CN107920558A - 改善动物中能量再分布的果胶 - Google Patents
改善动物中能量再分布的果胶 Download PDFInfo
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- CN107920558A CN107920558A CN201680046988.2A CN201680046988A CN107920558A CN 107920558 A CN107920558 A CN 107920558A CN 201680046988 A CN201680046988 A CN 201680046988A CN 107920558 A CN107920558 A CN 107920558A
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- acid
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- pectin
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Abstract
本发明涉及包含碳水化合物的组合物、包含这样的组合物的食料以及所述组合物或食料用于改善动物和人中食料摄入模式的用途，其中所述碳水化合物是酯化度小于65％的果胶。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及通过具有特定酯化度的果胶来在动物中进行能量再分布(energyredistribution)。这种能量再分布通过由于食料(feed)中存在具有特定酯化度的果胶而改进的食料摄入模式来解释。这种食料摄入模式的特征在于首先是食料摄入延后(latency)(延迟的首次进食(delayed first meal))，更少的进食，但更频繁的进食。因此，动物生活中的总食料摄入不受影响，只是食料摄入模式被改善。
背景技术
为了确保全世界对健康动物来源食品(例如肉)的需求，朝瘦肉方向改善食料效率是强制性的。为了实现这一目标，世界正依赖于密集型动物食品生产中的新技术。在此背景下，动物的生产率并且更特别地瘦肉质量正变得对动物(并且随后是人)健康越来越重要。此外，在工业化地区中群体中肥胖的发生率上升已激起对不同进食模式(行为以及食物产品的类型，例如脂肪含量较低的肉)的需求。这样，使用功能性碳水化合物来在家畜动物中并且间接和直接地在人中影响进食行为和/或脂肪沉积将是解决人群中肥胖问题的重要工具。
已经表明，碳水化合物是调节饥饿和饱腹感的必需食料成分。本发明旨在鉴定调节饱腹感过程并且同时对作为重要健康参数的动物能量平衡具有有益作用的特定碳水化合物。该目标将在动物保健中变得越来越重要。
发明内容
本发明旨在提供可用于用作食料补充剂的组合物，其提供改善的摄入模式，从而导致能量的再分配(repartitioning of anergy)。对此，本发明提供了根据权利要求1所述的组合物和根据权利要求7或12所述的这样的组合物的用途。
附图说明
图1示出了果胶和(部分地)酯化的果胶的部分结构。
具体实施方式
果胶作为复杂的α-D-(1→4)半乳糖醛酸聚合物见于植物组织的初生细胞壁(primary cell wall)和中层(middle lamella)(McCready，1970)。其有助于植物中的多种功能，影响细胞大小和形状、组织抗性、离子转运、保水能力、针对病原体和伤害的防御(Voragen等，2001)。在植物成熟的不同阶段，果酸部分地为甲酯形式，并且可包含一些乙酰基(Jeraci和Lewis，1989)。然而，在现今的大多数研究中，没有对果胶进行进一步表征，并且观察到的作用不能归因于果胶的特定(亚)结构。虽然预期不同的果胶级分可显著影响食用纤维的化学-物理学和生物学特性(Voragen等，2001；Bailoni等，2005)，但是大多数关于果胶的营养作用的研究都缺乏结构研究，并且因此果胶被相当地认为是食料中的抗营养营养物(antinutritional nutrient)，降低总食料摄入，导致较低的动物表现。
果胶作为白色至浅棕色的粉末商业化生产，主要提取自柑橘类水果，并且在食品中主要用作胶凝剂，特别是在果酱和果冻中。其还用于填料(fillings)、药品(medicines)、甜品(sweets)，用作果汁和乳饮料中的稳定剂，以及用作食用纤维的来源。
图1示出了果胶和(部分地)酯化的果胶的部分结构。该式显示，酯化是甲氧基化，但也可使用其他烷基(例如乙酰基)。明显的是，可将果胶酯化成在同一结构中具有仅一个基团(例如CH3或COCH3)或具有多于一个基团。优选地，果胶的酯化类型是甲基化和/或乙酰化，更优选甲基化。
如图1所示，果胶是由α-1，4-连接的D-半乳糖醛酸(GalA)主链(所谓的同型半乳糖醛酸聚糖(homogalacturonan)或光滑区(smooth region))和以下区段构成的复杂多糖，所述区段由用阿拉伯聚糖、阿拉伯半乳聚糖和半乳聚糖的侧链分支的α-(1，2)-连接的L-鼠李糖基和α-1，4-连接的D-半乳糖醛酸基残基的交替序列组成(支链鼠李糖半乳糖醛酸聚糖(rhamnogalacturonan)或须状区(hairy region))。果胶被中性糖(neutral sugar，NS)修饰，所述中性糖主要是半乳糖、阿拉伯糖和鼠李糖。
商业化果胶由于酸提取而通常包含少量的中性糖(中性糖含量为约5％)。果胶的其他结构元件是木糖半乳糖醛酸聚糖(xylogalacturonan)和鼠李糖半乳糖醛酸聚糖II。鼠李糖半乳糖醛酸聚糖II携带特殊的糖残基，例如Api(D-芹菜糖(D-apiose))、AceA(3-C-羧基-5-脱氧-L-木糖)、Dha(2-酮基-3-脱氧-D-来苏-庚酮糖酸)和Kdo(2-酮基-3-脱氧-D-甘露-辛酮糖酸)。这些不同结构元件的相对比例可因不同的植物来源和不同来源的商业化产品而显著不同。
果胶的多个取代基可被酯化。酯化的主要类型为：O-甲基、O-乙酰基和O-阿魏酰基(O-feruloyl)。不排除任何其他类型的酯化。大多数酯化存在于GalA残基上的同型半乳糖醛酸聚糖区域中。因此，GalA残基可作为游离羧基或如酯化时存在。酯化可以作为单酯化发生，但是也可作为单个残基的双重或甚至三重酯化发生。单个残基上的酯化可通过单一类型的烷基(即甲基或乙酰基)来进行，但也可以是混合类型。因此，GalA也可被乙酰化(例如在C-2和/或C-3位上)，这如在糖用甜菜和马铃薯块茎果胶中那样发生。
酯化度(degree of esterification，DE)定义为每100摩尔总半乳糖醛酸(游离GalA和经取代GalA加在一起)存在的酯的量(以摩尔计)。由于大多数商业化果胶实质上具有甲酯类型的酯化，因此经常将DE表示为甲基化度(degree of methylation，DM)。
在此情况下，酯化度定义为每100摩尔总半乳糖醛酸(游离GalA和经取代GalA加在一起)存在的甲酯的量(以摩尔计)。在酯化为乙酰基类型的情况下，通常将DE表示为乙酰化度(degree of acetylation)(即，DA)。在此情况下，酯化度定义为每100摩尔总半乳糖醛酸(游离GalA和经取代GalA加在一起)存在的乙酰基酯的量(以摩尔计)。在多种类型的酯化的情况下，通常将DE分开表示为甲基化度(即，DM)和乙酰化度(即，DA)。这些如上所述计算。或者，DE可表示为如下定义的酯化度：每100摩尔总半乳糖醛酸(游离GalA和经取代GalA加在一起)存在的用一种或更多种酯化修饰的半乳糖醛酸残基的量(以摩尔计)。
商业化果胶可以是数个群体的混合物：取代基的分布可以在分子内水平(在一个单个果胶聚合物链内)中或在分子间水平(在一个单个果胶样品中)中不同。这适用于所有取代基，因此糖和酯化，并且因此这两个类别在下文中均意指词语“取代基”。取代基可以完全随机地分布。这种随机分布可遵循均匀分布模式，当取代基在单个果胶聚合物链上规则分布时，导致更为同质的果胶聚合物链。如果单个果胶样品中的所有果胶聚合物链都是相同同质类型的，则样品也可以被称为同质的。
然而，单个同质果胶聚合物链可与其他同质果胶聚合物链一起存在于组合物中，但是分子内取代基分布不同(但仍是同质的)。在此情况下，果胶样品应被视为异质的。
本发明描述了以下令人惊讶的观察结果：向动物和大鼠供应具有特定酯化范围的果胶，对象消耗相同量的食料，但通过改善的摄入模式，所述模式的特征在于首先是食料摄入延后(延迟的首次进食)，更少的进食，但更频繁的进食。这种摄入模式降低血液中的葡萄糖和胰岛素水平，并且减慢胃排空。这最终导致能量(脂肪组织)再分配，从而改善瘦组织组成。特定果胶的这种作用模式是新的，并且先前尚未被描述用于动物和甚至人营养。
在本发明的情况下，优选地通过HPLC法来确定酯化度，如Voragen等(2001)在出版在Food Hydrocolloids第I卷第I期第65-70页.1986的标题为“Determination of thedegree of methylation and acetylation of pectins by h.p.l.c，”的出版物中所述。
术语“动物”意指可能发生或遭受能量失衡的动物，其包括鸟(avian)、牛(bovine)、犬(canine)、马(equine)、鸡(galline)、猫(feline)、山羊(hircine)、兔(lapine)、鼠(murine)、鼬(musteline)、绵羊(ovine)、鱼(piscine)、猪(porcine)和狐狸(vulpine)动物。优选地，动物是猪、鸡、牛、绵羊、犬、猫。
在第一方面，本发明提供了包含碳水化合物的组合物，其中所述碳水化合物是酯化度小于65％的果胶，或其衍生物。
优选地，根据本发明的果胶的酯化类型是甲基化和/或乙酰化，更优选甲基化。
所述衍生物可包括盐(果胶酯酸盐或果胶酸盐)，例如Ca2+、Na+或K+盐；经修饰柑橘果胶(modified citrus pectin，MCP)或其中用氨将所述至少部分半乳糖醛酸转化为羧酸酰胺的酰胺化果胶；取代(烷基化、酰胺化、季铵化、硫醇化、硫酸化、氧化等)、链延长(交联和接枝)和解聚(化学、物理和酶促降解)。酰胺基团通常存在于酰胺化GalA残基的C-6位。然而，这不排除酰胺基团存在于任何其他位置。如果果胶是酰胺化的，则通常将DE表示为酰胺化度(degree of amidation，即DAM)。在此情况下，酯化度定义为每100摩尔总半乳糖醛酸(游离GalA和经取代GalA加在一起)存在的酰胺的量(以摩尔计)。
在酯化果胶之间作出以下区分：
(i)低酯化果胶(low-esterified pectin，LEP)
(ii)高酯化果胶(high-esterified pectin，HEP)。
低酯化果胶的酯化度(DE)小于50％。这意味着可能位置中的少于50％被酯化。
高酯化果胶的DE大于50％。这意味着可能位置中的超过50％被酯化。
在另一个实施方案中，所述酯化度小于65％，更优选小于60％、更优选小于55％、更优选小于50％、更优选小于45、更优选小于40％、35％、30％。优选地，所述果胶是低酯化果胶(LEP)。
通常来说，果胶的DE为至少1％，优选至少2％，更优选至少3％。因此，范围为1％至65％、2％至65％、3％至65％、1％至60％、2％至60％、3％至60％、1％至55％、2％至55％和3％至55％。
在另一个实施方案中，所述酯化度为0至65％，更优选5％至60％，更优选5％至55％，更优选5％至50％。
优选地，所述果胶包含一种或更多种α-D-(1→4)半乳糖醛酸聚合物，或者一种或更多种所述聚合物的混合物。
令人惊讶地发现，上述组合物对动物中的能量再分布具有积极作用。这种能量再分布通过改进的食料摄入模式来解释，所述模式的特征又在于首先是食料摄入延后(延迟的首次进食)，更少的进食，但更频繁的进食。因此，人或动物生活中的总食料摄入不受影响，仅食料摄入模式被改善。根据本发明的具有特定酯化度的果胶作为特殊碳水化合物作用于动物和人的肠道中营养物吸收的机制。
这些果胶的来源对于观察到的效果不是至关重要的。在本发明的情况下，果胶可从任何已知来源获得。梨、苹果、番石榴(guava)、榅桲(quince)、梅子(plum)、醋栗(gooseberry)、橙以及其他柑橘类水果包含大量果胶，而例如樱桃、葡萄和草莓的无核小果(soft fruit)包含少量果胶。除水果之外的其他植物来源也可包含果胶。例如，果胶可来源于马铃薯、大豆、糖用甜菜、菊苣(chicory)、胡萝卜、番茄、豌豆、欧洲防风(parsnip)和(绿色)豆类。
如所述，几乎所有的高等植物中都存在果胶。对于其提取，使用食品工业中的数种副产物，例如柑橘皮(柠檬汁生产的副产物)、苹果渣(苹果汁生产的副产物)、糖用甜菜(甜菜糖工业的副产物)以及在较小程度上，马铃薯纤维、向日葵盘(油生产的副产物)和洋葱。注意，该列表并不是穷举性的。用于获得具有特定酯化度之果胶的方法是本领域中公知的。
根据本发明的组合物还可包含另外的原料(添加剂)和/或生长促进物质。在一个优选实施方案中，添加剂选自芳香剂(aroma)和植物提取物。在另一个优选实施方案中，生长促进组分选自抗生素、维生素、微量元素(trace element)、益生菌(probiotics)、益生元(prebiotics)、精油(essential oil)、酶、脂肪酸和有机(无机)酸。可用于本发明一个实施方案的有机酸的非限制性实例包括C1-C12羧酸，特别是未经取代的羧酸，例如甲酸、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、戊酸、中链脂肪酸；和/或经取代的羧酸，例如己二酸、马来酸、琥珀酸、柠檬酸、富马酸、酒石酸、乳酸、葡糖酸、琥珀酸和抗坏血酸，包括环状羧酸，例如吡啶甲酸。有机酸可包含一种或更多种经取代或未经取代的羧酸及其混合物，以及饱和的、不饱和的、环状的和/或脂族的羧酸或其混合物，以及金属络合物和/或其盐，以及其外消旋体和/或对映体形式。可用于本发明一个实施方案的无机酸的非限制性实例包括少量强酸，例如高氯酸(氢高氯酸)、碘化氢、溴化氢(氢溴酸)、氯化氢(氢氯酸)、硫酸和硝酸；以及弱无机酸，例如磷酸、氢氟酸、次氯酸和亚硝酸。
在一个实施方案中，根据本发明的组合物中的果胶以液体或固体形式存在。在另一个实施方案中，如本文所述的根据本发明的组合物被配制为液体或固体形式。术语“固体形式”特别地意指粉末。术语“液体形式”特别地意指水溶液或意指油溶液。特别地，该组合物适合于经口施用。
根据本发明的组合物通常可用于用作食品或食料添加剂。在一个实施方案中，按组合物的重量计，本文中所述果胶的浓度总计为至少1％、5％、10％、15％、20％、25％、30％、35％、40％、45％、50％、55％、60％、65％、70％、75％、80％、85％、90％、95％、99％、100％。在另一个实施方案中，本文中所述的果胶的量(基于干重)为1g/100g组合物(按重量计1％)至100g/100g组合物(按重量计100％)，优选50g/100g至90g/100g组合物(按重量计50％至90％)，更优选60g/100g至80g/100g。
根据本发明的组合物通常涉及包含上文中提到的组合物的动物食料。优选地，所述组合物以所述组合物重量之总量的0.01至10wt％存在。在另一个实施方案中，基于食料制剂的总重量，根据本发明的具有DE的所述果胶(如上所述)以0.01至5wt％的量存在。
特别地，如上述一个或更多个实施方案中所述的组合物或食料用于改善动物的食料摄入模式，从而在动物中再分布能量。这样的用途的特征在于食料摄入延后(延迟的首次进食)，更少但更频繁的进食。出于本发明的目的，术语“能量”应理解为代表动物中存在的脂肪组织。
通过使用根据本发明的组合物或食料，动物的内脏组织中沉积较少的脂肪，从而改善肉以及其他动物来源产品(例如卵(egg)和/或乳(milk))的瘦性(leanness)。
最后，使用酯化度小于65％的果胶有助于动物身体中能量的再分布，通过首先表现出食料摄入延后(延迟的首次进食)，并且随后消耗更少的食物，但是频率更高。为了可以更加清楚地理解本发明，将参照以下实施例对优选形式进行描述。
实施例1：在饮食中掺入LM果胶导致更多次且更少的进食
大鼠进食试验设置
在12小时：12小时光照-黑暗循环(在10:00AM开启光照)下，将17只雄性Wistar大鼠(体重±320g，Harlan Netherlands BV，Horst，The Netherlands)单独饲养在气候控制的房间(21C±1)中的TSE笼中。这些专用笼装备有用于连续多天记录摄食量的食物称重传感器(TSE Systems GmbH，Bad Homburg，Germany)以监测昼夜进食模式、食量(meal size)和进食次数(meal number)。昼夜食物摄入模式以最后连续两天的平均值来计算，第一天用于适应。这些有机玻璃笼(40×23×15cm)由灵敏的重量平衡食物站(用于标准大小的食物颗粒的不锈钢食物容器)组成。
使动物保持随意摄食。在整个研究期间，水都是可随意获得的。每天在10AM测量摄食量和体重。对于称重，使用实验室标度(灵敏度为0.1克)。实验经格罗宁根大学动物实验伦理委员会(Ethical Committee of Animal Experiments of the University ofGroningen)批准。
所有动物都在颈静脉双侧装有长期心脏导管，以使在静脉内葡萄糖耐量测试(intravenous glucose tolerance test，IVGTT)期间进行无应激采血。外科手术在全身异氟烷(2％)麻醉下进行。在实验开始前，动物具有至少10天来恢复。每周检查插管的通畅性。
整个试验持续11周：
●第1周：进食模式测量(TSE)
●第3周：在单次进食1.5克期间采血
●第4周：进食模式测量(TSE)
●第6周：静脉内葡萄糖耐量测试
●第9周：进食模式测量(TSE)
●第11周：尸体分析
饮食
向9只大鼠饲喂对照饮食，而向8只大鼠饲喂富含果胶的饮食。饮食的组成如下：95％的食料RMH-B饮食(获自Arie Blok，Woerden，the Netherlands)和5％果胶(参见果胶来源)。饮食如下制备：在工业混合器中将所有组分(包括0.25％TiO2作为标志物)与水混合至600mL/千克(kilo)直至获得均质的混合物/面团。在混合20分钟后，利用造粒机来将饮食颗粒化(直径1.0cm)。将得到的颗粒在室温下利用压缩空气干燥48小时。
果胶来源
具有DE 33的果胶分离自柑橘，并且获自Herbstreith&Fox(Neuenbürg/Württingen，Germany)。
进食模式分析
在第二次进食模式测量期间，观察动物并进行48小时测量。将获得的数据在以特定饮食饲喂的所有动物中求平均，并示于下表中。利用T检验(student T test)进行统计学分析。
令人惊讶的是，饲喂果胶的动物消耗显著更多次且量更小的食物。另外，在此期间进食这两种饮食的总量无显著性差异(40.92克相对于40.69克)。
实施例2：在饮食中掺入LM果胶导致脂肪沉积降低
大鼠试验如实施例1中所述。在处死之后，进行尸体分析以确定脂肪的量。移除肝、胃、肠(回肠(ilium)至直肠)、脾、肾并称重。还对腹膜后和附睾脂肪进行称重。利用基于石油的索氏脂肪提取器(Soxlet fat extractor)来确定皮肤、尸体和肠的脂肪含量。在此将内脏脂肪定义为肠脂肪、附睾脂肪和腹膜后脂肪的总和。
令人惊讶的是，饲喂果胶的动物的绝对和相对脂肪百分比都降低。这对于内脏和肠脂肪的量和相对百分比也是明显的。
实施例3：低和高酯化果胶对小猪中总食料摄入的作用
实施例的背景：已在幼猪中对DM值为33％的果胶进行测试，并且其显示与DM＞65％相比对食料摄入具有有益作用。
在35天的实验期期间，将621只断奶小猪(7.4kg体重)分配到：1)对照组；2)包含3％果胶(33％DM)的饮食；或3)包含3％果胶(＞65％DM)的饮食。将小猪饲养在围栏(pen)中的断奶猪设施中，其中每个围栏7至9只小猪，使得每种处理27个围栏(重复)。将这些重复中的4个(每种处理)饲养在装备有用于断奶猪的饲养站的围栏中以使得能够测量个体食料摄入特征。在整个35天时间期间，使小猪自由获取食料和水。
令人惊讶的是，低酯化果胶(以果胶DE 33表示)在小猪生长时间内维持食料摄入，而高酯化果胶(以果胶DE＞65表示)以不利方式影响食料摄入。
参考文献
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Claims (15)
1.包含碳水化合物的组合物，其中所述碳水化合物包含至少一种酯化度小于65％的果胶。
2.根据权利要求1所述的组合物，其特征在于所述果胶的酯化度小于55％。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的组合物，其特征在于所述果胶包含一种或更多种α-D-(1→4)半乳糖醛酸聚合物，或者一种或更多种所述聚合物的混合物。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的组合物，其特征在于所述组合物还包含维生素、微量元素、矿物质或羧酸和/或其盐，所述羧酸选自戊酸、甲酸、乙酸、丙酸、中链脂肪酸、乳酸、丁酸、柠檬酸、马来酸、富马酸、苯甲酸、琥珀酸、山梨酸、酒石酸。
5.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的组合物，其特征在于所述果胶以所述组合物总重量的1％至100％的浓度存在于所述组合物中。
6.食料，其包含根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的组合物。
7.根据权利要求6所述的食料，其特征在于所述组合物以所述组合物重量之总量的0.01％至10％存在。
8.根据权利要求6或7所述的食料，其包含基于食料制剂总重量0.01至5wt％的果胶。
9.根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的组合物或根据权利要求6至8所述的动物食料，其用于改善动物和人的食料摄入模式以在人和动物中使能量再分配。
10.根据权利要求9所述应用的组合物或食料，其中改善的食料模式的特征在于食料摄入延后(延迟的首次进食)、更少但更频繁的进食。
11.根据权利要求9或10所述应用的组合物或食料，其中动物属于可能发生或遭受能量失衡之动物的组，其包括鸟、牛、犬、马、鸡、猫、山羊、兔、鼠、鼬、绵羊、鱼、猪和狐狸动物。
12.根据权利要求11所述应用的组合物或食料，其中动物优先为猪、鸡、牛、绵羊、犬、猫。
13.根据权利要求9至12中任一项所述应用的组合物或食料，其中能量代表所述动物或人的脂肪组织。
14.根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的组合物或根据权利要求6至8所述的食料，其用于改善肉以及其他动物来源产品的瘦性。
15.根据权利要求14所述应用的组合物或食料，其中动物来源产品是肉、卵和乳。
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| CN108741085A (zh) * | 2018-06-01 | 2018-11-06 | 暨南大学 | 果胶在制备具有减肥效果的功能性食品中的应用 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
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| BR112018000521A2 (pt) | 2018-09-18 |
| BR112018000521B1 (pt) | 2022-08-09 |
| WO2017009259A1 (en) | 2017-01-19 |
| US20180199596A1 (en) | 2018-07-19 |
| EP3319457A1 (en) | 2018-05-16 |
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