CN107843715B - Artificial rainfall simulation method for debris flow test - Google Patents
Artificial rainfall simulation method for debris flow test Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses an artificial rainfall simulation method for a debris flow test, wherein a device adopted by the method can conveniently and flexibly adjust the pressure in a water tank, and set corresponding pressure according to the conditions of an area underlying surface and rainfall characteristics so as to control the rainfall type; simulating the phenomenon of rainstorm concentration at the area points by adjusting the internal pressure of the water distribution box; by closing one or more of the water diversion tanks, the rainfall process in strong wind weather can be simulated, and the storm type can also be simulated by overlapping the rainfall areas; rainfall data is input through a computer system, and the pressure control valve is controlled through a controller, so that the rainfall type can be accurately and rapidly controlled; the pressure control valve can well filter solid particles, phytoplankton and the like of river water, is energy-saving and environment-friendly, and can prolong the service life of the spray head.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of debris flow starting tests, in particular to an artificial rainfall simulation device and an artificial rainfall simulation method for a debris flow test.
Background
The mud-rock flow is a solid-liquid two-phase fluid saturated with a large amount of silt, stone and boulder. It has the characteristics of sudden outbreak and strong carrying impact silt burying capability, and has great destructive power. The nature of the debris flow determines that sufficient water sources are needed for the formation of the debris flow, and the water sources causing the debris flow in China mainly come from heavy rain, which shows that disasters can be formed when the rainfall reaches a certain critical rainfall value. Therefore, the determination of the critical rainfall has important significance for researching the debris flow formation mechanism, analyzing and predicting the future activity characteristics of the debris flow, guiding the debris flow prevention engineering design and the like. Observation and statistical data show that a critical rainfall threshold value exists in both single-ditch debris flow and regional debris flow, and the threshold value can be determined according to influence factors or test methods of disaster historical events, landforms, geology, terrains, soil, vegetation and the like of the debris flow. In recent years, research on rainfall conditions of rainfall type debris flow and a disaster prediction problem based on rainfall factors are concerned by many debris flow students at home and abroad, and become a hot problem of debris flow research in nearly over ten years, and a series of prediction models based on rainfall and rainfall intensity are established by testing and counting rainfall indexes such as 10min rainfall intensity, 1h rainfall intensity, 24h rainfall and effective rainfall in the last n days and the occurrence relation of the debris flow by the many geological disaster students, so that the problem of debris flow disaster prediction is promoted to a great extent, and contribution is made to disaster prevention and reduction work in China. However, through the current situation analysis, the mud-rock flow forecasting work based on rainfall and rainfall intensity conditions, which is developed at present, still has some problems and difficulties to be further considered and overcome. The existing debris flow forecasting models are mostly established based on statistical data, debris flow is mostly sent to remote mountainous areas with insufficient monitoring data, the universality of the existing models cannot meet the requirements of disaster prevention and reduction, debris flow starting in-situ tests or model tests are carried out according to underlying surface conditions, then rainfall thresholds of debris flow starting in each area are determined according to the underlying surface conditions, the characteristics of debris flow starting, the debris flow scale and stacking characteristics can be analyzed by combining test phenomena, the debris flow disaster forming capability is analyzed, the potential influence range is evaluated, and debris flow starting models are established to provide basis for debris flow forecasting. The existing artificial rainfall device for debris flow starting is single in structural setting, the influence of regional point rainstorm on debris flow starting cannot be simulated, rainfall conditions cannot be regulated, the difference between simulated rainfall and actual rainfall conditions is obvious, the acquired data is distorted, and the precision of an established model cannot meet the requirements of disaster prevention and reduction.
When rainfall simulation is carried out in remote areas such as mountainous areas, the used water source is mostly water in local rivers, but the water in the rivers contains a lot of solid particles, phytoplankton and the like, and is directly used for rainfall simulation, so that the blockage of a water spraying device is easily caused.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide an artificial rainfall simulation device and an artificial rainfall simulation method for a debris flow test, so as to solve the problems in the background technology.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme: an artificial rainfall simulation device for a debris flow test comprises a rainfall system, a rainfall acquisition system and a camera; the rainfall system comprises a generator, a water pump, a main water tank, a rain measuring cylinder, a rainfall support and rainfall sprayers, wherein the generator is connected with the water pump through an electric wire, the water pump is connected with the main water tank, the main water tank is connected with a plurality of water distribution tanks in parallel through a water delivery pipe, the rainfall sprayers are arranged on the rainfall support, and the rainfall sprayers are connected with the water distribution tanks through the water delivery pipe; the rainfall acquisition system comprises a rainfall measuring cylinder and a data acquisition instrument, wherein the rainfall measuring cylinder is connected with the data acquisition instrument through a data acquisition line, and rainfall at different moments is recorded in real time.
The water distribution box is respectively connected with the main water box through a water delivery pipe, the rainfall spray head is connected with the water distribution box through the water delivery pipe, and the water delivery pipe is provided with a pressure control valve; the pressure control valve comprises a ball valve body, a ball core and a micro generator, wherein a left end cover and a right end cover are respectively arranged at two ends of the ball valve body, a filter screen is arranged between the left end cover and the ball valve core, a micro turbine of the micro generator is clamped on the inner wall of the valve body between the filter screen and the left end cover, and a current output end of the micro generator is electrically connected with a storage battery; the ball valve core is connected with a transmission rod, and the transmission rod is meshed with an output shaft of the micro motor through a gear; a pressure sensor is arranged in the ball valve body and is electrically connected with a controller, the controller is electrically connected with a fine tuning motor, and the controller and the fine tuning motor are electrically connected with a storage battery; and a sewage discharge device is arranged at the lower end of the ball valve body between the left end cover and the filter screen.
The test can be continuously carried out in remote mountain areas through the generator, the test continuity is guaranteed, and the change characteristics of regional soil bodies under the condition of long-time rainfall are simulated. The camera can record the whole test process, the soil body destruction time, the debris flow starting time, the debris flow scale and the movement characteristics.
The water delivery pipe is provided with a pressure control valve, and the rainfall conditions of different climatic regions or the phenomenon of rainstorm concentration at the region can be simulated by adjusting the range of the pressure control valve; the main water tank and the water distribution tank are made of stainless steel plates through welding, a pressure gauge for measuring the pressure in the water tank and an exhaust valve for adjusting the pressure in the water tank are arranged at the top of the main water tank and the water distribution tank, and the pressure in the water tank can be adjusted in time so as to adjust the rainfall. By adjusting the range of the pressure control valve, the rainfall conditions of different climatic regions can be simulated, and the phenomenon of rainstorm concentration at the region can also be simulated. The system is provided with the rainfall measuring cylinder and the camera, rainfall at different moments can be recorded in real time through the data acquisition instrument, the camera records test phenomena in real time, and the mode, characteristics and formation mechanism of debris flow starting can be analyzed by combining rainfall data.
The rainfall measuring cylinder is arranged near the slope surface or the model groove and is positioned in a rainfall area, the rainfall measuring cylinder can be flexibly arranged according to needs, and the data acquisition instrument can accurately acquire the rainfall in the test process in real time; because the existing artificial rainfall device cannot record the debris flow starting process in real time, the subsequent debris flow starting mechanism analysis and the rainfall threshold value determination are difficult, and the acquired rainfall data cannot be well combined with the test phenomenon. By adopting the technical scheme of the invention, the rainfall characteristics of each area can be really restored, the rainfall condition required by debris flow starting under the actual rainfall condition is simulated, the debris flow forming mechanism is analyzed by combining the time, scale and motion characteristics of debris flow starting, and a debris flow starting model is established.
Preferably, the ranges of the pressure gauge and the pressure control valve are-0.1-25 MPA and 0.05-0.4MPA respectively. The internal pressure of the main water tank and the water distribution tank is adjusted by adjusting the measuring range of the pressure control valve, so that the rainfall required by the test is controlled.
Preferably, the number of the water distribution boxes is four.
Preferably, the water pump is a 70-meter-head variable-frequency constant-pressure water pump.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that: the invention provides an artificial rainfall simulation device for a debris flow test, which has a novel structure; the invention has the following advantages: 1. the device can conveniently and flexibly adjust the pressure in the water tank, and set corresponding pressure according to the conditions of the underlying surface of the area and the rainfall characteristics so as to control the rainfall type; 2. simulating the phenomenon of rainstorm concentration at the area points by adjusting the internal pressure of the water distribution box; 3. by closing one or more of the water diversion tanks, the rainfall process in strong wind weather can be simulated, and the storm type can also be simulated by overlapping the rainfall areas; 4. rainfall data is input through a computer system, and the pressure control valve is controlled through a controller, so that the rainfall type can be accurately and rapidly controlled; 5. the pressure control valve can well filter solid particles, phytoplankton and the like of river water, is energy-saving and environment-friendly, and can prolong the service life of the spray head.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of an artificial rainfall simulation device for a debris flow test in example 1;
FIG. 2 is a schematic structural view of a pressure sensor in embodiment 1;
FIG. 3 is a top view of example 1;
fig. 4 is a schematic structural view of a joint of the ball valve element and the transmission rod in embodiment 1.
Detailed Description
Example 1
As shown in fig. 1-4, an artificial rainfall simulation device for debris flow test comprises a rainfall system and a rainfall acquisition system; the rainfall system comprises a generator 1, a water pump 3, a main water tank 5, a rain measuring cylinder 11, a rainfall support 9, a rainfall spray head 10, a data acquisition instrument 13 and a camera 14; the generator 1 is connected with a water pump 3 through an electric wire 2, the water pump 3 is connected with a main water tank 5, the main water tank 5 is connected with four water distribution boxes 7 in parallel through a water delivery pipe 4, a rainfall spray head 10 is arranged on a rainfall support 9, and the rainfall spray head 10 is connected with the water distribution boxes 7 through the water delivery pipe 4; the rainfall acquisition system comprises a rainfall measuring cylinder 11 and a data acquisition instrument 13, wherein the rainfall measuring cylinder 11 is connected with the data acquisition instrument 13 through a data acquisition line 12, and rainfall at different moments is recorded in real time.
The generator 1 is a 3Kw gasoline generator (220V 380V single-phase three-phase 3/5/6/kilowatt 8Kw multi-fuel type generator), the water pump 3 is a 70-meter-lift variable-frequency constant-pressure water pump, the size of the total water tank 5 is 1.5m × 0.8m × 0.6m, the size of the water distribution tank 7 is 0.6m × 0.4m × 0.3.3 m, the rainfall support 9 is made of hollow stainless steel pipes, the height of the support is 3.5m, the specifications of the rainfall spray heads 10 are 6 types such as 5mm, 7mm, 9mm, 11mm, 13mm and 15mm, the rainfall intensity from light rain to strong rainstorm can be simulated, the designed spray head interval is about 4 meters, the effective uniform rainfall area of each pair of spray heads is about 5m long and 4m wide, and the rainfall area is about 20m2The measuring caliber of the rain gauge 11 is 200mm, the external dimension is 210mm × 780mm, and the camera 14 is a Canon/Canon LEGRIA HF R76 digital camera high-definition wireless household DV camera.
The number of the water distribution boxes 7 is four, the water distribution boxes are respectively connected with the main water tank 5 through water conveying pipes 4, the number of the rainfall supports 9 and the number of the rainfall sprayers 10 are four, the rainfall sprayers 10 are respectively connected with the water distribution boxes 7 through the water conveying pipes 4, and pressure control valves 8 are respectively installed on the water conveying pipes 4. The pressure control valve 8 comprises a ball valve body 801, a ball valve core 812 and a micro generator, wherein a left end cover 802 and a right end cover 803 are respectively arranged at two ends of the ball valve body 801, a filter screen 805 is arranged between the left end cover 802 and the ball valve core 812, a micro turbine 804 of the micro generator is clamped on the inner wall of the ball valve body 801 between the filter screen 805 and the left end cover 802, and a current output end of the micro generator is electrically connected with a storage battery 809; a transmission rod 811 is connected to the ball core 812, and the transmission rod 811 is meshed with an output shaft of the fine adjustment motor 810 through a gear; a pressure sensor 808 is arranged in the ball valve body 801, the pressure sensor 808 is electrically connected with the controller 806, the controller 806 is electrically connected with a fine tuning motor 810, and both the controller 806 and the fine tuning motor 810 are electrically connected with a storage battery 809; a sewage draining device (sewage draining pipe) 807 is arranged at the lower end of the ball valve body 801 between the left end cover 802 and the filter screen 805.
When in-situ tests are carried out in different areas, the rainfall type of the area is determined according to local meteorological data, and the actual rainfall is controlled by adjusting the water pressure in the main water tank 5. If the phenomenon of intensive rainstorm exists in the area, the rainfall of the four rainfall sprayers 10 can be controlled by adjusting the pressure of the water distribution box 7, and the actual rainfall condition can be simulated more truly. The water pump 3 has a high lift, can meet the pressure requirements of the total water tank 5 and the water distribution tank 7, and automatically converts the frequency of the water pump 3 after the pressure is stable, so that the pressure in the water tank is kept at a stable value, and the influence on the rainfall process is reduced to the maximum extent.
Pressure gauge 6 and discharge valve 16 are all installed on total water tank 5 and the knockout water case 7, can finely tune the water tank internal pressure through discharge valve 16, avoid causing the influence to the experiment because of the pressure oscillation is too big. The rain event can be simulated during the test by turning off one or both of the rain spray heads 10.
The measuring ranges of the pressure gauge 6 and the pressure control valve 8 are-0.1-25 MPA and 0.05-0.4MPA respectively. The internal pressure of the main water tank and the water distribution tank is adjusted by adjusting the measuring range of the pressure control valve, so that the rainfall required by the test is controlled.
The left end cover of the ball valve body of the pressure control valve 8 is connected with the water inlet end, water flow drives the micro turbine to generate electricity and stores the electricity in the storage battery, and the storage battery provides power for the fine adjustment motor and the controller; the controller controls the opening and closing size of the pressure control valve through a fine adjustment motor by comparing the input rainfall data with the water flow pressure in the valve body; the sundries in the water flow are filtered by the filter screen and are discharged by the sewage discharge device after being accumulated for a certain time.
The electric wire 2 is a flexible electric wire, is convenient to arrange on site when an in-situ test or a model test is carried out in the field, and is sleeved with an insulating sleeve ring to ensure safety; the water delivery pipe 4 is a high-pressure rubber water pipe, and the joint of the pressure control valve 8 and the water delivery pipe 4 is treated by a sealing adhesive tape to prevent water leakage.
The rainfall support 9 can be flexibly moved, so that the area of a rainfall area can be conveniently controlled; the six sizes of the rainfall spray heads 10 can be selected, so that different rainfall types in the same rainfall process can be simulated more conveniently; the camera 14 can capture the real-time dynamic change process of the soil body on the middle slope in the test through focusing, and analyze the soil body damage mechanism by combining the rainfall data collected by the rain gauge. The camera 14 can record the slope and the runoff condition inside the slope, and analyze the debris flow starting process, mode and mechanism by combining the creep deformation of the slope and the slope soil destruction condition.
The rain gauge 11 can monitor the rainfall condition in the whole test process, and can calculate the critical rainfall of debris flow starting and establish the regional debris flow rainfall threshold by combining with a rainstorm flood handbook (1984 edition, edited by the Water conservancy and electric Power office in Sichuan province) of small and medium watersheds in Sichuan province.
The unexplained parts related to the present invention, such as the micro-generator, the controller, etc., are conventional technical means in the prior art, and are not described herein again.
The working principle of the invention is as follows: and determining the type of rainfall required in the test process according to the rainfall characteristics of the area, and setting the measuring ranges of the water delivery pipe 4 and the pressure gauge according to the type of rainfall. Before the test starts, the rainfall corresponding to different pressures is recorded through the rain measuring cylinder 11 by regulating and controlling the pressure in the main water tank 5. If the area exists in the heavy rain concentrated spot or the heavy wind rainfall weather for a long time, the pressure in the water distribution box 7 can be adjusted to control the area. The rainfall areas of the rainfall supports can be overlapped to simulate the rainfall process in a storm mode. When the device is applied to a field in-situ test or a model test, the rainfall and the camera of the rainfall acquisition instrument are opened while the rainfall system is ensured to be opened so as to record the slope runoff, the runoff inside the slope, the soil body creep deformation condition and the time for starting to form the debris flow in the whole test process.
The test method of the artificial rainfall simulation device for the debris flow test comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: selecting a proper slope surface in the field, measuring the slope gradient of the slope surface by using a compass, and measuring the density and early-stage water content of a slope soil body; taking a soil sample before testing, and determining the particle composition characteristics of the soil body;
step two: the area of a test area is defined, rainfall supports are arranged, and the rainfall supports are uniformly arranged according to the size of the slope of the test area, so that uniform rainfall is guaranteed;
step three: arranging a rain measuring cylinder in a rainfall area, recording the rainfall at each stage of the test, arranging a camera on the outer side of the slope, and recording the change condition of the soil body of the slope;
step four: connecting the generator with the water pump, connecting the water pump, the main water tank, the water distribution tank and the rainfall support through a water delivery pipe, and adjusting the direction of the spray head;
step five: after the instruments are arranged, a rainfall system, a rainfall acquisition system and a camera are simultaneously started to start a test;
step six: recording 10-minute rainfall in the test process, and calculating 1-hour critical rainfall of debris flow formed by starting different underlying surfaces according to the 10-minute rainfall measured in the test and a flood calculation manual of small and medium watershed in Sichuan province.
While the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail, the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and various changes can be made without departing from the spirit of the present invention within the knowledge of those skilled in the art.
Claims (5)
1. An artificial rainfall simulation method for a debris flow test is characterized in that an artificial rainfall simulation device is adopted for simulation, and the artificial rainfall simulation device comprises a rainfall system and a rainfall acquisition system; the rainfall system comprises a generator, a water pump, a main water tank, a plurality of rainfall supports, a plurality of rainfall sprayers and a plurality of water distribution boxes, wherein the generator is connected with the water pump through an electric wire, the water pump is connected with the main water tank, the main water tank is connected with each water distribution box through a plurality of water distribution box water inlet pipes, and each rainfall sprayer is connected with each water distribution box through a water distribution box water outlet pipe; the rainfall spray head is arranged on the rainfall support, and the water inlet pipe and the water outlet pipe of each water distribution box are provided with pressure control valves; a pressure gauge and an exhaust valve are arranged on the main water tank and the water distribution tank; the rainfall acquisition system comprises a rainfall measuring cylinder and a data acquisition instrument, and the rainfall measuring cylinder is connected with the data acquisition instrument through a data acquisition line; the pressure control valve comprises a ball valve body, a ball valve core and a micro generator, wherein a left end cover and a right end cover are respectively arranged at two ends of the ball valve body, a filter screen is arranged between the left end cover and the ball valve core, a micro turbine of the micro generator is clamped on the inner wall of the valve body between the filter screen and the left end cover, and a current output end of the micro generator is electrically connected with a storage battery; the ball valve core is connected with a transmission rod, and the transmission rod is meshed with an output shaft of the fine tuning motor through a gear; a pressure sensor is arranged in the ball valve body and is electrically connected with a controller, and the controller is electrically connected with a fine adjustment motor; a sewage discharge device is arranged at the lower end of the ball valve body between the left end cover and the filter screen;
the simulation method comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: selecting a proper slope surface in the field, measuring the slope gradient of the slope surface by using a compass, and measuring the density and early-stage water content of a slope soil body; taking a soil sample before testing, and determining the particle composition characteristics of the soil body;
step two: the area of a test area is defined, rainfall supports are arranged, and the rainfall supports are uniformly arranged according to the size of the slope of the test area, so that uniform rainfall is guaranteed;
step three: arranging a rain measuring cylinder in a rainfall area, recording the rainfall at each stage of the test, arranging a camera on the outer side of the slope, and recording the change condition of the soil body of the slope;
step four: connecting the generator with the water pump, connecting the water pump, the main water tank, the water distribution tank and the rainfall support through a water delivery pipe, and adjusting the direction of the spray head;
step five: after the simulation device is arranged, the rainfall system and the rainfall acquisition system are simultaneously opened to start the test.
2. The artificial rainfall simulation method for a debris flow test according to claim 1, wherein: the rainfall conditions of different climatic regions or the phenomenon of rainstorm concentration at the region can be simulated by adjusting the measuring range of the pressure control valve; the main water tank and the water distribution tank are both made of stainless steel plates through welding.
3. The artificial rainfall simulation method for a debris flow test according to claim 2, wherein: the ranges of the pressure gauge and the pressure control valve are-0.1-25 MPa and 0.05-0.4MPa respectively.
4. The artificial rainfall simulation method for a debris flow test according to claim 1, wherein: the number of the water distribution boxes is four.
5. The artificial rainfall simulation method for a debris flow test according to claim 1, wherein: the water pump is a 70-meter-head variable-frequency constant-pressure water pump.
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| CN109556832B (en) * | 2018-11-30 | 2024-01-26 | 吉林大学 | Camera ring test bench with weather simulation function |
| CN109829027B (en) * | 2019-01-29 | 2021-04-20 | 中国科学院、水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所 | Method for measuring and calculating effective precipitation amount of regional debris flow in early stage |
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