CN1078617C - 燃料气的生产方法和装置 - Google Patents

燃料气的生产方法和装置 Download PDF

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CN1078617C
CN1078617C CN98102996A CN98102996A CN1078617C CN 1078617 C CN1078617 C CN 1078617C CN 98102996 A CN98102996 A CN 98102996A CN 98102996 A CN98102996 A CN 98102996A CN 1078617 C CN1078617 C CN 1078617C
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B·A·基南
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Abstract

在气化器熔融器8中气化第一固体含碳燃料并熔化铁。在立式炉6中使用生成的燃料气的第一物流通过直接还原铁矿石形成铁。所形成的燃料气的第二物流与在第二气化器16中分别气化第二含碳燃料所产生的燃料气混合,在第二气化器中没有铁熔化,其基本上不提供含碳固体燃料到第一气化段。该混合有助于减弱生成的燃料气的第二物流流速的波动。

Description

燃料气的生产方法和装置
本发明涉及燃料气的生产方法和装置。
世界上生产的大多数铁都是由高炉生产的。高炉的主要作用是把矿石还原成铁。把包括铁矿石、焦炭和助熔组分的进料通过炉子的顶部加入到炉子中,并形成一个床。使用鼓风机预热的空气来燃烧焦炭,形成一氧化碳。一氧化碳还原铁矿石成为铁。使用燃烧焦炭释放的热量熔化生产的铁。在炉子的底部把铁和熔渣作为熔融的产物排出。该方法的一个缺点是其需要首先把煤转化为焦炭。在炼焦炉中使用还原气氛完成该操作。当以环境可接受的方式处理它们时,存在的问题是运转炼焦炉很昂贵并且产生炉渣。
因此已经提出直接使用煤由矿石生产铁。一般地使用两段炉。在上段通过与还原气反应把铁矿石还原为铁。将得到的铁送入第二段,在第二段中铁被熔化。也用第二段通过部分氧化反应来气化煤,以便生产用于第一段的还原气。现在该“直接还原熔融”法已经工业应用。
直接还原熔融法的一个特征是,一般的它们产生还原气的速度比氧化铁的还原所需要的量要大。因为直接还原熔融法常常在较远离其它的工业区的地方操作,因此,收集该过量的还原气并且在其它的地方用其作为工业燃料一般是不经济的。因此常常需要在生产电能的地方使用该燃料气。因此,已经提出把该燃料加入到构成部分联合循环发电机的气体透平中,在其中该燃料在较高的压力下进行燃烧,在膨胀式涡轮中该燃烧气膨胀,由膨胀气产生的热废气与水或蒸汽进行热交换,以便形成过热蒸汽,在蒸汽透平中该过热蒸汽膨胀,使用膨胀透平和蒸汽透平来驱动交流发电机,以便产生电能。这样的安排的缺点是,在实践中过量还原气的产生速度往往随着由直接还原熔融法生产铁的需要的变化而变化。在发电的过程中这样一种变化流速的燃料气是特别不利的。
因此,本发明的一个目的上提供一种改善上述难题的方法和装置。
EP-A-0 657 550涉及生产铁的方法,其包括在第一段通过与还原气反应把铁矿石还原为铁,在第二段把铁熔融和把固体含碳物质气化,固体含碳物质的气化产生还原气用于第一段,特征在于,至少25%(重),优选所有的含碳物质包括在与第一和第二段分开的反应器中由煤的部分氧化形成的颗粒冷炭。该方法能够提供热量更有效的方法。实际上煤的气化在两个分开的步骤进行,一个是在反应器中把煤开始转化为炭,另一个是在第二段把该炭气化。产生过量还原气的速度基本上不受所加的反应器的影响,因此,该方法不提供上述问题的解决办法。
按照本发明,提供一种生产燃料气的方法,该方法包括如下步骤:在第一气化段气化所提供的第一含碳燃料并且熔化铁,提供所生成的燃料气的第一物流通过还原铁矿形成待熔化的铁,把生成的燃料气的第二物流与分别在第二气化段气化提供的第二含碳燃料所产生的燃料气混合,在第二气化段无铁熔化,并且其基本上不提供含碳固体燃料到第一气化段,其中第一含碳燃料是固体含碳燃料。
本发明也提供生产燃料气的装置,其包括用于气化所提供的第一含碳燃料和熔化铁的第一气化器;通过还原铁矿石为熔融的铁的炉子,该炉子有与第一气化器的燃料气的出口连通的燃料气的入口;在不存在熔化的铁的情况下气化所提供的第二含碳燃料的第二气化器;和与第一气化器的燃料气的出口和第二气化器的燃料出口连通的储藏燃料气的容器,该容器有提供燃料气混合物的出口;其中没有从第二气化器提供含碳固体燃料到第一气化器的装置。
通过使用第二气化段,从第一气化段产生燃料气的速度的波动往往被消除。为了达到最好的消除,第二气化段的气体的排出的速度优选的大于第一气化段的速度,以便与第一气化段的燃料气混合。
该燃料气混合物优选地提供到发电的和如果需要的话产生蒸汽的联合循环装置。
第一含碳燃料优选是煤。第二含碳燃料优选是煤(例如煤燃料),但可以代替的是例如重燃料油。本发明的方法和装置的一个另外的优点是细颗粒的煤可以很容易地在第二气化段气化,该细颗粒煤是不适用于生产铁的,但是其是在生产加入到第一气化段的煤的过程中不可避免地形成的。
第二气化段优选地在比第一气化段高的压力下操作。一般地,第一气化段在直至30巴(bar)(3×106帕)的压力下操作,第二气化段在直至8×106帕的压力下操作。
第一和第二气化器优选地是直接地加入来自通常的空气分离装置的氧气。空分装置的氮气优选的是送到至少一个气化器的至少一个燃烧室,在该燃烧室燃料气混合物在存在空气的情况下完全氧化。所提供的这些氮气帮助减少氮氧化物的形成。另外,所提供的氮气增加了在联合循环中的能量的回收。
现在参考附图通过实施例描述本发明的方法和装置,附图是一个联合气化-生产铁-发电装置的简化流程图。
参考附图,把煤矿采出的煤送到煤生产设备2,该煤生产设备包括一个湿研磨段(未示出)和一个筛选段(未示出)。该湿研磨产生范围不同的颗粒尺寸,一般的直至约50mm的煤。通过筛选分离尺寸小于约10mm的最细的颗粒。把剩余的煤颗粒送到两段反应器4,以进行一个由铁矿石生产铁的直接还原熔融过程。该直接还原熔融过程可以是例如COREX过程。反应器4包括一个上部立式炉6和一个下部熔融器-气化器8。反应器4是常规操作。简单地说,把测定量的块状压制的或熔结的氧化铁矿石、石灰和白云石直接加到炉子6的顶部。同时把含有一氧化碳和氢气的高温还原气在其中间区域鼓入到炉子6中。还原气向上流动,与下行的矿石流相反,到炉子6的顶部,其在顶部排出。当下行通过热气时,把石灰和白云石煅烧,矿石还原成海绵铁。一般地使用螺旋运输机(未示出)以所需要的速度从立式炉6的底部把海绵铁取出,使取出的海绵铁在重力下下落直接到气化器-熔融器8。气化器-熔融器8在其底部有一个炉床(未示出)、一个煤的填充床(未示出)、一个在填充床之上的流化床(未示出)和一个最高的游离挡板区(未示出)。把氧气或富氧的空气通过风嘴(未示出)从导管10鼓到气化器-熔融器8的流化床区,并由此气化煤。回收生成的还原气,并通过一个旋风分离器12,以便分离其中的颗粒,并分流。该部分分流提供炉子6的还原气。海绵铁在重力下从炉子6落到气化器-熔融器8的流化床区熔化。液体铁和炉渣,后者含有煤灰、石灰和白云石,滴到炉床上,并且由于较重的铁和较轻的炉渣之间的密度方面的差别就自然分离成两层。从气化器-熔融器8的底部回收液体铁,正如液体炉渣。
可以由空分装置直接供给氧气。该装置可以是这样一种类型,即在其中通过在精馏塔中分馏,在低温分离空气。或者以汽态从精馏塔中得到氧气,加温到室温,并压缩到所需要的压力,或者以液态从精馏塔中得到氧气,用泵升到所需要的压力,汽化,并加温升到约室温。这样的装置是公知的,并且可以调整使得得到任何需要的氧纯度。
把第二供给的磨碎煤加入到第二气化器16中。第二气化器16一般地是部分氧化型的,但是不需要使用水急冷,或者用热气清扫或者用冷气清扫。供给到第二气化器16的燃料包括由炉子4相关的煤制备段得到的细粉。把用作部分氧化气体的氧气在约7×106帕的压力下通过管道18供给到气化器16。从普通的空分装置20把氧气供给到气化器8和16。氧气的纯度优选是85-95%,但是可以更高。气化器16一般地在约6×106帕的压力下生产饱和燃料气。
在第一气化器8中生产的部分燃料气,其不送到炉子6,从旋风分离器的下游取出,并且在一个或多个常规类型的从气体中除去氮的氧化物的装置22中进行洗涤。洗涤的燃料气流到压缩机24,该压缩机可以是轴流式或离心式,或者轴流段和离心段的混合,其可以冷却或不冷却,其把燃料气的压力升到约2×106帕。把得到的压缩燃料气送到储罐26。在气化器16形成的燃料气流到一般在附图中由数字28所表示的许多段,在其中有效的除去气体中的杂质硫,并回收其中的能量。这些段的一般顺序包括废热锅炉(未示出),除去废热锅炉中凝结的蒸汽的相分离器,从燃料气中分离生成的冷凝物的相分离器,进一步冷却和冷凝段,酸性气体除去装置,一般的一个Claus装置,再加热器,驱动交流发电机的膨胀透平,因此能够产生电能,并且降低气体的压力到约2×106帕,和一个再饱和器,在其中气体用水蒸气再饱和。在EP-B-0 384 781中进一步详细地介绍了这样一系列的段。把这样处理的燃料气通到储罐26,其或者与压缩机24的燃料气体预混合,或者在储罐26中自己混合。
供给燃料气的储罐26联合循环回收装置一般的由数字30表示。装置30包括至少一个包括空气压缩机34的气体透平32,燃烧室36和膨胀透平38。安排膨胀透平38驱动交流发电机40。附图表示并联排列的三个这样的气体透平32。实际上,根据生产燃料气混合物的速度可以用任意的数目。每个燃烧室36也从空分装置20接收提供的氮气。如果空分装置不生产燃烧室压力(一般约2×106帕)的氮气,可以用压缩机(来示出)升高氮气的压力到所需要的压力。另外,如果需要的话,可以把氮气用水蒸汽饱和,并且预热到至少约200℃的温度。通到燃烧室36的氮气有助于控制其中的温度,并且使形成的氮的氧化物最少。另外,提供的氮气可以提高回收的能量。此外,为了启动的目的,每个气体透平可以有一个独立的燃料供给系统。
从膨胀透平38排出的废气比较热。因此用其在热回收蒸汽发生器42中产生蒸汽。所产生的蒸汽在蒸汽透平44中膨胀。附图显示出三个这样的透平44,但是,根据产生蒸汽的数量而不管任何的蒸汽是输出别用,可以使用任何数目。每个透平44都与交流发电机相联,以便进一步产生电能。
从分别的气化器8和16提供到储罐28中的燃料气的相对速度是这样安排的,即铁矿石加入到炉子6中的速度的波动和因此用在反应器4中而不是排出所需要的还原气的速度的波动对甚至在不生产铁的期间能量回收装置30的操作的影响最小。

Claims (9)

1、一种生产燃料气的方法,该方法包括如下步骤:在第一气化段气化所提供的第一含碳燃料并且熔化铁,提供所生成的燃料气的第一物流通过还原铁矿石形成待熔化的铁,把生成的燃料气的第二物流与分别在第二气化段气化第二含碳燃料所产生的燃料气混合,在第二气化段没有铁熔化,并且其基本上不提供含碳固体燃料到第一气化段,其中第一含碳燃料是固体含碳燃料。
2、根据权利要求1的方法,其中第一含碳燃料是煤。
3、根据权利要求1的方法,其中第二含碳燃料是煤。
4、根据权利要求1或2的方法,其中第一含碳燃料包括通过研磨煤形成的煤颗粒的比较粗的部分,第二含碳燃料包括通过所说的煤的研磨形成的煤颗粒的比较细的部分。
5、根据上述权利要求之任一项的方法,其中从普通的空气分离装置提供氧气到第一和第二气化段。
6、根据上述权利要求之任一项的方法,还包括把燃料气混合物提供到联合循环设备以生产电能的步骤。
7、生产燃料气的装置,包括气化所提供的含有固体含碳燃料的第一含碳燃料和熔化铁的第一气化器;通过还原铁矿石形成待熔融的铁的炉子,该炉子有与第一气化器的出口连通的燃料气的入口;在不存在熔化的铁的情况下气化所提供的第二含碳燃料的第二气化器;和与第一气化器的燃料气的出口和第二气化器的燃料气出口连通的储藏燃料气的容器,该容器有提供的燃料气混合物的出口;其中没有从第二气化器提供含碳固体燃料到第一气化器的装置。
8、根据权利要求7的装置,其中所说的容器的燃料气的所说的出口与联合循环发电设备联通。
9、根据权利要求7或8的装置,还包括提供氧气到第一和第二气化器的空气分离装置。
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