CN107973571A - Soil-solidified-agent - Google Patents

Soil-solidified-agent Download PDF

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Publication number
CN107973571A
CN107973571A CN201711209442.7A CN201711209442A CN107973571A CN 107973571 A CN107973571 A CN 107973571A CN 201711209442 A CN201711209442 A CN 201711209442A CN 107973571 A CN107973571 A CN 107973571A
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agent
soil
solidified
parts
mixing
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CN201711209442.7A
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CN107973571B (en
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卯志华
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Jiangsu Road Construction Co.,Ltd.
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Changsha Qiudianbing Information Science & Technology Co Ltd
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B28/00Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
    • C04B28/02Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
    • C04B28/04Portland cements
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2111/00Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
    • C04B2111/00474Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00
    • C04B2111/00732Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00 for soil stabilisation
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2201/00Mortars, concrete or artificial stone characterised by specific physical values
    • C04B2201/50Mortars, concrete or artificial stone characterised by specific physical values for the mechanical strength

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Soil Conditioners And Soil-Stabilizing Materials (AREA)
  • Road Paving Structures (AREA)

Abstract

The invention discloses a kind of soil-solidified-agent, belongs to building material technical field, the soil-solidified-agent, including following raw material:Portland cement, solid sulfur ash, exciting agent, early strength agent, silicon ash, quick lime, polyacrylamide, water, polyvinyl butyral resin, calcium lignosulfonate, 3 aminopropyltrialkoxy silanes, polyvinylpyrrolidone.The soil-solidified-agent be by modified material, mixing, vacuum prepare and etc. it is obtained.The soil-solidified-agent preparation process of the present invention is simple, and soil-solidified-agent using the present invention can significantly shorten the setting time of roadbed, improve the compression strength of roadbed, shorten the construction period, and can be applied to the soil solidification of different soil properties.

Description

Soil-solidified-agent
【Technical field】
The invention belongs to building material technical field, and in particular to a kind of soil-solidified-agent.
【Background technology】
China is carrying out large-scale engineering construction at present, in engineering construction, because natural resources is limited, and existing sand Stone material far can not meet growing engineering construction needs, meanwhile, the exploitation of sandstone will also result in it is serious from Right environmental disruption, declines social and living environment quality.In engineering construction, if can fully efficiently use cheap, next The extensive soil in source, then can be while engineering construction be ensured as engineering material, the dosage of effectively save sandstone, reduces work Cheng Chengben, while the destruction to natural resources is reduced, preserve the ecological environment, improve social life quality.Soil-solidified-agent is one Kind can quickly and significantly change soil physical chemistry performance, make soil with engineering characteristic a kind of engineering material.Soil is consolidated Agent compacted soil, as primary building material, can utilize discarded soil, dregs, building waste using the soil gathered materials on the spot Deng the main aggregate of conduct, certain soil-solidified-agent is added, changes discarded soil, dregs, the physicochemical property of building waste, makes it It can be utilized again as construction material.It is exploited processing and gets up to be relatively easy to, and without long-distance transport, saves traffic expense With, moreover, economize on resources, environmental protection.Therefore, reinforce soil technology using soil-solidified-agent has weight technically and economically Meaning is wanted, but existing soil-solidified-agent is high there are cured compression strength, the limitation of hardening time length.
For example, Chinese patent application document " combined soil curing agent (publication number:CN201710441973) " disclose A kind of combined soil curing agent, consists of the following compositions by weight:5-15 parts of Portland cement, solid sulfur ash 60-90 Part, 3-8 parts of exciting agent, 1-5 parts of early strength agent, 1-3 parts of silicon ash, 2-6 parts of quick lime, 0.02-0.1 parts of polyacrylamide.This is compound Although type soil-solidified-agent can improve road structure, improve subgrade strength, hardening time length, solidification process easily gives the later stage Situations such as splitting, caving in is brought, comprehensive solidification effect is bad.
【The content of the invention】
The technical problem to be solved in the present invention is to provide a kind of soil-solidified-agent, to solve in Chinese patent application document " combined soil curing agent (publication number:CN201710441973 on the basis of additive) ", how optimize technique, shorten cure The setting time of soil so that soil-solidified-agent solidification effect superior technique problem.
In order to solve the above technical problems, the present invention uses following technical scheme:
A kind of soil-solidified-agent, including following raw material:Portland cement, solid sulfur ash, exciting agent, early strength agent, silicon ash, Quick lime, polyacrylamide, water, polyvinyl butyral resin, calcium lignosulfonate, 3- aminopropyltrialkoxy silanes, poly- second Alkene pyrrolidone;
The exciting agent is modified water glass, the one or more in sodium aluminate, potassium aluminate, polymeric aluminium ferrum silicate;
The early strength agent is calcium oxide, the one or more in diethanol amine, saleratus;
The polyvinyl butyral resin:Calcium lignosulfonate:3- aminopropyltrialkoxy silanes:Polyvinylpyrrolidone Weight ratio be (35-50):(25-40):(30-40):(25-30).
The present invention also provides a kind of preparation method of soil-solidified-agent, comprise the following steps:
S1, modified material:By polyvinyl butyral resin, lignin sulfonic acid under conditions of temperature is 30-50 DEG C, seals Modified material is made by weight 3-4h is mixed in calcium, 3- aminopropyltrialkoxy silanes, polyvinylpyrrolidone, water;
S2, mixing:By modified material made from step S1 and Portland cement, solid sulfur ash, exciting agent, early strength agent, Silicon ash, quick lime, polyacrylamide stir 1-2h under 25-40 DEG C of temperature conditionss and mixing material are made by weight mixing;
It is prepared by S3, vacuum:By mixing material made from step S2 vacuum environment, speed of agitator 200-300r/min, Soil-solidified-agent is made after 2.5-4h is stirred under the conditions of being 40-70 DEG C in temperature.
Preferably, obtained modified material water content is 70-90% in step S1.
Preferably, mixing material described in step S2 need first by solid sulfur ash, exciting agent, early strength agent, polyacrylamide with Modified material stirring 20-30min after add Portland cement, silicon ash, quick lime stirring made from.
Preferably, the water content of the soil-solidified-agent described in step S3 is 40-50%.
The invention has the advantages that:
(1) by the data of embodiment 1-3 as it can be seen that embodiment 2 is optimum embodiment, during the solidification of the roadbed of soil-solidified-agent Between, the compression strength resultant effect of roadbed it is best.
(2) by embodiment 2 and the data of comparative example 1-5 as it can be seen that polyvinyl butyral resin, calcium lignosulfonate, 3- amino Propyl trialkoxy silane, polyvinylpyrrolidone add synergistic effect is played in soil-solidified-agent is prepared at the same time so that The setting time of the curing roadbed of soil-solidified-agent is short, compression strength of roadbed is high, this is probably:Polyvinyl butyral resin molecule With preferable cold-resistant, impact resistance, while gather around and be well bonded, easily stick in a variety of surfaces, can cause Calcium lignosulfonate, 3- aminopropyltrialkoxy silanes, polyvinylpyrrolidonemolecules molecules form the knot for stablizing, possessing cohesive force Structure, to improve the compression strength of roadbed;Calcium lignosulfonate possesses hydrophobic group and hydrophilic radical, hydrophobic group oriented attachment in The surface of particle, hydrophilic radical are directed toward aqueous solution, form unimolecule or polymolecular adsorbed film so that particle is because of the identical electricity in surface Lotus is mutually exclusive and is disperseed, from unnecessary moisture is discharged between particle, to achieve the purpose that to reduce setting time, so as to shorten Cure the setting time of roadbed;3- aminopropyltrialkoxy silanes possess preferable activation, and the other end of structure can be with Complicated substrate molecule forms high activity molecular radical, can improve reaction selectivity, improves the mechanical strength of material and right The resistivity of wet environment, improves the compression strength of roadbed;Polyvinylpyrrolidone possess preferable film forming, caking property, Cohesion, and since reaction molecular viscosity is big, the polymer of generation is not easy to spread, and increases the intensity of material, so as to carry The compression strength of elevated formation level.When polyvinyl butyral resin, calcium lignosulfonate, 3- aminopropyltrialkoxy silanes, polyethylene During pyrrolidones compatible use, polyvinyl butyral resin and calcium lignosulfonate, 3- aminopropyltrialkoxy silanes, polyethylene Pyrrolidone molecule, which is formed, to be stablized, possesses the structure of cohesive force, and improves the cold-resistant of structural molecule, impact resistance, then Under the activation of 3- aminopropyltrialkoxy silanes, the coupling effect of calcium lignosulfonate, polyvinylpyrrolidone is improved Rate, generation has the short macromolecule group of high intensity, hardening time, so as to shorten the setting time for curing roadbed, improves roadbed Compression strength.
(3) by the data of embodiment 1-3 comparative examples 6 as it can be seen that the compression strength of the roadbed of embodiment 1-3 soil-solidified-agents is shown Write the compression strength of the roadbed higher than 6 soil-solidified-agent of comparative example;Embodiment 1-3 soil-solidified-agents cure the solidification of roadbed at the same time Time is substantially less than the setting time that 6 soil-solidified-agent of comparative example cures roadbed.
【Embodiment】
For ease of more fully understanding the present invention, it is illustrated by following instance, these examples belong to the protection of the present invention Scope, but do not limit the scope of the invention.
In embodiment, the soil-solidified-agent, in units of parts by weight, including following raw material:Normal silicate water 25-35 parts of mud, 60-90 parts of solid sulfur ash, 13-20 parts of exciting agent, 11-20 parts of early strength agent, 11-17 parts of silicon ash, quick lime 22-30 Part, 10-25 parts of polyacrylamide, 100-150 parts of water, 35-50 parts of polyvinyl butyral resin, 25-40 parts of calcium lignosulfonate, 3- 30-40 parts of aminopropyltrialkoxy silanes, 25-30 parts of polyvinylpyrrolidone;
The exciting agent is modified water glass, the one or more in sodium aluminate, potassium aluminate, polymeric aluminium ferrum silicate;
The early strength agent is calcium oxide, the one or more in diethanol amine, saleratus;
The preparation method of the soil-solidified-agent, comprises the following steps:
S1, modified material:By polyvinyl butyral resin, lignin sulfonic acid under conditions of temperature is 30-50 DEG C, seals Modified material is made by weight 3-4h is mixed in calcium, 3- aminopropyltrialkoxy silanes, polyvinylpyrrolidone, water, Modified material water content is 70-90%;
S2, mixing:By modified material made from step S1 and Portland cement, solid sulfur ash, exciting agent, early strength agent, Silicon ash, quick lime, polyacrylamide are by weight mixing, first by solid sulfur ash, exciting agent, early strength agent, polyacrylamide and modification Portland cement, silicon ash, quick lime stirring are added after material stirring 20-30min, under 25-40 DEG C of temperature conditionss Mixing material is made in stirring 1-2h;
It is prepared by S3, vacuum:By mixing material made from step S2 vacuum environment, speed of agitator 200-300r/min, Soil-solidified-agent is made after 2.5-4h is stirred under the conditions of being 40-70 DEG C in temperature, and the water content of soil-solidified-agent is 40- 50%.
Below by more specific embodiment, the present invention will be described.
Embodiment 1
A kind of soil-solidified-agent, in units of parts by weight, including following raw material:27 parts of Portland cement, solid sulfur ash 607 parts, 15 parts of exciting agent, 11 parts of early strength agent, 12 parts of silicon ash, 22 parts of quick lime, 13 parts of polyacrylamide, 112 parts of water, polyethylene 35 parts of butyral, 27 parts of calcium lignosulfonate, 30 parts of 3- aminopropyltrialkoxy silanes, 6 parts of polyvinylpyrrolidone;
The exciting agent is modified water glass;
The early strength agent is diethanol amine;
The preparation method of the soil-solidified-agent, comprises the following steps:
S1, modified material:By polyvinyl butyral resin, calcium lignosulfonate, 3- under conditions of temperature is 33 DEG C, seals Modified material, modified material is made by weight 3h is mixed in aminopropyltrialkoxy silanes, polyvinylpyrrolidone, water Water content is 73%;
S2, mixing:By modified material made from step S1 and Portland cement, solid sulfur ash, exciting agent, early strength agent, Silicon ash, quick lime, polyacrylamide are by weight mixing, first by solid sulfur ash, exciting agent, early strength agent, polyacrylamide and modification Portland cement, silicon ash, quick lime stirring are added after material stirring 22min, 1h is stirred under 25 DEG C of temperature conditionss Mixing material is made;
It is prepared by S3, vacuum:By mixing material made from step S2 in vacuum environment, speed of agitator 223r/min, temperature Soil-solidified-agent is made to be stirred under the conditions of 47 DEG C after 2.5h, the water content of soil-solidified-agent is 43%.
Embodiment 2
A kind of soil-solidified-agent, in units of parts by weight, including following raw material:31 parts of Portland cement, solid sulfur ash 85 parts, 17 parts of exciting agent, 18 parts of early strength agent, 16 parts of silicon ash, 27 parts of quick lime, 19 parts of polyacrylamide, 134 parts of water, polyethylene 44 parts of butyral, 35 parts of calcium lignosulfonate, 36 parts of 3- aminopropyltrialkoxy silanes, 28 parts of polyvinylpyrrolidone;
The exciting agent is 7 parts of sodium aluminate, 10 parts of polymeric aluminium ferrum silicate;
The early strength agent is 12 parts of diethanol amine, 6 parts of saleratus;
The preparation method of the soil-solidified-agent, comprises the following steps:
S1, modified material:By polyvinyl butyral resin, calcium lignosulfonate, 3- under conditions of temperature is 46 DEG C, seals Modified material, modified material is made by weight 3.6h is mixed in aminopropyltrialkoxy silanes, polyvinylpyrrolidone, water It is 82% to expect water content;
S2, mixing:By modified material made from step S1 and Portland cement, solid sulfur ash, exciting agent, early strength agent, Silicon ash, quick lime, polyacrylamide are by weight mixing, first by solid sulfur ash, exciting agent, early strength agent, polyacrylamide and modification Portland cement, silicon ash, quick lime stirring are added after material stirring 26min, is stirred under 37 DEG C of temperature conditionss Mixing material is made in 1.6h;
It is prepared by S3, vacuum:By mixing material made from step S2 in vacuum environment, speed of agitator 285r/min, temperature Soil-solidified-agent is made to be stirred under the conditions of 65 DEG C after 3.7h, the water content of soil-solidified-agent is 48%.
Embodiment 3
A kind of soil-solidified-agent, in units of parts by weight, including following raw material:35 parts of Portland cement, solid sulfur ash 89 parts, 20 parts of exciting agent, 19 parts of early strength agent, 17 parts of silicon ash, 29 parts of quick lime, 25 parts of polyacrylamide, 147 parts of water, polyethylene 48 parts of butyral, 39 parts of calcium lignosulfonate, 40 parts of 3- aminopropyltrialkoxy silanes, polyvinylpyrrolidone 30 part;
The exciting agent is potassium aluminate;
The early strength agent is saleratus;
The preparation method of the soil-solidified-agent, comprises the following steps:
S1, modified material:By polyvinyl butyral resin, calcium lignosulfonate, 3- under conditions of temperature is 48 DEG C, seals Modified material, modified material is made by weight 4h is mixed in aminopropyltrialkoxy silanes, polyvinylpyrrolidone, water Water content is 89%;
S2, mixing:By modified material made from step S1 and Portland cement, solid sulfur ash, exciting agent, early strength agent, Silicon ash, quick lime, polyacrylamide are by weight mixing, first by solid sulfur ash, exciting agent, early strength agent, polyacrylamide and modification Portland cement, silicon ash, quick lime stirring are added after material stirring 29min, 2h is stirred under 40 DEG C of temperature conditionss Mixing material is made;
It is prepared by S3, vacuum:By mixing material made from step S2 in vacuum environment, speed of agitator 300r/min, temperature Soil-solidified-agent is made to be stirred under the conditions of 68 DEG C after 4h, the water content of soil-solidified-agent is 50%.
Comparative example 1
It is essentially identical with the preparation process of embodiment 2, have only unlike prepare lack in the raw material of soil-solidified-agent it is poly- Vinyl butyral, calcium lignosulfonate, 3- aminopropyltrialkoxy silanes, polyvinylpyrrolidone.
Comparative example 2
It is essentially identical with the preparation process of embodiment 2, have only unlike prepare lack in the raw material of soil-solidified-agent it is poly- Vinyl butyral.
Comparative example 3
It is essentially identical with the preparation process of embodiment 2, have only unlike prepare in the raw material of soil-solidified-agent and lack wood Quality sulfoacid calcium.
Comparative example 4
It is essentially identical with the preparation process of embodiment 2, have only unlike prepare in the raw material of soil-solidified-agent and lack 3- Aminopropyltrialkoxy silanes.
Comparative example 5
It is essentially identical with the preparation process of embodiment 2, have only unlike prepare lack in the raw material of soil-solidified-agent it is poly- Vinylpyrrolidone.
Comparative example 6
Using Chinese patent application document " combined soil curing agent (publication number:CN201710441973) " embodiment 2- 4 preparation method prepares soil-solidified-agent.
The soil-solidified-agent for measuring embodiment 1-3 and comparative example 1-6 cures the setting time of roadbed, the pressure resistance of roadbed Degree, as a result see the table below:
(1) by the data of embodiment 1-3 as it can be seen that embodiment 2 is optimum embodiment, during the solidification of the roadbed of soil-solidified-agent Between, the compression strength resultant effect of roadbed it is best.
(2) by embodiment 2 and the data of comparative example 1-5 as it can be seen that polyvinyl butyral resin, calcium lignosulfonate, 3- amino Propyl trialkoxy silane, polyvinylpyrrolidone add synergistic effect is played in soil-solidified-agent is prepared at the same time so that The setting time of the curing roadbed of soil-solidified-agent is short, compression strength of roadbed is high, this is probably:Polyvinyl butyral resin molecule With preferable cold-resistant, impact resistance, while gather around and be well bonded, easily stick in a variety of surfaces, can cause Calcium lignosulfonate, 3- aminopropyltrialkoxy silanes, polyvinylpyrrolidonemolecules molecules form the knot for stablizing, possessing cohesive force Structure, to improve the compression strength of roadbed;Calcium lignosulfonate possesses hydrophobic group and hydrophilic radical, hydrophobic group oriented attachment in The surface of particle, hydrophilic radical are directed toward aqueous solution, form unimolecule or polymolecular adsorbed film so that particle is because of the identical electricity in surface Lotus is mutually exclusive and is disperseed, from unnecessary moisture is discharged between particle, to achieve the purpose that to reduce setting time, so as to shorten Cure the setting time of roadbed;3- aminopropyltrialkoxy silanes possess preferable activation, and the other end of structure can be with Complicated substrate molecule forms high activity molecular radical, can improve reaction selectivity, improves the mechanical strength of material and right The resistivity of wet environment, improves the compression strength of roadbed;Polyvinylpyrrolidone possess preferable film forming, caking property, Cohesion, and since reaction molecular viscosity is big, the polymer of generation is not easy to spread, and increases the intensity of material, so as to carry The compression strength of elevated formation level.When polyvinyl butyral resin, calcium lignosulfonate, 3- aminopropyltrialkoxy silanes, polyethylene During pyrrolidones compatible use, polyvinyl butyral resin and calcium lignosulfonate, 3- aminopropyltrialkoxy silanes, polyethylene Pyrrolidone molecule, which is formed, to be stablized, possesses the structure of cohesive force, and improves the cold-resistant of structural molecule, impact resistance, then Under the activation of 3- aminopropyltrialkoxy silanes, the coupling effect of calcium lignosulfonate, polyvinylpyrrolidone is improved Rate, generation has the short macromolecule group of high intensity, hardening time, so as to shorten the setting time for curing roadbed, improves roadbed Compression strength.
(3) by the data of embodiment 1-3 comparative examples 6 as it can be seen that the compression strength of the roadbed of embodiment 1-3 soil-solidified-agents is shown Write the compression strength of the roadbed higher than 6 soil-solidified-agent of comparative example;Embodiment 1-3 soil-solidified-agents cure the solidification of roadbed at the same time Time is substantially less than the setting time that 6 soil-solidified-agent of comparative example cures roadbed.
The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, is not intended to limit the invention, for the skill of this area For art personnel, the invention may be variously modified and varied.Within the spirit and principles of the invention, that is made any repaiies Change, equivalent substitution, improvement etc., should all be included in the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (5)

1. a kind of soil-solidified-agent, it is characterised in that including following raw material:Portland cement, solid sulfur ash, exciting agent, morning Strong agent, silicon ash, quick lime, polyacrylamide, water, polyvinyl butyral resin, calcium lignosulfonate, 3- aminopropyl tri-alkoxies Silane, polyvinylpyrrolidone;
The exciting agent is modified water glass, the one or more in sodium aluminate, potassium aluminate, polymeric aluminium ferrum silicate;
The early strength agent is calcium oxide, the one or more in diethanol amine, saleratus;
The polyvinyl butyral resin:Calcium lignosulfonate:3- aminopropyltrialkoxy silanes:The weight of polyvinylpyrrolidone It is (35-50) to measure ratio:(25-40):(30-40):(25-30).
2. a kind of preparation method of soil-solidified-agent according to claim 1, it is characterised in that comprise the following steps:
S1, modified material:By polyvinyl butyral resin, calcium lignosulfonate, 3- under conditions of temperature is 30-50 DEG C, seals Modified material is made by weight 3-4h is mixed in aminopropyltrialkoxy silanes, polyvinylpyrrolidone, water;
S2, mixing:By modified material made from step S1 and Portland cement, solid sulfur ash, exciting agent, early strength agent, silicon ash, Quick lime, polyacrylamide stir 1-2h under 25-40 DEG C of temperature conditionss and mixing material are made by weight mixing;
It is prepared by S3, vacuum:By mixing material made from step S2 in vacuum environment, speed of agitator 200-300r/min, temperature For soil-solidified-agent is made after 2.5-4h is stirred under the conditions of 40-70 DEG C.
3. the preparation method of soil-solidified-agent according to claim 2, it is characterised in that obtained modified material in step S1 Material water content is 70-90%.
4. the preparation method of soil-solidified-agent according to claim 2, it is characterised in that mixing material described in step S2 Need to add common silicic acid after solid sulfur ash, exciting agent, early strength agent, polyacrylamide and modified material first are stirred 20-30min Made from salt cement, silicon ash, quick lime stir.
5. the preparation method of soil-solidified-agent according to claim 2, it is characterised in that the soil described in step S3 is consolidated The water content of agent is 40-50%.
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CN108872532A (en) * 2018-05-10 2018-11-23 北京师范大学 A kind of solid material tested for simulating mud-rock flow
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