CN112611656B - Accurate measurement method for low-temperature elongation of aluminum alloy for aerospace - Google Patents
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- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 49
- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 title claims description 5
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910001148 Al-Li alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- JFBZPFYRPYOZCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].[Al] Chemical compound [Li].[Al] JFBZPFYRPYOZCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001989 lithium alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 11
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000010953 base metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004021 metal welding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003380 propellant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009864 tensile test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 1
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/0001—Type of application of the stress
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/0014—Type of force applied
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- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/02—Details not specific for a particular testing method
- G01N2203/022—Environment of the test
- G01N2203/0222—Temperature
- G01N2203/0228—Low temperature; Cooling means
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F2119/00—Details relating to the type or aim of the analysis or the optimisation
- G06F2119/14—Force analysis or force optimisation, e.g. static or dynamic forces
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Abstract
The invention provides a method for accurately measuring low-temperature elongation of an aluminum alloy for aerospace, which comprises the steps of measuring room-temperature fracture elongation delta of an aluminum alloy sample s And according to formula delta d ＝a 1 T n +a 2 δ s m +a 3 Accurately obtaining the low-temperature fracture elongation delta of the aluminum alloy sample d Wherein a is 1 、a 2 、a 3 And n and m are all material parameters of the aluminum alloy. The invention solves the problem that the elongation at break of the high-strength aluminum alloy at low temperature can not be achieved by simple processThe equipment and the method have the difficult problem of accurate measurement. The relation between the fracture elongation at low temperature and the fracture elongation at room temperature is established through finite element simulation, and the fracture elongation of the aluminum alloy at low temperature can be indirectly obtained through directly measuring the fracture elongation at room temperature, so that accurate references are provided for the structural design, manufacture and application of the low-temperature aluminum alloy.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of low-temperature testing of mechanical properties of aluminum alloy, and particularly relates to an accurate measurement method of low-temperature elongation of light high-strength aluminum alloy for aerospace.
Background
The high-strength aluminum alloy has the characteristics of high specific strength, strong corrosion resistance, good welding performance and the like, and is widely applied to the field of aerospace. The structural material of the rocket low-temperature propellant storage tank is mainly 2219 aluminum alloy or 2195 aluminum-lithium alloy at present, and the rocket bears various complex stresses such as axial force, torque, bending moment and the like in the flying process, so that the requirement on the material performance is extremely high. Researches show that the mechanical properties of the material at low temperature, including tensile strength, yield strength and elongation, are greatly improved, so that the accurate characterization of the property change rule of the material at low temperature is extremely important for the safety and reliability of the storage tank structure. At present, the method for measuring the mechanical properties of the aluminum alloy at low temperature mainly comprises the steps of carrying out a tensile test according to a national standard processing sample in a liquid nitrogen low-temperature environment, automatically recording a stress-strain curve by a device computer, and obtaining tensile strength and yield strength, wherein the elongation is obtained by taking the broken sample to room temperature and measuring the gauge length by a vernier caliper. However, in the method for measuring the elongation, the sample is marked with the gauge length region at room temperature before the experiment, and the gauge length after the test is broken is measured at room temperature, so that the elongation is not really the elongation at break under the condition of low temperature in the sense that a certain error exists in the measurement result. Accordingly, there is a need in the art for a method of measuring elongation at break at low temperature.
The patent CN201410596978 relates to a method for optically testing the low-temperature mechanical properties of a metal welding test piece, which comprises the steps of firstly manufacturing the welding test piece, and dividing the welding test piece into a welding area, a heat affected zone and a base metal zone; then placing the welding test piece in a low-temperature environment, and installing a digital camera above the welding test piece, wherein the digital camera is connected to a data acquisition system through a data line; calculating a strain value by speckle images of the welding test piece before and after the load is applied; and calculating the engineering stress, the test stress, the strength limit and the elongation of the whole welding test piece in each region to obtain the mechanical performance parameters of the fusion welding test piece. The beneficial effects of this patent include: the method is suitable for testing the mechanical properties of the welded structure of aluminum alloy and other metals in different welding modes in a low-temperature environment; the method divides the welding test piece into different areas, and simultaneously solves the technical problem that the optical test method cannot be used for mechanical property test in a low-temperature environment. However, liquid nitrogen is needed in the detection process of the patent, and the detection in the liquid nitrogen environment is influenced by steam, so that the problems of frosting of a test sample and refraction errors in detection are easy to occur; and it is also difficult to photograph clearly using a digital camera. Furthermore, the invention uses optical instruments for measurement, which are too complex in both equipment and methods.
There remains a need in the art for a simple method for accurately measuring the low temperature elongation of lightweight high strength aluminum alloys for aerospace applications.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention firstly discloses a method for indirectly obtaining the elongation at break at low temperature by measuring the elongation at break at room temperature by means of finite element simulation, so that the measurement of the elongation at break at low temperature of the high-strength aluminum alloy is more accurate, the actual situation is met, and the safety of the low-temperature storage box structure for aerospace is improved.
The invention firstly provides an accurate measurement method of low-temperature elongation of an aluminum alloy for aerospace, which comprises the steps of measuring room-temperature fracture elongation delta of an aluminum alloy sample s And according to formula delta d ＝a 1 T n +a 2 δ s m +a 3 Accurately obtaining the low-temperature fracture elongation delta of the aluminum alloy sample d Wherein a is 1 、a 2 、a 3 And n and m are all material parameters of the aluminum alloy.
In a specific embodiment, the formula δ d ＝a 1 T n +a 2 δ s m +a 3 Each material parameter a in (a) 1 、a 2 、a 3 N and m are all finite element post-simulation fits including by simulating aluminum alloy specimens under different low temperature conditionsObtained.
In a specific embodiment, the finite element simulation of the aluminum alloy sample comprises the steps of performing low-temperature cold-shrinkage finite element simulation on the aluminum alloy sample, and performing low-temperature tensile fracture finite element simulation on the aluminum alloy sample; and then carrying out room temperature expansion finite element simulation on the two parts of the aluminum alloy sample after the breaking.
In a specific embodiment, the material parameters a in the formula are obtained 1 、a 2 、a 3 The process of n and m comprises the following steps repeated for different low temperature conditions:
step A, processing an aluminum alloy tensile sample S according to national standards 1 Then the sample gauge L is characterized at room temperature 1 ；
Step B, performing low-temperature cold-shrinkage finite element simulation on the aluminum alloy tensile sample with the marked gauge length, thereby obtaining the length L of the gauge length after low temperature 2 At this time, the low temperature sample is called S 2 ；
Step C, for the low-temperature sample S 2 Performing low-temperature tensile fracture finite element simulation, and inputting a material constant and a stress-strain relation at low temperature into a finite element simulation model;
step D, re-measure S 2 Length of gauge length L after tensile breaking of test specimen 3 Thereby obtaining the elongation at break delta of the sample at low temperature d ＝(L 3 -L 2 )/L 2 ；
Step E, for the sample S after the fracture 2 Then the two parts of the model are subjected to room temperature expansion finite element simulation, and the gauge length L after fracture is measured 4 Obtaining the elongation at break delta at room temperature s ＝(L 4 -L 1 )/L 1 。
In a specific embodiment, the aluminum alloy is 2219 aluminum alloy or 2195 aluminum lithium alloy.
The invention solves the problem that the fracture elongation of the high-strength aluminum alloy at low temperature can not be accurately measured by simple equipment and a method. The relation between the fracture elongation at low temperature and the fracture elongation at room temperature is established through finite element simulation, and the fracture elongation of the aluminum alloy at low temperature can be indirectly obtained through directly measuring the fracture elongation at room temperature, so that accurate references are provided for the structural design, manufacture and application of the low-temperature aluminum alloy.
Detailed Description
Example 1
1. Processing tensile sample S according to national standard 1 Then the sample gauge L is characterized at room temperature 1 ；
2. Performing low-temperature cold-shrinkage finite element simulation on the sample marked with the gauge length to obtain the length L of the gauge length after low temperature 2 At this time, the low temperature sample is called S 2 ；
3. For low temperature sample S 2 Performing low-temperature tensile fracture finite element simulation, wherein a material constant and a stress-strain relation at low temperature are required to be input into a model;
4. re-measure S 2 Length of gauge length L after sample break 3 Thereby obtaining the elongation at break delta of the sample at low temperature d ＝(L 3 -L 2 )/L 2 ；
5. Sample S after breaking 2 Then the two parts of the model are subjected to room temperature expansion finite element simulation, and the gauge length L after fracture is measured 4 In this way, the elongation at break delta at room temperature is obtained s ＝(L 4 -L 1 )/L 1 ；
6. Repeating the steps 1-5 for different low temperature conditions to obtain a plurality of groups of corresponding fracture elongation at low temperature and room temperature, and establishing the following relational expression: delta d ＝a 1 T n +a 2 δ s m +a 3 Wherein a is 1 、a 2 、a 3 N and m are material parameters, T is temperature. This is done by measuring the room temperature elongation at break delta of the sample s The low-temperature fracture elongation delta can be accurately obtained d 。
The invention solves the problem that the fracture elongation of the high-strength aluminum alloy at low temperature can not be accurately measured by simple equipment and a method. The relation between the fracture elongation at low temperature and the fracture elongation at room temperature is established through finite element simulation, and the fracture elongation of the aluminum alloy at low temperature can be indirectly obtained through directly measuring the fracture elongation at room temperature, so that accurate references are provided for the structural design, manufacture and application of the low-temperature aluminum alloy.
The above examples merely represent a few embodiments of the present application, which are described in more detail and are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention. It should be noted that it would be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and improvements could be made without departing from the spirit of the present application, which would be within the scope of the present application. Accordingly, the scope of protection of the present application is to be determined by the claims appended hereto.
Claims (2)
1. An accurate measurement method of low-temperature elongation of aluminum alloy for aerospace comprises the steps of measuring room-temperature fracture elongation delta of an aluminum alloy sample s And according to formula delta d ＝a 1 T n +a 2 δ s m +a 3 Accurately obtaining the low-temperature fracture elongation delta of the aluminum alloy sample d Wherein a is 1 、a 2 、a 3 N and m are all the material parameters of the aluminum alloy; the formula delta d ＝a 1 T n +a 2 δ s m +a 3 Each material parameter a in (a) 1 、a 2 、a 3 N and m are obtained by fitting finite element simulation of aluminum alloy samples under different low-temperature conditions; the finite element simulation of the aluminum alloy sample comprises the steps of firstly carrying out low-temperature cold-shrinkage finite element simulation on the aluminum alloy sample, and then carrying out low-temperature stretching fracture finite element simulation on the aluminum alloy sample; then carrying out room temperature expansion finite element simulation on the two parts of the aluminum alloy sample after being pulled out;
and obtain each material parameter a in the formula 1 、a 2 、a 3 The process of n and m comprises the following steps repeated for different low temperature conditions:
step A, processing an aluminum alloy tensile sample S according to national standards 1 Then the sample gauge L is characterized at room temperature 1 ；
Step B,Performing low-temperature cold-shrinkage finite element simulation on the aluminum alloy tensile sample with the marked gauge length, thereby obtaining the length L of the gauge length after low temperature 2 At this time, the low temperature sample is called S 2 ；
Step C, for the low-temperature sample S 2 Performing low-temperature tensile fracture finite element simulation, and inputting a material constant and a stress-strain relation at low temperature into a finite element simulation model;
step D, re-measure S 2 Length of gauge length L after tensile breaking of test specimen 3 Thereby obtaining the elongation at break delta of the sample at low temperature d ＝(L 3 -L 2 )/L 2 ；
Step E, for the sample S after the fracture 2 Then the two parts of the model are subjected to room temperature expansion finite element simulation, and the gauge length L after fracture is measured 4 Obtaining the elongation at break delta at room temperature s ＝(L 4 -L 1 )/L 1 ；
Repeating the steps A-E for different low temperature conditions to obtain a plurality of groups of corresponding fracture elongation at low temperature and room temperature, and establishing the following relational expression: delta d ＝a 1 T n +a 2 δ s m +a 3 Wherein a is 1 、a 2 、a 3 N and m are material parameters, T is temperature; this is done by measuring the room temperature elongation at break delta of the sample s The low-temperature fracture elongation delta can be accurately obtained d 。
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the aluminum alloy is 2219 aluminum alloy or 2195 aluminum lithium alloy.
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