CN112417740B - Accurate measurement method for low-temperature fracture elongation of aluminum alloy for aerospace - Google Patents
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- 238000009864 tensile test Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910001148 Al-Li alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- JFBZPFYRPYOZCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].[Al] Chemical compound [Li].[Al] JFBZPFYRPYOZCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
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- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 19
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 11
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- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
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Abstract
The invention provides a method for accurately measuring the low-temperature fracture elongation of an aluminum alloy for aerospace, which comprises the following steps of reading the low-temperature uniform elongation delta from a stress-strain curve automatically recorded by an equipment computer in an aluminum alloy sample tensile test under a low-temperature environment j Data, and according to formula delta d ＝a 1 T n +a 2 δ j m +a 3 Accurately obtaining the low-temperature fracture elongation delta of the aluminum alloy sample d Wherein a is 1 、a 2 、a 3 And n and m are all parameters of the aluminum alloy material. The invention solves the problem that the fracture elongation of the high-strength aluminum alloy at low temperature can not be accurately measured by simple equipment and a method. The relation between the fracture elongation at low temperature and the uniform elongation at low temperature is established through finite element simulation, then the low-temperature uniform elongation can be read on a stress strain curve of aluminum alloy stretching equipment, and then the fracture elongation of the aluminum alloy at low temperature is indirectly obtained according to a fitting formula, so that accurate references are provided for low-temperature aluminum alloy structural design, manufacturing and application. The method can also save a lot of measurement time.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of low-temperature testing of mechanical properties of aluminum alloy, and particularly relates to an accurate measurement method of low-temperature fracture elongation of light high-strength aluminum alloy for aerospace.
Background
The high-strength aluminum alloy has the characteristics of high specific strength, strong corrosion resistance, good welding performance and the like, and is widely applied to the field of aerospace. The structural material of the rocket low-temperature propellant storage tank is mainly 2219 aluminum alloy or 2195 aluminum-lithium alloy at present, and the rocket bears various complex stresses such as axial force, torque, bending moment and the like in the flying process, so that the requirement on the material performance is extremely high. Researches show that the mechanical properties of the material at low temperature, including tensile strength, yield strength and elongation, are greatly improved, so that the accurate characterization of the property change rule of the material at low temperature is extremely important for the safety and reliability of the storage tank structure. At present, the method for measuring the mechanical properties of the aluminum alloy at low temperature mainly comprises the steps of carrying out a tensile test according to a national standard processing sample in a liquid nitrogen low-temperature environment, automatically recording a stress-strain curve by a device computer, and obtaining tensile strength and yield strength, wherein the elongation is obtained by taking the broken sample to room temperature and measuring the gauge length by a vernier caliper. However, in the method for measuring the elongation, the sample is marked with the gauge length region at room temperature before the experiment, and the gauge length after the test is broken is measured at room temperature, so that the elongation is not really the elongation at break under the condition of low temperature in the sense that a certain error exists in the measurement result. Accordingly, there is a need in the art for a method of measuring elongation at break at low temperature.
The patent CN201410596978 relates to a method for optically testing the low-temperature mechanical properties of a metal welding test piece, which comprises the steps of firstly manufacturing the welding test piece, and dividing the welding test piece into a welding area, a heat affected zone and a base metal zone; then placing the welding test piece in a low-temperature environment, and installing a digital camera above the welding test piece, wherein the digital camera is connected to a data acquisition system through a data line; calculating a strain value by speckle images of the welding test piece before and after the load is applied; and calculating the engineering stress, the test stress, the strength limit and the elongation of the whole welding test piece in each region to obtain the mechanical performance parameters of the fusion welding test piece. The beneficial effects of this patent include: the method is suitable for testing the mechanical properties of the welded structure of aluminum alloy and other metals in different welding modes in a low-temperature environment; the method divides the welding test piece into different areas, and simultaneously solves the technical problem that the optical test method cannot be used for mechanical property test in a low-temperature environment. However, liquid nitrogen is needed in the detection process of the patent, and the detection in the liquid nitrogen environment is influenced by steam, so that the problems of frosting of a test sample and refraction errors in detection are easy to occur; and it is also difficult to photograph clearly using a digital camera. Furthermore, the invention uses optical instruments for measurement, which are too complex in both equipment and methods.
There remains a need in the art for a simple, accurate measurement of low temperature elongation at break for lightweight high strength aluminum alloys for aerospace applications.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention firstly discloses a method for indirectly obtaining the elongation at break at low temperature by measuring the elongation at break at room temperature by means of finite element simulation, so that the measurement of the elongation at break at low temperature of the high-strength aluminum alloy is more accurate, the actual situation is met, and the safety of the low-temperature storage box structure for aerospace is improved.
The invention firstly provides an accurate measurement method of low-temperature elongation of an aluminum alloy for aerospace, which comprises the steps of measuring room-temperature fracture elongation delta of an aluminum alloy sample s And according to formula delta d ＝a 1 T n +a 2 δ s m +a 3 Accurately obtaining the low-temperature fracture elongation delta of the aluminum alloy sample d Wherein a is 1 、a 2 、a 3 And n and m are all material parameters of the aluminum alloy.
In a specific embodiment, the formula δ d ＝a 1 T n +a 2 δ s m +a 3 Each material parameter a in (a) 1 、a 2 、a 3 And n and m are obtained by fitting after finite element simulation of aluminum alloy samples under different low-temperature conditions.
In a specific embodiment, the finite element simulation of the aluminum alloy sample comprises the steps of performing low-temperature cold-shrinkage finite element simulation on the aluminum alloy sample, and performing low-temperature tensile fracture finite element simulation on the aluminum alloy sample; and then carrying out room temperature expansion finite element simulation on the two parts of the aluminum alloy sample after the breaking.
In a specific embodiment, the material parameters a in the formula are obtained 1 、a 2 、a 3 The process of n and m comprises the following steps repeated for different low temperature conditions:
step A, processing an aluminum alloy tensile sample S according to national standards 1 Then the sample gauge L is characterized at room temperature 1 ；
Step B, carrying out low-temperature cooling on the aluminum alloy tensile sample marked with the gauge lengthFinite element simulation is contracted, so that the length L of the low-temperature post-gauge length is obtained 2 At this time, the low temperature sample is called S 2 ；
Step C, for the low-temperature sample S 2 Performing low-temperature tensile fracture finite element simulation, and inputting a material constant and a stress-strain relation at low temperature into a finite element simulation model;
step D, re-measure S 2 Length of gauge length L after tensile breaking of test specimen 3 Thereby obtaining the elongation at break delta of the sample at low temperature d ＝(L 3 -L 2 )/L 2 ；
Step E, for the sample S after the fracture 2 Then the two parts of the model are subjected to room temperature expansion finite element simulation, and the gauge length L after fracture is measured 4 Obtaining the elongation at break delta at room temperature s ＝(L 4 -L 1 )/L 1 。
In a specific embodiment, the aluminum alloy is 2219 aluminum alloy or 2195 aluminum lithium alloy.
The invention also provides a method for accurately measuring the low-temperature fracture elongation of the aluminum alloy for aerospace, which comprises the step of reading the low-temperature uniform elongation delta from a stress-strain curve automatically recorded by a device computer in the tensile test of the aluminum alloy sample in a low-temperature environment j Data, and according to the formulaAccurately obtaining the low-temperature fracture elongation delta of the aluminum alloy sample d Wherein a is 1 、a 2 、a 3 And n and m are all parameters of the aluminum alloy material.
In a specific embodiment, each material parameter a in the formula 1 、a 2 、a 3 And n and m are obtained by fitting after finite element simulation of aluminum alloy samples under different low-temperature conditions.
In a specific embodiment, the finite element simulation of the aluminum alloy sample comprises performing low-temperature cold-shrink finite element simulation on the aluminum alloy sample, and performing low-temperature tensile fracture finite element simulation on the aluminum alloy sample.
In a specific embodiment, the material parameters a in the formula are obtained 1 、a 2 、a 3 The process of n and m comprises the following steps repeated for different low temperature conditions:
step A, processing an aluminum alloy tensile sample S according to national standards 1 Then the sample gauge L is characterized at room temperature 1 ；
Step B, performing low-temperature cold-shrinkage finite element simulation on the aluminum alloy tensile sample with the marked gauge length, thereby obtaining the length L of the gauge length after low temperature 2 At this time, the low temperature sample is called S 2 ；
Step C, for the low-temperature sample S 2 Performing low-temperature tensile fracture finite element simulation, and inputting a material constant and a stress-strain relation at low temperature into a finite element simulation model;
step D, re-measure S 2 Length of gauge length L after tensile breaking of test specimen 3 Thereby obtaining the elongation at break delta of the sample at low temperature d ＝(L 3 -L 2 )/L 2 ；
E, extracting stress-strain curves of nodes in the whole aluminum alloy sample stretching process from equipment computers for carrying out stretching test on the aluminum alloy sample under the low-temperature condition in an S2 sample gauge length region, and reading uniform elongation delta of the sample before necking in the stretching process from the curves j 。
In a specific embodiment, the aluminum alloy is 2219 aluminum alloy or 2195 aluminum lithium alloy.
The invention solves the problem that the fracture elongation of the high-strength aluminum alloy at low temperature can not be accurately measured by simple equipment and a method. The relation between the fracture elongation at low temperature and the uniform elongation at low temperature is established through finite element simulation, then the low-temperature uniform elongation can be read on a stress strain curve of aluminum alloy stretching equipment, and then the fracture elongation of the aluminum alloy at low temperature is indirectly obtained according to a fitting formula, so that accurate references are provided for low-temperature aluminum alloy structural design, manufacturing and application.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of uniform elongation read from a stress-strain graph.
Detailed Description
Example 1
1. Processing tensile sample S according to national standard 1 Then the sample gauge L is characterized at room temperature 1 ；
2. Performing low-temperature cold-shrinkage finite element simulation on the sample marked with the gauge length to obtain the length L of the gauge length after low temperature 2 At this time, the low temperature sample is called S 2 ；
3. For low temperature sample S 2 Performing low-temperature tensile fracture finite element simulation, wherein a material constant and a stress-strain relation at low temperature are required to be input into a model;
4. re-measure S 2 Length of gauge length L after sample break 3 Thereby obtaining the elongation at break delta of the sample at low temperature d ＝(L 3 -L 2 )/L 2 ；
5. Sample S after breaking 2 Then the two parts of the model are subjected to room temperature expansion finite element simulation, and the gauge length L after fracture is measured 4 In this way, the elongation at break delta at room temperature is obtained s ＝(L 4 -L 1 )/L 1 ；
6. Repeating the steps 1-5 for different low temperature conditions to obtain a plurality of groups of corresponding fracture elongation at low temperature and room temperature, and establishing the following relational expression: delta d ＝a 1 T n +a 2 δ s m +a 3 Wherein a is 1 、a 2 、a 3 N and m are material parameters, T is temperature. This is done by measuring the room temperature elongation at break delta of the sample s The low-temperature fracture elongation delta can be accurately obtained d 。
The invention solves the problem that the fracture elongation of the high-strength aluminum alloy at low temperature can not be accurately measured by simple equipment and a method. The relation between the fracture elongation at low temperature and the fracture elongation at room temperature is established through finite element simulation, and the fracture elongation of the aluminum alloy at low temperature can be indirectly obtained through directly measuring the fracture elongation at room temperature, so that accurate references are provided for the structural design, manufacture and application of the low-temperature aluminum alloy.
Example 2
1. Processing tensile sample S according to national standard 1 Then the sample gauge L is characterized at room temperature 1 ；
2. Performing low-temperature cold-shrinkage finite element simulation on the sample with the marked scale distance, thereby obtaining the length L of the low-temperature post-scale distance 2 At this time, the low temperature sample is called S 2 ；
3. For low temperature sample S 2 Performing low-temperature tensile fracture finite element simulation, wherein a material constant and a stress-strain relation at low temperature are required to be input into a model;
4. re-measure S 2 Length of gauge length L after sample break 3 Thereby obtaining the elongation at break delta of the sample at low temperature d ＝(L 3 -L 2 )/L 2 ；
5. Extracting stress-strain curve of node in whole stretching process in S2 sample gauge region, and reading uniform elongation delta before sample necking j ；
6. Repeating the steps 1-5 for different low temperature conditions to obtain multiple groups of fracture elongation and uniform elongation at corresponding low temperature, and establishing a relation between the low-temperature uniform elongation and the low-temperature fracture elongationWherein a is 1 、a 2 、a 3 Where n and m are material parameters and T is temperature, the uniform elongation delta is actually read from the sample low temperature tensile stress strain curve on the computer of the stretching apparatus j The breaking elongation delta can be accurately obtained d 。
The invention solves the problem that the fracture elongation of the high-strength aluminum alloy at low temperature can not be accurately measured by simple equipment and a method. The relation between the fracture elongation at low temperature and the uniform elongation at low temperature is established through finite element simulation, then the low-temperature uniform elongation can be read on a stress strain curve of aluminum alloy stretching equipment, and then the fracture elongation of the aluminum alloy at low temperature is indirectly obtained according to a fitting formula, so that accurate references are provided for low-temperature aluminum alloy structural design, manufacturing and application.
In addition, the method in example 2 only requires the specification of the sample during the calculation of the parameters of the formula, and after the calculation of the parameters of the formula, the specification of the sample is not required, and the method does not need to be carried out at normal temperature or low temperature, but only requires the reading of the uniform elongation delta from the stress-strain curve automatically recorded by the computer of the equipment for the tensile test of the sample processed according to the national standard under the low-temperature environment of liquid nitrogen j And according to the formula, the low-temperature fracture elongation delta can be obtained d . The method is particularly simple, convenient and accurate.
That is, the method of example 2 can save a lot of time compared with the method of example 1, and the elongation at break is not measured at room temperature each time after the low-temperature stretching of the aluminum alloy sample is completed, and the uniform elongation delta in the stress-strain curve on the stretching machine is directly obtained j The elongation at break delta of the sample can be obtained d 。
The above examples merely represent a few embodiments of the present application, which are described in more detail and are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention. It should be noted that it would be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and improvements could be made without departing from the spirit of the present application, which would be within the scope of the present application. Accordingly, the scope of protection of the present application is to be determined by the claims appended hereto.
Claims (3)
1. An accurate measurement method of low-temperature fracture elongation of aluminum alloy for aerospace comprises the step of reading low-temperature uniform elongation delta from stress-strain curves automatically recorded by a device computer in an aluminum alloy sample tensile test under a low-temperature environment j Data, and according to the formulaAccurately obtaining the low-temperature fracture elongation delta of the aluminum alloy sample d Wherein a is 1 、a 2 、a 3 N and m are all parameters of the aluminum alloy material; and the method specifically comprises the following steps:
1) Processing tensile sample S according to national standard 1 Then the sample gauge L is characterized at room temperature 1 ；
2) Performing low-temperature cold-shrinkage finite element simulation on the sample with the marked gauge length, thereby obtaining the length L of the gauge length after low temperature 2 At this time, the low temperature sample is called S 2 ；
3) For low temperature sample S 2 Performing low-temperature tensile fracture finite element simulation, wherein a material constant and a stress-strain relation at low temperature are required to be input into a model;
4) And then measure S 2 Length of gauge length L after sample break 3 Thereby obtaining the elongation at break delta of the sample at low temperature d ＝(L 3 -L 2 )/L 2 ；
5) Extracting stress-strain curve of node in whole stretching process in S2 sample gauge region, and reading uniform elongation delta before sample necking j ；
6) Repeating the steps 1) to 5) according to different low temperature conditions to obtain a plurality of groups of fracture elongation and uniform elongation at corresponding low temperature, and establishing a relation between the low-temperature uniform elongation and the low-temperature fracture elongationWherein T is the temperature, the uniform elongation delta is actually read from a sample low-temperature tensile stress strain curve on a computer of a stretching device j The breaking elongation delta can be accurately obtained d 。
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein each material parameter a in the formula 1 、a 2 、a 3 And n and m are obtained by fitting after finite element simulation of aluminum alloy samples under different low-temperature conditions.
3. The method of any one of claims 1-2, wherein the aluminum alloy is 2219 aluminum alloy or 2195 aluminum lithium alloy.
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