the environment and strain rate of body transition kinetics curve and obtains load-deformation curve, the stress-strain is bent
Line includes the stress-strain part of plastic period and the stress-strain part of elastic deformation stage；
S2, by the metal material of the phase containing metastable austenite be made " stairstepping " tensile sample with N number of deformation section, with
Tension test is carried out under environment identical step S1 and strain rate to sample fracture；
The strain inducing martensite content f of N number of deformation section characteristic portion in S3, determination step S2α′, the deformation section feature
Position becomes the arbitrary point of cross section for " stairstepping " tensile sample；
S4, establish finite element model, by the corresponding number in stress-strain part of the plastic period obtained in step S1
According to the constitutive model data as finite element simulation calculation, stress of simulation " stairstepping " tensile sample in drawing process-should
Become distribution, obtain the corresponding N groups strain stress that locates in step S3；
S5, the strain inducing martensite content f by the deformation section characteristic portion in step S3 and S4α′With the correspondence that locates
The data of N group strain stress described point is carried out in reference axis, with fα′It is axis of abscissas for axis of ordinates, ε, uses Olson-Cohen
Model fα′=1-exp {-β [1-exp (- α ε)]nThe first factor alpha, the second factor beta, the 3rd coefficient n are fitted, and in reference axis
In draw out matched curve, that is, the strain inducing martensitic traoformation dynamics for having obtained the metal material of phase containing metastable austenite is bent
Line.
Optimization, in step s3, measure strain inducing martensite content fα′Method be：It is being broken using ferrite instrument
Specimen surface is measured or removes N number of deformation section wire cutting and measured using X-ray diffraction analysis technology.
Optimization, " step type " tensile sample of N number of deformation section is divided into along the symmetrical two parts of median plane, by middle part to two
Two adjacent deformation sections in side direction, are less than the section of the deformation section by side, the change by the section of the deformation section at middle part
The section of shape section and centerline parallel.
Optimization, the shape of " step type " tensile sample of N number of deformation section includes the following steps in making step S2：
S21, obtain the differences of tensile strength A of the standard tensile specimen in tension test with yield strength B and between the two
Value, and by difference N/2-1 deciles, it is respectively σ to obtain N/2 stress valuei=A-i (A-B)/(N/2-1), wherein i=0,1,2,
3,4……(N/2-1)；
The length direction and centerline parallel of S22, setting " stairstepping " tensile sample, width and thickness direction with
Central axis；
Maximum, force of " stairstepping " tensile sample in tension test is F, the width of the N/2 deformation section from middle part to side
Degree is respectively wi=F/ (δ σi), i=0,1,2,3,4 ... (N/2-1)；
S23, two deformations adjacent and that width is different are intersegmental to be equipped with arc structure, and the radius of arc structure is equal to adjacent two
The width of relatively narrow deformation section in a deformation section.
Optimization, the both ends of " stairstepping " tensile sample are respectively equipped with bare terminal end.
Optimization, the characteristic portion in the step S3 is arranged on the change path position of deformation section, the reducing of each deformation section
Position measurement is multiple, calculates strain inducing martensite content f of the average value as corresponding deformation sectionα′。
The step of optimizing, finite element model and analysis are established in the step S4 is as follows：
S41, using finite element analysis software establish corresponding with " stairstepping " tensile sample mathematical model, then to being built
Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio and the density of vertical mathematical model definition material, and the plastic period to be obtained in step S1
The plastic deformation behavior of the data definition material of stress-strain part, the section attribute of definition material is isotropism entity material
Material；
S42, create boundary condition, and a bare terminal end of " stairstepping " tensile sample is fixed, and another bare terminal end is to set speed
Degree carries out uniaxial tension, then carries out mesh generation to the mathematical model of " stairstepping " tensile sample, is converted into finite element model；
S43, analyze above-mentioned finite element model, obtains Strain Distribution cloud atlas, using data probe above-mentioned each
The reducing position measurement of deformation section, averages as corresponding deformation section after the reducing position measurement of each deformation section is multiple
Strain stress.
Optimization, the mesh generation in step S42 is adaptive meshing algorithm, free mesh, scans mesh generation
Middle one kind.
Optimization, the finite element analysis software is Abaqus softwares.
The beneficial effects of the present invention are：For the metal material of phase containing metastable austenite, measurement is mutually golden containing metastable austenite
While belonging to material stress-strain curve data, the strain inducing geneva of the metal material of phase containing metastable austenite can be also measured
Body transition kinetics curve, kills two birds with one stone, saves measurement expense；In addition measuring method using the present invention lures to measure strain
Martensitic traoformation dynamics is led, speed is fast, improves measurement efficiency.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the diagrammatic cross-section of " stairstepping " tensile sample in the present invention.
Fig. 2 is the diagrammatic cross-section of Plays tensile sample of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is in room temperature and with 6 × 10 in the present invention-4s-1Strain rate carry out tension test obtain complete stress-
Strain curve figure.
Fig. 4 is the dimensional drawing of " stairstepping " tensile sample section each several part in the embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 5 is test position schematic diagram of the present invention.
Fig. 6 is finite element model figure in the embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 7 is the Strain Distribution cloud atlas drawn in the embodiment of the present invention by finite element model analysis.
Fig. 8 is that the strain inducing martensitic phase of the metal material of phase containing metastable austenite obtained in the embodiment of the present invention changes
Force diagram figure.
Embodiment
Below by specific embodiment, the present invention is described in further detail.
In following embodiments the metal material of phase containing metastable austenite by weight percentage, alloying element include 0.010~
0.080% C ,≤2.00% Mn ,≤0.035% P ,≤0.020% S ,≤0.75% Si, 8.00~10.50%
Ni, 18.00~20.00% Cr ,≤0.10% N, surplus Fe.
S1, by the metal material of the phase containing metastable austenite according to GB/T228.1-2010《Metal material stretching test the 1st
Point：Room temperature test method》Or GB/T13239-2006《Metal material cryogenic tensile test method》Standard as shown in Figure 2 is made
Tensile sample, at room temperature with 6 × 10-4s-1Strain rate carry out tension test obtain load-deformation curve, the stress-should
Varied curve includes the stress-strain part of plastic period and the stress-strain part of elastic deformation stage.
S2, by the metal material of the phase containing metastable austenite be made " stairstepping " tensile sample with 12 deformation sections,
Tension test is carried out under the environment identical with step S1 and strain rate to sample fracture.
Wherein, " step type " tensile sample of N number of deformation section is divided into along the symmetrical two parts of median plane, by middle part to both sides
Two adjacent deformation sections on direction, are less than the section of the deformation section by side, the deformation by the section of the deformation section at middle part
The section of section and centerline parallel.
In detail, the step of " stairstepping " tensile sample of 12 deformation sections of making is as follows：
S21, obtain the standard tensile specimen tensile strength A (810MPa) in tension test and yield strength B
(260MPa) and difference (550MPa) between the two, and by 5 decile of difference, σ can be obtained0=810MPa, σ1=700MPa, σ2
=590MPa, σ3=480MPa, σ4=370MPa and σ5Six stress values of=260MPa；
The length direction and centerline parallel of S22, setting " stairstepping " tensile sample, width and thickness direction with
Central axis, the thickness of " stairstepping " tensile sample is δ, the length of N number of deformation section is L0.Set " stairstepping " stretching examination
Maximum, force of the sample in tension test is F, then in order to obtain σ0~σ5Six stress values, the width of each rectangle deformation section should
Respectively w0=F/ (δ σ0)、w1=F/ (δ σ1)、w2=F/ (δ σ2)、w3=F/ (δ σ3)、w4=F/ (δ σ4) and w5=F/ (δ σ5), then
w0:w1:w2:w3:w4:w5=1/ σ0:1/σ1:1/σ2:1/σ3:1/σ4:1/σ5=1:1.16:1.37:1.69:2.19:3.12, take and appoint
One amplification coefficient, you can the width of " stairstepping " tensile sample homogeneous deformation section is obtained, for ease of sample processing and strain inducing
Martensite content is tested, and it is 8 that the present embodiment, which takes amplification coefficient, and width unit is mm, then w0=8mm, w1=9mm, w2=
11mm、w3=14mm, w4=18mm, w5=25mm；
S13, two adjacent homogeneous deformations are intersegmental is equipped with arc structure, and the radius of arc structure is equal to two adjacent deformation sections
In relatively narrow deformation section width, the width of arc structures all in this embodiment is set to d0。
When meeting the requirement of Fig. 1, the thickness δ of " stairstepping " tensile sample, the length L of deformation section0With arc structure
Width d0Can arbitrarily it choose, for ease of sample processing and the test of strain inducing martensite content, the present embodiment takes δ=3mm, L0=
6mm, d0=3mm, the both ends of " stairstepping " tensile sample further respectively have bare terminal end 1, and specific size is as shown in Figure 4.
The strain inducing martensite content f of N number of deformation section characteristic portion in S3, determination step S2α′, the deformation section feature
Position becomes the arbitrary point of cross section for " stairstepping " tensile sample.The embodiment is to use ferrite instrument along fracture sample surface
12 deformation sections of measure become the strain inducing martensite content f at path positionα′, as shown in figure 5, being asked after each position measurement 3 times
Average value obtains 12 strain inducing martensite content fα′, and standard deviation is calculated, 12 strain inducing martensite content fα′
It is as shown in table 1 with standard deviation；
| Numbering | Measured value three times | fα′± standard deviation (%) | Numbering | Measured value three times | fα′± standard deviation (%) |
| 1 | 0.31,0.29,0.31 | 0.30±0.012 | 7 | 27.5,26,2 5.9 | 26.48±0.896 |
| 2 | 1.3,1.2,1.2 | 1.23±0.058 | 8 | 15.8,15.7,14.9 | 15.47±0.493 |
| 3 | 3.7,4.1,4.1 | 4.37±0.231 | 9 | 8.3,8.6,7.8 | 8.23±0.404 |
| 4 | 7.7,7.5,7.1 | 7.43±0.306 | 10 | 4.6,4.9,4.7 | 4.73±0.153 |
| 5 | 15.8,14.3,14.9 | 15.00±0.755 | 11 | 1.1,0.98,1.0 | 1.03±0.064 |
| 6 | 26.9,27.2,25.4 | 26.50±0.964 | 12 | 0.19,0.18,0.18 | 0.18±0.006 |
S4, establish finite element model, by the corresponding number in stress-strain part of the plastic period obtained in step S1
According to the constitutive model data as finite element simulation calculation, stress of simulation " stairstepping " tensile sample in drawing process-should
Become distribution, obtain the corresponding N groups strain stress that locates in step S3；
Comprise the following steps that：
S41, use Abaqus softwares foundation mathematical model corresponding with " stairstepping " tensile sample, mathematical model such as Fig. 6
It is shown, then Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio and the density to the mathematical model definition material established, and to be obtained in step S1
The plastic deformation behavior of the data definition material of the stress-strain part of plastic period, the section attribute of definition material are
Isotropism solid material；
S42, establishment boundary condition fix a bare terminal end 1, and another bare terminal end 1 carries out uniaxial tension with certain speed, so
Mesh generation is carried out to model afterwards, is converted into finite element model, mesh generation can use different nets according to the shape of structure
Lattice dividing mode, such as adaptive meshing algorithm, free mesh, scan mesh generation, and grid will ensure certain precision,
To ensure the accuracy of result of calculation, the finite element model shown in Fig. 6 is established；
S43, analyze above-mentioned finite element model, draws Strain Distribution cloud atlas, as shown in fig. 7, using data probe
(probe value) is in measure strain inducing martensite content fα′Correspondence position measure 3 times after, average i.e. obtain 12
Strain stress, and standard deviation is calculated, 12 strain stress and standard deviation are as shown in table 2；
| Numbering | Measured value three times | ε ± standard deviations | Numbering | Measured value three times | ε ± standard deviations |
| 1 | 0.124,0.127,0.138 | 0.130±0.0074 | 7 | 0.456,0.448,0.452 | 0.452±0.0040 |
| 2 | 0.174,0.169,0.170 | 0.171±0.0027 | 8 | 0.370,0.371,0.367 | 0.369±0.0021 |
| 3 | 0.239,0.240,0.246 | 0.242±0.0038 | 9 | 0.299,0.299,0.296 | 0.298±0.0017 |
| 4 | 0.296,0.299,0.298 | 0.298±0.0015 | 10 | 0.244,0.244,0.238 | 0.242±0.0035 |
| 5 | 0.365,0.369,0.365 | 0.366±0.0023 | 11 | 0.174,0.174,0.169 | 0.172±0.0029 |
| 6 | 0.450,0.455,0.446 | 0.450±0.0045 | 12 | 0.128,0.128,0.131 | 0.129±0.0017 |
S5, by the corresponding strain inducing martensite content f of numbering 1~12 in table 1 and 2α′With strain stress data in reference axis
Described point is carried out, with strain inducing martensite content fα′It is axis of abscissas for axis of ordinates, strain stress, uses classical Olson-
Cohen models fα′=1-exp {-β [1-exp (- α ε)]nFit the first factor alpha=1.9, the second factor beta=3.8, the 3rd system
Number n=4.5, and matched curve is drawn out in reference axis, that is, obtain the strain inducing of the metal material of phase containing metastable austenite
Martensitic traoformation kinetic curve, as shown in Figure 8.
It these are only the preferred embodiment of the invention, be not intended to limit the invention creation, it is all in the present invention
All any modification, equivalent and improvement made within the spirit and principle of creation etc., should be included in the guarantor of the invention
Within the scope of shield.
Claims (9)
- A kind of 1. method for measuring strain inducing martensitic traoformation kinetic curve, it is characterised in that include the following steps：S1, by the metal material of the phase containing metastable austenite be made standard tensile specimen, is needing to measure strain inducing martensitic phase Tension test, which is carried out, under the environment and strain rate of variation force diagram obtains load-deformation curve, the load-deformation curve bag Include the stress-strain part of plastic period and the stress-strain part of elastic deformation stage；S2, by the metal material of the phase containing metastable austenite be made " stairstepping " tensile sample with N number of deformation section, and step Tension test is carried out under environment identical S1 and strain rate to sample fracture；The strain inducing martensite content f of N number of deformation section characteristic portion in S3, determination step S2α′, the deformation section characteristic portion Become the arbitrary point of cross section for " stairstepping " tensile sample；S4, establish finite element model, and the corresponding data in the stress-strain part of the plastic period obtained in step S1 are made For the constitutive model data of finite element simulation calculation, stress-strain point of simulation " stairstepping " tensile sample in drawing process Cloth, obtains the corresponding N groups strain stress that locates in step S3；S5, the strain inducing martensite content f by the deformation section characteristic portion in step S3 and S4α′With the corresponding N that locates The data of group strain stress carry out described point in reference axis, with fα′It is axis of abscissas for axis of ordinates, ε, uses Olson-Cohen moulds Type fα′=1-exp {-β [1-exp (- α ε)]nThe first factor alpha, the second factor beta, the 3rd coefficient n are fitted, and in reference axis Matched curve is drawn out, that is, has obtained the strain inducing martensitic traoformation kinetic curve of the metal material of phase containing metastable austenite.
- 2. a kind of method for measuring strain inducing martensitic traoformation kinetic curve according to claim 1, its feature exist In, in step s3, measure strain inducing martensite content fα′Method be：Using ferrite instrument in fracture sample surface measurements Or N number of deformation section wire cutting is removed and is measured using X-ray diffraction analysis technology.
- 3. a kind of method for measuring strain inducing martensitic traoformation kinetic curve according to claim 1, its feature exist In " step type " tensile sample of N number of deformation section is divided into along the symmetrical two parts of median plane, adjacent by middle part to two side directions Two deformation sections, by middle part deformation section section be less than by side deformation section section, the section of the deformation section with Centerline parallel.
- 4. a kind of method for measuring strain inducing martensitic traoformation kinetic curve according to claim 3, its feature exist In the shape of " step type " tensile sample of N number of deformation section includes the following steps in making step S2：S21, obtain the differences of tensile strength A of the standard tensile specimen in tension test with yield strength B and between the two, and By difference N/2-1 deciles, it is respectively σ to obtain N/2 stress valuei=A-i (A-B)/(N/2-1), wherein i=0,1,2,3, 4……(N/2-1)；The length direction and centerline parallel of S22, setting " stairstepping " tensile sample, width and thickness direction are and center Line is vertical；Maximum, force of " stairstepping " tensile sample in tension test is F, and the width of the N/2 deformation section from middle part to side divides Wei not wi=F/ (δ σi), i=0,1,2,3,4 ... (N/2-1)；S23, two deformations adjacent and that width is different are intersegmental to be equipped with arc structure, and the radius of arc structure is equal to two adjacent changes The width of relatively narrow deformation section in shape section.
- 5. a kind of method for measuring strain inducing martensitic traoformation kinetic curve according to claim 1, its feature exist In the both ends of " stairstepping " tensile sample are respectively equipped with bare terminal end (1).
- 6. a kind of method for measuring strain inducing martensitic traoformation kinetic curve according to claim 1, its feature exist In, the characteristic portion in the step S3 is arranged on the change path position of deformation section, and the reducing position measurement of each deformation section is multiple, Calculate strain inducing martensite content f of the average value as corresponding deformation sectionα′。
- 7. a kind of method for measuring strain inducing martensitic traoformation kinetic curve according to claim 6, its feature exist In, established in the step S4 finite element model and analysis the step of it is as follows：S41, using finite element analysis software establish corresponding with " stairstepping " tensile sample mathematical model, then to being established Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio and the density of mathematical model definition material, and the stress of the plastic period to be obtained in step S1- The plastic deformation behavior of the data definition material of part is strained, the section attribute of definition material is isotropism solid material；S42, create boundary condition, a bare terminal end of " stairstepping " tensile sample is fixed, another bare terminal end with setting speed into Row uniaxial tension, then carries out mesh generation to the mathematical model of " stairstepping " tensile sample, is converted into finite element model；S43, analyze above-mentioned finite element model, obtains Strain Distribution cloud atlas, using data probe in above-mentioned each deformation The reducing position measurement of section, the strain averaged after the reducing position measurement of each deformation section is multiple as corresponding deformation section ε。
- 8. a kind of method for measuring strain inducing martensitic traoformation kinetic curve according to claim 7, its feature exist In the mesh generation in step S42 is adaptive meshing algorithm, free mesh, scans one kind in mesh generation.
- 9. a kind of method for measuring strain inducing martensitic traoformation kinetic curve according to claim 7, its feature exist In the finite element analysis software is Abaqus softwares.
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