CN107852096A - 用于测量仪器的具有非常宽动态范围的开关电源 - Google Patents

用于测量仪器的具有非常宽动态范围的开关电源 Download PDF

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CN107852096A
CN107852096A CN201680035136.3A CN201680035136A CN107852096A CN 107852096 A CN107852096 A CN 107852096A CN 201680035136 A CN201680035136 A CN 201680035136A CN 107852096 A CN107852096 A CN 107852096A
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adjuster
power supply
electric current
switched
mode power
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CN107852096B (zh
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弗朗西斯克·皮翁
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Chauvin Arnoux SAS
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/33569Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements
    • H02M3/33576Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements having at least one active switching element at the secondary side of an isolation transformer
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/08Circuits specially adapted for the generation of control voltages for semiconductor devices incorporated in static converters
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/32Means for protecting converters other than automatic disconnection
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/36Means for starting or stopping converters
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/33507Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of the output voltage or current, e.g. flyback converters
    • H02M3/33523Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of the output voltage or current, e.g. flyback converters with galvanic isolation between input and output of both the power stage and the feedback loop
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/33561Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having more than one ouput with independent control
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/0003Details of control, feedback or regulation circuits
    • H02M1/0016Control circuits providing compensation of output voltage deviations using feedforward of disturbance parameters
    • H02M1/0022Control circuits providing compensation of output voltage deviations using feedforward of disturbance parameters the disturbance parameters being input voltage fluctuations
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/0003Details of control, feedback or regulation circuits
    • H02M1/0025Arrangements for modifying reference values, feedback values or error values in the control loop of a converter
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/0003Details of control, feedback or regulation circuits
    • H02M1/0032Control circuits allowing low power mode operation, e.g. in standby mode
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/14Arrangements for reducing ripples from dc input or output
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02BCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B70/00Technologies for an efficient end-user side electric power management and consumption
    • Y02B70/10Technologies improving the efficiency by using switched-mode power supplies [SMPS], i.e. efficient power electronics conversion e.g. power factor correction or reduction of losses in power supplies or efficient standby modes

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Dc-Dc Converters (AREA)

Abstract

一种开关模式电源,包括:功率变换器,所述功率变换器包括变压器,所述变压器具有与接收输入电压的初级电路连接的初级绕组以及与将输出电压传递到负载的次级电路连接的次级绕组,所述初级电路包括用于操作开关元件以对在初级绕组中流动的电流进行斩波以便将能量选择性地传送到次级绕组的控制器,并且所述次级电路包括将所述能量传递到所述负载的储能电容器;第一调节器,所述第一调节器接收输出电压并经由隔离器元件传递用于所述控制器的第一控制电流;以及,第二调节器,所述第二调节器接收作为输出电压的镜像的辅输出电压并传递用于所述控制器的第二控制电流,所述第二控制电流被添加到第一控制电流以避免在所述初级绕组中流动的电流的斩波中的任何中断。

Description

用于测量仪器的具有非常宽动态范围的开关电源
技术领域
本发明涉及用于测量仪器的开关模式电源领域,尤其涉及一种与直流(DC)和交流(AC)电源网络都兼容的具有非常大动态范围的电源。
背景技术
这里所说的电源具有非常宽动态范围指的是当与DC网兼容时超过120伏直流(Vdc)至1600Vdc的范围,或者当与AC网络兼容时超过85伏交流(Vac)至1150Vac的范围。
在开关模式电源中,来自AC网络的电压被整流和滤波,然后通过开关元件以高于该网络的频率的频率“被斩波”,使得在输入和输出之间提供隔离的变压器的次级电压大体上呈现方波形,其通过整流和二次滤波被转换成DC电压。通过操作开关元件的占空比,将输出DC电压调节到期望的恒定电平。
图4示出了现有技术的反激式拓扑结构的开关模式电源,其工作在来自AC网络的固定频率的电流模式(被称为“正弦起跳(takeoff)”)下。在该配置中,接收经整流的市电的电容器C1和C2实际上具有零电容,并且主要用于提供电磁兼容性(EMC)。因此,将能量存储器C11布置在能量变压器THT(其次级电压通过二极管D11进行整流)的次级上,并且它需要具有足以吸收来自AC网络的波纹的电容(几毫法拉(m F))。按照已知的方式,伺服控制利用电源的电流模式的,该伺服控制由比例积分(PI)调节器Z9来执行,该比例积分(PI)调节器Z9的时间常数远大于一个市电半周期(为此,电容器C9具有大的电容),并且其参考电压由在输出端与地之间的负载的端子之间串联连接的电阻器R14和R15的比来给出,其中调制整斩波晶体管T1的导通时间的控制器Z6的参考电流是由该调节器经由光耦合器Z8来传递的。
虽然标准电源配置在正常操作中通常会令人满意,但是遗憾的是,其受到若干限制,尤其是在空载工作或起动时,如图5所示,输出电压10会显著变化,周期性地超过设定值,从而由于控制器Z6的接替的停止和重启而导致间歇性地发生斩波(参考曲线12)。类似地,如果市电故障导致AC网络的相位之一不存在,或者如图6中所示周期性地过零(在市电交替低点处,如针对经整流的市电的曲线20所示),在高电平处晶体管T1的导通的中断被延长到若干斩波周期(参考曲线22)的事实导致起跳能量的停止(参考曲线24),由此导致不稳定的调节操作以及可听的噪声。
发明内容
本发明提出用开关模式电源缓解这些缺陷,尽管开关模式电源在电压和电流两方面的动态范围都非常大,但其稳定地工作。本发明的目的还在于提出一种开关模式电源,其可以接受DC网络或AC网络作为输入,所述AC网络可以是单相的或三相的。本发明的另一目的在于提出一种开关模式电源,其与诸如称为“反激”、“前馈”或“推挽”等的各种类型的配置兼容。
这些目的通过一种开关模式电源来实现,所述开关模式电源包括:功率转换器,所述功率转换器包括变压器,所述变压器具有与接收输入电压的初级电路连接的初级绕组以及与将输出电压传递到负载的次级电路连接的次级绕组,所述初级电路包括管理控制器,所述管理控制器用于操作开关元件以对在所述初级绕组中流动的电流进行斩波,以便将能量选择性地传送到所述次级绕组,所述次级电路包括储能电容器,所述储能电容器经由第一整流二极管进行充电,并且向所述负载传递经由所述变压器传送的所述能量;以及第一调节器,所述第一调节器接收所述输出电压并且经由隔离器元件传递用于所述管理控制器的第一控制电流,所述电源的特征在于还包括:第二调节器,所述第二调节器接收作为所述输出电压的镜像的辅输出电压并且传递用于所述管理控制器的第二控制电流,所述辅输出电压是在支撑电容器支撑电容器的两端上获得的,所述支撑电容器支撑电容器的一端连接到所述储能电容器,另一端连接到第二整流二极管的阴极,所述第二整流二极管的阳极连接到所述次级绕组,所述第二控制电流被添加到所述第一控制电流,所述第二调节器被配置为避免在所述初级绕组中流动的电流的斩波中的任何中断。
利用这种结构,获得以特别稳定的方式工作的“反激”、“前馈”或“推挽”拓扑结构的开关模式电源,不管其是否连接到不同的电源网络,不管在源处或其负载处是否经历故障。
优选地,所述第一和第二调节器是比例积分调节器,所述第二调节器的时间常数比所述第一调节器的时间常数短至少五十倍。
有利地,所述第二调节器的设置点大于所述第一调节器的设置点,并且被确定为在正常操作中从不会达到。
优选地,所述辅输出电压(而不是所述输出电压,并且所述辅输出电压作为所述输出电压的替代)还被传递到所述第一调节器。
为了限制输出电压的任何下降,串联连接的两个二极管与所述支撑电容器支撑电容器并联布置,并且为了限制输出电压的任何上升,第一和第二晶体管的基极与电阻器串联连接,所述第一晶体管经由其发射极/集电极结与所述支撑电容器并联连接,由所述电阻器和所述第二晶体管的发射极/集电极结形成的组件与所述储能电容器并联连接,其中所述第二晶体管的集电极连接到其基极。
为了限制在单相AC的每次交替低期间或者在多相AC的丢失相位期间的起跳功率,提供了一种电流起跳电路,其被配置为当所述输入电压低于确定的阈值时,将传递给所述管理控制器的第一和第二控制电流之和降低或归零。
有利地,所述确定的阈值由分压电桥限定,所述分压电桥向晶体管的基极供电,所述晶体管的集电极与肖特基二极管串联以起跳所述控制电流,同时防止任何电流反转。
为了确保不论是否丢失相位仍保持操作的连续性,提供了一种保护电路,其经由二极管整流桥传递来自具有中性导体的多相能量分配网络的所述输入电压,所述保护电路具有星形连接配置,所述星形的每个分支包括串联的变阻器和保护晶闸管,并且所述分支连接在一起的点类似地经由串联连接的变阻器和保护晶闸管连接到所述中性导体。
附图说明
根据下面通过非限制性指示并参考附图做出的描述,将更好地理解本发明的特征和优点,在附图中:
图1示出了根据本发明的具有非常大动态范围的开关模式电源的示例;
图2示出了在没有负载的情况下从图1的电源的输出端获得的各种波形;
图3示出了在没有三相网络中的一相的情况下,或在存在单相网络的情况下,从图1的电源获得的各种波形;
图4示出了现有技术的电源的一个示例;
图5示出了在没有负载的情况下从图4的电源获得的各种波形;以及
图6示出了在没有一个市电相的情况下在图4的电源中获得的各种波形。
具体实施方式
图1示出了根据本发明的开关模式电源,该开关模式电源因此与所有电源网络(无论是DC还是AC,无论是三相还是单相)兼容,并且接受85Vac至1150Vac以及120Vdc至1600Vdc的非常宽范围的输入电压。这种在输入电压和电流方面的大的动态范围使得实现这种类型的电源特别复杂,特别是由于电源可能在没有负载的情况下工作。
与现有技术结构一样,本发明的开关模式电源具有反激式拓扑结构,其在来自AC网络的固定频率(被称为“正弦起跳”)和电流模式下工作。连接到通过保护电路(下面将更详细地描述)整流的市电的电容器C1和C2具有几乎为零的电容,并且它们主要用于提供电磁兼容性(EMC)。能量存储器(储能电容器C11)被布置在能量变压器THT(其电压通过经由阳极连接到次级绕组的二极管D11进行整流)的次级并且具有足以吸收来自AC网络的波纹的电容。电源的电流伺服控制由比例积分(PI)调节器Z9提供,并且其时间常数远长于一个市电半周期,该调节器经由光耦合器Z8传递用于控制器Z6的设置点电流,该控制器Z6调制斩波晶体管T1的导通时间。
然而,当开关模式电源是空载时,储能电容器C11(其能够经由整流二极管D11在很短时间内充电)非常缓慢地放电,因为仅存在电源的从其输出端消耗的唯一功耗,从而提供这种放电。在C11上的电压大于D11产生的电压的整个时间段内,斩波因此通过上述调节而停止,并且能量不再传送到次级。
在本发明中,在空载时调节开关模式电源的能力是通过要根据由二极管D12整流且由电容器C12滤波的辅输出或“镜像”(而不是C11的端子之间的主输出)调节的电压起跳而获得的。应该注意,为了改善瞬态条件下的调节,电容器C12的负电极优选连接到二极管D11的阴极而不是地。具体地,电容器C12于是表现为在主输出与镜像输出之间的支撑电容器。
另外,第一晶体管T4和第二晶体管丁3的基极与电阻器R23串联连接,晶体管T4经由其发射极/集电极结与电容器C12并联连接,而由电阻器R23和晶体管T3(其集电极连接到其基极)的发射极/集电极结形成的组件与储能电容器C11并联连接。此外,两个串联连接的二极管D13和D14与电容器C12并联布置。
利用这种配置,在由二极管D13和D14以及组件T3、T4、R23施加的特定条件下,如果镜像输出被调节,则主输出也被调节。更具体地说,D13和D14的功能在于防止镜像输出下降到比主输出低不止两个二极管阈值,并且T3和T4的功能在于防止镜像输出上升到比主输出高不止几百毫伏(mV)。
而传统上,主输出的伺服控制仅依赖于调节器Z9,而在本发明中,该伺服控制依赖于两个不同的调节器:主调节器Z9用于主输出,而辅调节器Z10用于镜像输出,这两个调节器产生的电流在求和节点K相加。尽管如此,这两个比例积分(PI)调节器具有非常不同的时间常数(比值大于50,通常在300至600的量级),主调节器具有正弦起跳操作所需的缓慢度,并且它们没被设置在相同的设置点上,Z9的设置点低于Z10的设置点,使得辅调节器在稳态条件(即非瞬态下)下不工作。应该注意,尽管上面提到了用于主调节器Z9的电压信息来自主输出,但是该信息也可以取自辅输出(由图1中所示的虚线连接)。
因此,在稳态条件下,只有主调节器Z9对控制初级并且将能量传送给次级做出贡献,而辅调节器Z10观察到小于其设置点的电压,并且因此不从求和节点K获取电流。相反,在瞬态条件下,例如在启动时或者在负载被切断的情况下,设置点可能被超越并且辅调节器Z10“接管”,并且由于其短的时间常数(电容器C12具有小电容并且镜像输出的负载为固定电阻),其可以在主调节器Z9的任何干预之前校正初级。因此不中断斩波的电压调节成为可能。图2的各种波形清楚地示出了这一特征,其中曲线32对应于主输出,曲线30对应于辅输出,曲线34对应于控制器Z6的电源电压,其很好地保持恒定(与上述没有辅调节器的现有技术电源的曲线12相比)。
类似地,当电源连接到单相网络或丢失一相的多相网络时,经整流的电压描述了具有周期性(取决于网络频率)的过零的正弦波拱。因此,当负载吸收的电流恒定时,由光耦合器Z8传输的电流(其是提供给负载的电流的镜像)也是恒定的。该电流(其形成控制器Z6的设置点)随时间变化不大,因为积分器Z9的时间常数远大于一个市电半周期,使得在市电交替低期间,由控制器Z6产生的电流斜坡无法达到该固定的设置点。初级电路的端子间的电压变低,然后变为零,并且变压器的初级自感不再能在可用的时间内充电。
因此,在本发明中还规定,通过电流起跳电路降低在市电交替低期间的电流斜坡的设置点(以及因此对能量的要求),所述电流起跳电路被配置为:当输入电压低于确定的阈值时,在某些时刻将传递给控制器Z6的第一和第二控制电流之和与所述低的幅度()成比例地减小或归零。该阈值通过经整流的市电电压的拱来调制,然后由晶体管T2转换成电流。更准确地说,该确定的阈值由向晶体管T2的基极供电(二极管D15存在,以补偿晶体管T2的基极-发射极阈值电压Vbe)的分压电桥R9、R10限定,晶体管T2的集电极与肖特基二极管D16串联连接,以起跳在控制器Z6的输入端的控制电流。晶体管T2是由放大器Z7经由电阻器R11进行电流控制的,放大器Z7放大与由另一分压电桥R6、R7产生的经整流的市电(衰减后的电压拱)成比例的电压。
因此,在不干扰主控制器Z9的情况下,通过调制电流设置点,市电过零处的斜坡持续时间被完全消除。因此,如图3中的曲线40所示,斩波保持恒定不变。这相当于确保传送到次级的功率需求被降低,然后变为零,然后在该市电仍为低时再次递增(参见图6中的曲线42,其示出了用于开关元件的控制电流)。放大器Z7的输入和负反馈电容器C3和C7用于过滤经整流的市电上残留存在的斩波,使得其不干扰操作。
为此目的,有利的是,经由由开关模式电源供电的测量仪器的接线端子从用于连接到能量分配网络的保护电路获得经整流的市电。这种保护电路对于连接错误具有容忍性,因为无论出现哪种能合理预期的连接错误(如缺相或交换相相和中性线),它总是呈现针对波动的相同保护水平。
在本发明中,经由具有二极管D1至D8的整流器桥传递来自具有中性导体的多相能量分配网络的输入电压的保护电路呈现星形连接配置,其中星形的每个分支包括串联的变阻器VAR2至VAR4以及保护晶闸管Z2至Z4(例如来自供应商Littelfuse的STDACtor),并且分支间的连接点类似地经由串联连接的变阻器VAR1和保护晶闸管Z1连接到中性导体。因此,无论放电配置(相/相、相/中性)如何,两个晶闸管串联,从而提供与三角形配置相等的吸收容量,但是使用其一半的部件(6个而不是11个)。有利地,分支连接在一起的点还可以经由串联连接的变阻器VAR5和保护晶闸管Z5接地。
应该注意,本发明是利用反激式拓扑来描述的,然而所使用的原理可以自然地转换成前馈式拓扑,或者实际上转换成推挽式拓扑。

Claims (10)

1.一种开关模式电源,包括:功率转换器,所述功率转换器包括变压器,所述变压器的初级绕组连接到接收输入电压的初级电路且次级绕组连接到将输出电压传递到负载的次级电路,所述初级电路包括管理控制器(Z6),所述管理控制器(Z6)用于操作开关元件(T1)以对在所述初级绕组中流动的电流进行斩波,以便选择性地将能量传送到所述次级绕组,所述次级电路包括储能电容器(C11),所述储能电容器(C11)经由第一整流二极管(D11)进行充电并且向所述负载传递经由所述变压器传送的所述能量;以及,第一调节器(Z9),所述第一调节器(Z9)接收所述输出电压并且经由隔离器元件(Z8)传递用于所述管理控制器的第一控制电流,所述电源的特征在于还包括:第二调节器(Z10),所述第二调节器(Z10)接收作为所述输出电压的镜像的辅输出电压并且传递用于所述管理控制器(Z6)的第二控制电流,所述辅输出电压是在支撑电容器(C12)的两端之间获得的,所述支撑电容器(C12)的一端连接到所述储能电容器(C11),另一端连接到第二整流二极管(D12)的阴极,所述第二整流二极管(D12)的阳极连接到所述次级绕组,所述第二控制电流被添加到所述第一控制电流,所述第二调节器(Z10)被配置为避免在所述初级绕组中流动的电流的斩波中的任何中断。
2.根据权利要求1所述的开关模式电源,其特征在于:所述第一调节器和第二调节器是比例积分调节器,所述第一调节器的时间常数至少是所述第二调节器的时间常数的五十倍。
3.根据权利要求2所述的开关模式电源,其特征在于:所述第二调节器的设置点大于所述第一调节器的设置点,并且被确定为在正常操作中不会达到。
4.根据权利要求1所述的开关模式电源,其特征在于:所述辅输出电压也被传递到所述第一调节器,而不是传递所述输出电压。
5.根据权利要求1所述的开关模式电源,其特征在于:还包括与所述支撑电容器(C12)并联连接的两个串联连接的二极管(D13、D14)。
6.根据权利要求5所述的开关模式电源,其特征在于:还包括第一晶体管和第二晶体管(T4、T3),它们的基极与电阻器(R23)串联连接,所述第一晶体管(T4)经由其发射极/集电极结与所述支撑电容器(C12)并联连接,由所述电阻器和所述第二晶体管(T3)的发射极/集电极结形成的组件与所述储能电容器(C11)并联连接,所述第二晶体管(T3)的集电极连接到其基极。
7.根据权利要求1所述的开关模式电源,其特征在于:所述开关模式电源还包括电流起跳电路(Z7),所述电流起跳电路(Z7)被配置为当所述输入电压低于确定的阈值时,将传递给所述管理控制器的第一控制电流和第二控制电流之和减小或归零。
8.根据权利要求7所述的开关模式电源,其特征在于:所述确定的阈值由分压电桥限定,所述分压电桥向晶体管(T2)的基极供电,所述晶体管(T2)的集电极与肖特基(Schottky)二极管(D16)串联以使所述控制电流起跳,同时防止任何电流反转。
9.根据权利要求1所述的开关模式电源,其特征在于:还包括保护电路,所述保护电路经由二极管整流桥(D1-D8)传递来自具有中性导体(N)的多相能量分配网络(U、V、W)的所述输入电压,所述保护电路具有星形连接配置,所述星形的每个分支包括串联的变阻器(VAR2-VAR4)和保护晶闸管(Z2-Z4),并且所述分支连接在一起的点同样地经由串联连接的变阻器(VAR1)和保护晶闸管(Z1)连接到所述中性导体。
10.根据权利要求1至9中任一项所述的开关模式电源,其特征在于,所述功率转换器选自:反激式转换器;前向转换器;以及推挽转换器。
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