CN112417740A - Accurate measurement method for low-temperature fracture elongation of aluminum alloy for aerospace - Google Patents
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- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000009864 tensile test Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims description 16
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- 238000012951 Remeasurement Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001148 Al-Li alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- JFBZPFYRPYOZCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].[Al] Chemical compound [Li].[Al] JFBZPFYRPYOZCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 11
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- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
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Abstract
The invention provides an accurate measurement method of low-temperature fracture elongation of an aluminum alloy for aerospace, which comprises the step of reading low-temperature uniform elongation delta from a stress-strain curve automatically recorded by an equipment computer in an aluminum alloy sample tensile test in a low-temperature environmentjData, and according to the formula deltad＝a1Tn+a2δj m+a3And accurately obtain the low-temperature fracture elongation delta of the aluminum alloy sampledWherein a is1、a2、a3N and m are all aluminum alloy material parameters. The invention solves the problem that the fracture elongation of the high-strength aluminum alloy at low temperature can not be accurately measured by simple equipment and method. The relation between the fracture elongation at low temperature and the uniform elongation at low temperature is established through finite element simulation, then the low-temperature uniform elongation can be read on a stress-strain curve of aluminum alloy stretching equipment, and then the fracture elongation of the aluminum alloy at low temperature is indirectly obtained according to a fitting formula, so that accurate reference is provided for the design, manufacture and application of a low-temperature aluminum alloy structure. The method also saves a lot of measurement time.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of low-temperature testing of mechanical properties of aluminum alloy, and particularly relates to an accurate measurement method of low-temperature fracture elongation of a light high-strength aluminum alloy for aerospace.
Background
The high-strength aluminum alloy has the characteristics of high specific strength, strong corrosion resistance, good welding performance and the like, and is widely applied to the field of aerospace. The structural material of the low-temperature propellant tank of the rocket is mainly 2219 aluminum alloy or 2195 aluminum-lithium alloy at present, and the rocket bears various complex stresses such as axial force, torque, bending moment and the like in the flight process and has extremely high requirements on the performance of the material. Researches show that the mechanical properties of the material at low temperature, including tensile strength, yield strength and elongation, are greatly improved, so that the accurate representation of the property change rule of the material at low temperature is extremely important to the safety and reliability of the storage tank structure. At present, the method for measuring the mechanical properties of the aluminum alloy at low temperature mainly comprises the steps of carrying out a tensile test in a liquid nitrogen low-temperature environment according to a national standard processing sample, automatically recording a stress-strain curve by an equipment computer, and obtaining tensile strength and yield strength, but measuring the gauge length by a vernier caliper at room temperature according to the elongation, thereby obtaining the elongation. However, in the method for measuring the elongation, because the gauge length area is marked on the sample at room temperature before the experiment, and the gauge length after the experiment is broken is measured at room temperature, the elongation is not the fracture elongation at low temperature in the true sense, and a certain error exists in the measurement result. Therefore, there is a need in the art for a method of measuring elongation at break under low temperature conditions.
Patent CN201410596978 relates to an optical test method for low-temperature mechanical properties of a metal welding test piece, which comprises firstly, manufacturing the welding test piece, and dividing the welding test piece into a welding zone, a heat affected zone and a base metal zone; then, placing the welding test piece in a low-temperature environment, and installing a digital camera above the welding test piece, wherein the digital camera is connected to a data acquisition system through a data line; calculating a strain value through the speckle images of the welding test piece obtained in the step before and after the load is applied; and calculating the engineering stress, the testing stress, the strength limit and the elongation of each area and the whole welding test piece to obtain the mechanical property parameters of the fusion welding test piece. The beneficial effects of this patent include: the method is suitable for testing the mechanical properties of the aluminum alloy and other metals and welded structures in different welding modes in a low-temperature environment; the method divides the welding test piece into different areas, and solves the technical problem that the optical test method cannot be used for mechanical performance test in a low-temperature environment. However, liquid nitrogen is needed in the detection process of the patent, and detection in the liquid nitrogen environment is affected by steam, so that the problems of frosting of a test sample and refraction error in detection are easily caused; and it is difficult to clearly photograph using a digital camera. In addition, the optical instruments used in the patent are too complex to implement, both apparatus and method.
Therefore, a simple method for accurately measuring the low-temperature fracture elongation of the light high-strength aluminum alloy for aerospace still needs to be provided in the field.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention firstly discloses a method for indirectly obtaining the fracture elongation at low temperature by measuring the fracture elongation at room temperature by means of finite element simulation, so that the measurement of the low-temperature fracture elongation of the high-strength aluminum alloy is more accurate and accords with the actual condition, and the safety of the low-temperature storage tank structure for aerospace is improved.
The invention firstly provides an accurate measurement method of low-temperature elongation of aluminum alloy for aerospace, which comprises the step of measuring the room-temperature fracture elongation delta of an aluminum alloy samplesAnd according to the formula deltad＝a1Tn+a2δs m+a3And accurately obtain the low-temperature fracture elongation delta of the aluminum alloy sampledWherein a is1、a2、a3N and m are the material parameters of the aluminum alloy.
In one specific embodiment, the formula δd＝a1Tn+a2δs m+a3Each material parameter a in (1)1、a2、a3N and m are all obtained by simulating finite elements of the aluminum alloy sample under different low-temperature conditionsAnd fitting to obtain.
In a specific embodiment, the finite element simulation of the aluminum alloy sample comprises the steps of firstly carrying out low-temperature cold shrinkage finite element simulation on the aluminum alloy sample, and then carrying out low-temperature tensile fracture finite element simulation on the aluminum alloy sample; and then carrying out room temperature expansion finite element simulation on the two parts of the aluminum alloy sample after the aluminum alloy sample is pulled apart.
In a specific embodiment, the material parameters a in the formula are obtained1、a2、a3The process of n and m comprises the following steps repeated for different cryogenic conditions:
step A, processing an aluminum alloy tensile sample S according to national standard1Then, the scale distance L of the sample is carved at room temperature1；
Step B, performing low-temperature cold shrinkage finite element simulation on the aluminum alloy tensile sample with the marked gauge length, thereby obtaining the length L of the gauge length after low temperature2In this case, the low-temperature sample is referred to as S2；
Step C, for low-temperature sample S2Performing low-temperature tensile fracture finite element simulation, and inputting a material constant and a stress-strain relation at low temperature into a finite element simulation model;
step D, remeasurement S2Gauge length L after tensile fracture of sample3Thereby obtaining elongation at break delta of the sample at low temperatured＝(L3-L2)/L2；
Step E, aligning the fractured sample S2Then carrying out room temperature expansion finite element simulation on the two parts, and then measuring the gauge length L after fracture4To obtain the elongation at break delta at room temperatures＝(L4-L1)/L1。
In a specific embodiment, the aluminum alloy is 2219 aluminum alloy or 2195 aluminum lithium alloy.
The invention also provides an accurate measurement method of the low-temperature fracture elongation of the aluminum alloy for aerospace, which comprises the step of reading the low-temperature uniform elongation from the stress-strain curve automatically recorded by a computer in the aluminum alloy sample tensile test in the low-temperature environmentRate deltajData, and according to formulas
And accurately obtain the low-temperature fracture elongation delta of the aluminum alloy sampledWherein a is1、a2、a3N and m are all aluminum alloy material parameters.
In a specific embodiment, each material parameter a in the formula1、a2、a3And n and m are obtained by fitting finite element simulation of the aluminum alloy sample under different low temperature conditions.
In a specific embodiment, the finite element simulation of the aluminum alloy sample comprises performing low-temperature cold shrinkage finite element simulation on the aluminum alloy sample, and then performing low-temperature tensile fracture finite element simulation on the aluminum alloy sample.
In a specific embodiment, the material parameters a in the formula are obtained1、a2、a3The process of n and m comprises the following steps repeated for different cryogenic conditions:
step A, processing an aluminum alloy tensile sample S according to national standard1Then, the scale distance L of the sample is carved at room temperature1；
Step B, performing low-temperature cold shrinkage finite element simulation on the aluminum alloy tensile sample with the marked gauge length, thereby obtaining the length L of the gauge length after low temperature2In this case, the low-temperature sample is referred to as S2；
Step C, for low-temperature sample S2Performing low-temperature tensile fracture finite element simulation, and inputting a material constant and a stress-strain relation at low temperature into a finite element simulation model;
step D, remeasurement S2Gauge length L after tensile fracture of sample3Thereby obtaining elongation at break delta of the sample at low temperatured＝(L3-L2)/L2；
Step E, extracting nodes from an equipment computer for carrying out tensile test on the aluminum alloy sample under the low-temperature condition in the gauge length area of the S2 sample, and stretching the whole aluminum alloy sampleStress-strain curves of the process and the uniform elongation delta before necking of the specimen during drawing was read from the curvesj。
In a specific embodiment, the aluminum alloy is 2219 aluminum alloy or 2195 aluminum lithium alloy.
The invention solves the problem that the fracture elongation of the high-strength aluminum alloy at low temperature cannot be accurately measured by simple equipment and a method. The relation between the fracture elongation at low temperature and the uniform elongation at low temperature is established through finite element simulation, then the low-temperature uniform elongation can be read on a stress-strain curve of aluminum alloy stretching equipment, and then the fracture elongation of the aluminum alloy at low temperature is indirectly obtained according to a fitting formula, so that accurate reference is provided for the design, manufacture and application of a low-temperature aluminum alloy structure.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a graph of uniform elongation read from a stress-strain plot.
Detailed Description
Example 1
1. Processing tensile sample S according to national standard1Then, the scale distance L of the sample is carved at room temperature1；
2. Carrying out low-temperature cold shrinkage finite element simulation on the sample with the marked gauge length so as to obtain the length L of the gauge length after low temperature2In this case, the low-temperature sample is referred to as S2；
3. For low temperature sample S2Performing low-temperature tensile fracture finite element simulation, wherein a material constant and a stress-strain relation at low temperature need to be input into a model;
4. remeasured S2Gauge length L after sample breakage3Thereby obtaining elongation at break delta of the sample at low temperatured＝(L3-L2)/L2；
5. Sample S after being split2Then carrying out room temperature expansion finite element simulation on the two parts, and then measuring the gauge length L after fracture4In this way, the elongation at break delta at room temperature is obtaineds＝(L4-L1)/L1；
6. And (3) repeating the steps 1-5 according to different low-temperature conditions to obtain a plurality of groups of corresponding fracture elongation rates at low temperature and room temperature, and establishing the following relation: deltad＝a1Tn+a2δs m+a3Wherein a is1、a2、a3N and m are material parameters and T is temperature. Thus, the room-temperature elongation at break δ of the specimen was measuredsThe elongation at break delta at low temperature can be accurately obtainedd。
The invention solves the problem that the fracture elongation of the high-strength aluminum alloy at low temperature cannot be accurately measured by simple equipment and a method. The relation between the elongation at break at low temperature and the elongation at break at room temperature is established through finite element simulation, the elongation at break at low temperature of the aluminum alloy can be indirectly obtained through directly measuring the elongation at break at room temperature, and accurate reference is provided for the design, manufacture and application of the low-temperature aluminum alloy structure.
Example 2
1. Processing tensile sample S according to national standard1Then, the scale distance L of the sample is carved at room temperature1；
2. Carrying out low-temperature cold shrinkage finite element simulation on the sample with the marked gauge length so as to obtain the length L of the marked gauge length after low temperature2In this case, the low-temperature sample is referred to as S2；
3. For low temperature sample S2Performing low-temperature tensile fracture finite element simulation, wherein a material constant and a stress-strain relation at low temperature need to be input into a model;
4. remeasured S2Gauge length L after sample breakage3Thereby obtaining elongation at break delta of the sample at low temperatured＝(L3-L2)/L2；
5. Extracting stress-strain curves of the nodes in the gauge length area of the S2 sample in the whole stretching process, and reading the uniform elongation delta of the sample before neckingj；
6. Repeating the steps 1-5 according to different low temperature conditions to obtain multiple groups of fracture elongation and uniform elongation at corresponding low temperature, and establishing low-temperature uniform elongation and low-temperature fractureRelation under elongation at break
Wherein a is1、a2、a3N and m are material parameters and T is temperature, the uniform elongation delta is actually read from the specimen low temperature tensile stress strain curve on the computer of the stretching apparatusjThe elongation at break delta can be accurately obtainedd。
The invention solves the problem that the fracture elongation of the high-strength aluminum alloy at low temperature cannot be accurately measured by simple equipment and a method. The relation between the fracture elongation at low temperature and the uniform elongation at low temperature is established through finite element simulation, then the low-temperature uniform elongation can be read on a stress-strain curve of aluminum alloy stretching equipment, and then the fracture elongation of the aluminum alloy at low temperature is indirectly obtained according to a fitting formula, so that accurate reference is provided for the design, manufacture and application of a low-temperature aluminum alloy structure.
In addition, the method in embodiment 2 only needs to describe the gauge length of the sample in the process of solving the parameters of the formula, does not need to describe the gauge length of the sample after solving the parameters of the formula, does not need to describe the gauge length of the sample at normal temperature and low temperature, and only needs to read the uniform elongation delta from the stress-strain curve automatically recorded by the equipment computer of the tensile test performed under the liquid nitrogen low-temperature environment according to the sample processed by national standardjAnd the elongation at break delta at low temperature can be obtained according to the formulad. The method is particularly simple, convenient and accurate.
That is, the method of example 2 can save a lot of time compared to the method of example 1, and the uniform elongation δ in the stress-strain curve on the stretcher is directly measured from the elongation at break at room temperature after the low-temperature stretching of the aluminum alloy test piece is finishedjThe elongation at break δ of the specimen can be obtainedd。
The above-mentioned embodiments only express several embodiments of the present application, and the description thereof is more specific and detailed, but not construed as limiting the scope of the invention. It should be noted that, for a person skilled in the art, several variations and modifications can be made without departing from the concept of the present application, which falls within the scope of protection of the present application. Therefore, the protection scope of the present patent shall be subject to the appended claims.
Claims (5)
1. An accurate measurement method for the low-temperature fracture elongation of an aluminum alloy for aerospace comprises the step of reading the low-temperature uniform elongation delta from a stress-strain curve automatically recorded by an equipment computer in an aluminum alloy sample tensile test in a low-temperature environmentjData, and according to the formula deltad＝a1Tn+a2δj m+a3And accurately obtain the low-temperature fracture elongation delta of the aluminum alloy sampledWherein a is1、a2、a3N and m are all aluminum alloy material parameters.
2. A method of measurement according to claim 1, characterized in that each material parameter a in the formula1、a2、a3And n and m are obtained by fitting finite element simulation of the aluminum alloy sample under different low temperature conditions.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein the finite element simulation of the aluminum alloy specimen comprises performing a low temperature cold shrinkage finite element simulation of the aluminum alloy specimen and then performing a low temperature tensile fracture finite element simulation of the aluminum alloy specimen.
4. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein each material parameter a in the formula is obtained1、a2、a3The process of n and m comprises the following steps repeated for different cryogenic conditions:
step A, processing an aluminum alloy tensile sample S according to national standard1Then, the scale distance L of the sample is carved at room temperature1；
Step B, stretching test of aluminum alloy with scale distance for engravingCarrying out low-temperature cold-shrinkage finite element simulation to obtain the length L of the gauge length after low temperature2In this case, the low-temperature sample is referred to as S2；
Step C, for low-temperature sample S2Performing low-temperature tensile fracture finite element simulation, and inputting a material constant and a stress-strain relation at low temperature into a finite element simulation model;
step D, remeasurement S2Gauge length L after tensile fracture of sample3Thereby obtaining elongation at break delta of the sample at low temperatured＝(L3-L2)/L2；
Step E, extracting a stress-strain curve of the node in the whole aluminum alloy sample stretching process from an equipment computer for stretching and testing the aluminum alloy sample under the low temperature condition in the gauge length area of the S2 sample, and reading the uniform elongation delta of the sample before necking in the stretching process from the curvej。
5. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the aluminum alloy is a 2219 aluminum alloy or a 2195 aluminum lithium alloy.
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