CN107753490B - 一种治疗肿瘤放疗所致口腔黏膜炎的透皮给药制剂 - Google Patents
一种治疗肿瘤放疗所致口腔黏膜炎的透皮给药制剂 Download PDFInfo
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- CN107753490B CN107753490B CN201711152576.XA CN201711152576A CN107753490B CN 107753490 B CN107753490 B CN 107753490B CN 201711152576 A CN201711152576 A CN 201711152576A CN 107753490 B CN107753490 B CN 107753490B
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Abstract
本发明属于医药领域,特别涉及一种治疗肿瘤放疗所致口腔黏膜炎的透皮给药制剂。该透皮给药制剂的有效成分为氨磷汀和尿苷三乙酸酯,二者重量份比为:氨磷汀109~237重量份、尿苷三乙酸酯42~85重量份。本发明的透皮给药制剂在每日毫克剂量水平下外用给药,对放疗所致口腔黏膜炎具有显著改善作用。可避免盐酸氨磷汀大剂量给药造成的血压下降影响正常血压或低血压患者身体健康。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于医药领域,具体涉及一种治疗肿瘤放疗所致口腔黏膜炎的透皮给药制剂。
背景技术
鼻咽癌是发生于鼻咽粘膜上皮的恶性肿瘤,常见发病部位为鼻咽顶后壁的顶部,其次为侧壁,前壁及底壁极为少见。该病在全球其他国家发病率较低,而我国发病率却显著高于其他国家。其流行病学原因目前尚不清楚。据流行病学统计显示,我国鼻咽癌患者占全球鼻咽癌患者总数的80%以上。其中我国的鼻咽癌患者区域分布也存在显著的区域性差异,比如我国南方地区,如广东、广西、湖南等省份,尤其是广东省中部、西部的肇庆、佛山和广州地区患病率明显较高。广东省中部以及讲广东地方语的男性,其鼻咽癌发病率约为30/10万~50/10万。北方的发病率则不高于2/10万~3/10万。鼻咽癌的发病年龄也有一定的集中趋势,由20多岁开始,逐渐上升, 45至60岁年龄段人群发病率最高。调查认为吸烟以及咸鱼中含有的亚硝胺化合物等可能是我国鼻咽癌患者的主要危险因素。
对于鼻咽癌的治疗,临床上首选的治疗方法仍为放射治疗即放疗,利用放射性的射线照射患病部位,杀灭癌细胞。但是鼻咽癌放疗,同时会破坏头颈部非肿瘤组织。其中口腔黏膜炎是鼻咽癌放疗最常见的副作用之一,发生率高达46.0~78.1%,多在放疗后2~3周出现。其临床表现包括表现为口干、咽痛、干咳、粘膜充血、溃疡、出血、脓性分泌物等,由于疼痛等原因,放疗所致口腔黏膜炎往往影响患者进食和睡眠质量,从而导致放疗被迫终止。
口腔黏膜炎被认为是头颈部放疗不可避免的副作用,其发生率与辐射密切相关,包括辐射面积、辐射次数等。目前,对于放疗所致口腔黏膜炎临床通用的分级标准为肿瘤放射治疗学组(RTOG)制订的急性放射损伤分级标准:0级:无变化;1级:充血伴或不伴轻度疼痛,不需要治疗缓解;2级:片状黏膜炎,或有炎性血清血液分泌物,或有中度疼痛,需镇痛药物;3级:融合的纤维性黏膜炎,伴重度疼痛,需麻醉药物;4级:溃疡、出血、坏死(何乾英. 鼻咽癌患者放疗后口腔黏膜炎的防护进展.医药前沿, 2014 (6) :81-81.)。
对于放疗所致口腔黏膜炎的发病机理,部分学者认为与唾液腺损伤有关(杨爱民.循证护理在鼻咽癌放疗口腔黏膜反应中的应用.中国美容医学,2012,21(14):486-487)。放疗会导致腮腺和唾液腺功能不同程度的受到抑制,出现腮腺腺泡变性、血管通透性增高。随着剂量的增加腺泡出现坏死,进而导致唾液分泌减少,口腔自洁能力明显下降。而另一部分学者认为与自由基的损伤作用有关,放疗导致体内各种抗氧化酶活力减低,打破了体内氧化和抗氧化体系的内在平衡,导致机体对体内自由基的清除能力降低,自由基会攻击体内的酶、DNA、细胞膜等生物大分子从而损伤细胞,包括口腔黏膜细胞。
对于放疗所致口腔黏膜炎的治疗,目前已研究过的治疗方法主要采用局部抗菌剂(Trotti A, Garden A, Warde P, Symonds P, Langer C, Redman R, Pajak TF,Fleming TR, Henke M, Bourhis J, Rosenthal DI, Junor E, Cmelak A, Sheehan F,Pulliam J, Devitt-Risse P, Fuchs H, Chambers M, O'Sullivan B, Ang KK.. Amultinational, randomized phase III trial of iseganan HCl oral solution forreducing the severity of oral mucositis in patients receiving radiotherapyfor head-and-neckmalignancy. Int JRadiat Oncol Biol Phys,2004;58:674-681.)、刺激性的细胞因子(Cartee L, Petros WP, Rosner GL, Gilbert C, Moore S, AffrontiML, Hoke JA, Hussein AM, Ross M, Rubin P, et al. Evaluation of GM-CSFmouthwash for prevention of chemotherapy-induced mucositis: a randomized,double-blind, dose-ranging study. Cytokine. 1995, 7(5):471-477.)、角质形成细胞生长因子(Meropol NJ, Somer RA, Gutheil J, Pelley RJ, Modiano MR, Rowinsky EK,Rothenberg ML, Redding SW, Serdar CM, Yao B, Heard R, Rosen LS. Randomizedphase I trial of recombinant human keratinocyte growth factor pluschemotherapy: potential role as mucosal protectant. J Clin Oncol,2003,21(8):1452-1458.)、炎症调节剂(Osaki T, Ueta E, Yoneda K, Hirota J, Yamamoto T.Prophylaxis of oral mucositis associated with chemoradiotherapy for oralcarcinoma by Azelastine hydrochloride (Azelastine) with other antioxidants.Head Neck, 1994 ,16(4):331-339.)、姑息性冲洗(Shenep JL, Kalwinsky DK, HutsonPR, George SL, Dodge RK, Blankenship KR, Thornton D. Efficacy of oralsucralfate suspension in prevention and treatment of chemotherapy-inducedmucositis. J Pediatr, 1988,113(4):758-763.)、谷氨酰胺补充剂、氨磷汀(Vikram B.Phase III randomized trial of amifostine as a radioprotector in head and neckcancer. J Clin Oncol, 2001, 19(4):1233-1234.)等方法进行治疗。中药七及汤,小分子抗氧化剂β胡萝卜素以及洋甘菊等对于放疗所致口腔黏膜炎也具有一定的疗效。羟丙基纤维素膜据报道具有阻止粘膜溃疡,促进溃疡愈合等作用,加入盐酸苯佐卡因对放疗所致口腔黏膜炎具有较好的疗效。
其中,氨磷汀是美国食品药品监督管理部门批准上市的首个针对放疗所致口腔黏膜炎的治疗药物。剂型为注射制剂。在作为正常细胞保护剂使用时,需要静脉滴注给药,给药剂量按照人体体表面积计算,仅起始剂量即达到400~600mg,需要在放疗开始前15分钟静脉滴注,15分钟滴完。由于静脉注射具有导致呕吐的作用,因此一般需要联合使用注射地塞米松5~10 mg及5-HT3受体拮抗剂。此外,氨磷汀注射给药期间,会产生血压下降,3%的患者可能因血压降低明显而停药。因此,对于氨磷汀而言,其制剂仍需改进,以克服目前剂量较大且副作用较大的问题。
尿苷三乙酸酯是一种近年来批准上市的用于治疗罕见病遗传性乳清酸尿症的药物。适应症较窄,市场应用较少(徐从军,宫平. 尿苷三乙酸酯(Uridine triacetate).《中国药物化学杂志》2016年,第2期,第162页.)。最近经过临床试验证实,尿苷三乙酸酯在体内可与5-氟尿嘧啶、卡培他滨竞争相应的药物靶点受体,从而阻断大剂量5-氟尿嘧啶、卡培他滨引发的急性毒性作用。由此扩大了尿苷三乙酸酯的适应症范围。
然而,迄今为止,临床尚缺乏治疗放疗所致口腔黏膜炎的理想药物。作为治疗药物使用的目前已上市的药物则存在效果较差或副作用较强等问题。对于口腔黏膜炎如何通过局部给药避免全身给药的毒副作用也是目前研究的难点之一。
发明内容
针对上述现有技术,本发明的目的是提供一种治疗肿瘤放疗所致口腔黏膜炎的透皮给药制剂。
为实现上述的目的,本发明采用的技术方案为:
一种治疗肿瘤放疗所致口腔黏膜炎的透皮给药制剂,包含以下成分:
(1)医药学上可接受的药用辅料;
(2)以下两种活性成分:氨磷汀、尿苷三乙酸酯;
其中,所述活性成分的重量份比为:氨磷汀109~237重量份、尿苷三乙酸酯42~85重量份。
优选的,所述活性成分的重量份比为:氨磷汀150重量份、尿苷三乙酸酯75重量份。
优选的,所述活性成分的重量份比为:氨磷汀180重量份、尿苷三乙酸酯60重量份。
优选的,所述活性成分的重量份比为:氨磷汀200重量份、尿苷三乙酸酯80重量份。
优选的,所述活性成分的重量份比为:氨磷汀220重量份、尿苷三乙酸酯50重量份。
优选的,所述透皮给药制剂为凝胶透皮给药制剂。
优选的,上述凝胶透皮给药制剂的药用辅料包括:卡泊姆940、羟丙基甲基纤维素、乙基纤维素、三乙醇胺、甘油、95%乙醇和水。
优选的,上述凝胶透皮给药制剂中卡泊姆940的用量为尿苷三乙酸酯重量的1~3倍,羟丙基甲基纤维素的用量为尿苷三乙酸酯重量的0.01~0.03倍、乙基纤维素的用量为尿苷三乙酸酯重量的0.04~0.08倍。
优选的,上述凝胶透皮给药制剂通过包括如下步骤的制备方法制备:
(1)取卡泊姆940加水溶胀,加入甘油研磨润湿,然后滴加三乙醇胺研磨成凝胶基质;
(2)取羟丙基甲基纤维素、乙基纤维素与95%乙醇混合润湿,加水溶解,加入尿苷三乙酸酯制成液态分散体系A;
(3)取氨磷汀,加水溶解,制成液态分散体系B;
(4)将液态分散体系A和液态分散体系B加入凝胶基质中,边加边研磨,加水稀释搅拌均匀,得凝胶透皮给药制剂。
优选的,上述凝胶透皮给药制剂中卡泊姆940的用量为尿苷三乙酸酯重量的2倍,羟丙基甲基纤维素的用量为尿苷三乙酸酯重量的0.016倍、乙基纤维素的用量为尿苷三乙酸酯重量的0.07倍。
上述组方中,氨磷汀,英文名称为:amifostine,CAS号:20537-88-6,具有降低细胞毒性化疗药物的毒性作用,以及降低放射治疗所以毒性作用如脏器毒性的效果
上述组方中,尿苷三乙酸酯,英文名为Uridine triacetate, CAS号为 4105-38-8。研究表明尿苷三乙酸酯可用于治疗遗传性乳清酸尿症,在5-氟尿嘧啶及卡培他滨剂量过大产生急性毒性时,可采用尿苷三乙酸酯进行急救解毒。
上述组方中,羟丙基甲基纤维素根据中国药典规定,含甲氧基应为19%~30%、含羟丙氧基应为4%~12%。
上述组方中,乙基纤维素根据中国药典规定,含乙氧基应为44%~51%。
上述治疗肿瘤放疗所致口腔黏膜炎的透皮给药制剂中也可以单独含有氨磷汀或尿苷三乙酸酯。以便分别使用,自由调整剂量。在分开使用的情况下,氨磷汀和尿苷三乙酸酯仍可借助各自的作用协同发挥对肿瘤放疗所致口腔黏膜炎的治疗作用。
上述治疗肿瘤放疗所致口腔黏膜炎的透皮给药制剂可涂抹于面颊部或下颌与脖颈交界位置。凝胶剂涂抹后在皮肤上形成透明的膜,不影响美观,且利于缓释给药。
在原辅料组方给定的前提下,本领域技术人员根据现有技术,不需要创造性劳动即可通过常规的工艺参数优选实验得到凝胶透皮给药制剂的制备工艺。关于凝胶制备工艺可参见暨南大学出版社出版的薛巍、张渊明主编的《生物医用水凝胶》以及化学工业出版社的梁秉文、黄胜炎、叶祖光等主编的《新型药物制剂处方与工艺》等公开书籍。
本发明的发明人在研究中发现,氨磷汀、尿苷三乙酸酯组合物外用给药时,尤其是采用缓释透皮给药凝胶制剂,对放疗所致口腔黏膜炎具有显著的治疗效果。且氨磷汀、尿苷三乙酸酯联合用药后,二者以较低剂量即可发挥对口腔黏膜炎的治疗作用,从而避免氨磷汀导致的呕吐、降血压等作用,防止其全身给药对正常血压及低血压患者产生不良影响。单次给药低于10毫克可产生较好的治疗效果。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明作进一步的解释。应当理解的是,以下实施例仅用于解释本发明,而不是限制本发明的保护范围。
实施例1 凝胶透皮给药制剂的制备
制备方法:
(1)取卡泊姆940 加水溶胀,加入甘油研磨润湿,然后滴加三乙醇胺研磨成凝胶基质;
(2)取羟丙基甲基纤维素、乙基纤维素与95%乙醇混合润湿,加水溶解,加入尿苷三乙
酸酯制成液态分散体系A;
(3)取氨磷汀,加水溶解,制成液态分散体系B;
(4)将液态分散体系A和液态分散体系B加入凝胶基质中,边加边研磨,加水至总重为15000g,搅拌均匀,得凝胶透皮给药制剂。
实施例2 凝胶透皮给药制剂的制备
制备方法:
(1)取卡泊姆940 加水溶胀,加入甘油研磨润湿,然后滴加三乙醇胺研磨成凝胶基质;
(2)取羟丙基甲基纤维素、乙基纤维素与95%乙醇混合润湿,加水溶解,加入尿苷三乙
酸酯制成液态分散体系A;
(3)取氨磷汀,加水溶解,制成液态分散体系B;
(4)将液态分散体系A和液态分散体系B加入凝胶基质中,边加边研磨,加水至总重为10000g,搅拌均匀,得凝胶透皮给药制剂。
实施例3 凝胶透皮给药制剂的制备
制备方法:
(1)取卡泊姆940 加水溶胀,加入甘油研磨润湿,然后滴加三乙醇胺研磨成凝胶基质;
(2)取羟丙基甲基纤维素、乙基纤维素与95%乙醇混合润湿,加水溶解,加入尿苷三乙
酸酯制成液态分散体系A;
(3)取氨磷汀,加水溶解,制成液态分散体系B;
(4)将液态分散体系A和液态分散体系B加入凝胶基质中,边加边研磨,加水至总重为15000g,搅拌均匀,得凝胶透皮给药制剂。
实施例4 凝胶透皮给药制剂的制备
制备方法:
(1)取卡泊姆940 加水溶胀,加入甘油研磨润湿,然后滴加三乙醇胺研磨成凝胶基质;
(2)取羟丙基甲基纤维素、乙基纤维素与95%乙醇混合润湿,加水溶解,加入尿苷三乙
酸酯制成液态分散体系A;
(3)取氨磷汀,加水溶解,制成液态分散体系B;
(4)将液态分散体系A和液态分散体系B加入凝胶基质中,边加边研磨,加水至总重为10000g,搅拌均匀,得凝胶透皮给药制剂。
实施例5 凝胶透皮给药制剂治疗放疗所致口腔黏膜炎的药效学研究
一、实验药物、空白及阳性对照药物
1.实验药物:采用实施例1制备的凝胶。
2.空白对照:采用空白凝胶作为空白对照。按照实施例1的组方及制备方法不加入药物,制备空白凝胶基质。
制备方法:
(1)取卡泊姆940 加水溶胀,加入甘油研磨润湿,然后滴加三乙醇胺研磨成凝胶基质;
(2)取羟丙基甲基纤维素、乙基纤维素与95%乙醇混合润湿,加水溶解制成液态分散体系;
(3)将步骤(2)的液态分散体系加入凝胶基质中,边加边研磨,加水至总重为15000g,搅拌均匀,得凝胶透皮给药制剂。
3.阳性对照药物:采氨磷汀和尿苷三乙酸酯分别制成凝胶透皮给药制剂作为阳性能对照。
3.1氨磷汀凝胶透皮给药制剂的组方及制备方法:
制备方法:
(1)取卡泊姆940 加水溶胀,加入甘油研磨润湿,然后滴加三乙醇胺研磨成凝胶基质;
(2)取羟丙基甲基纤维素、乙基纤维素与95%乙醇混合润湿,加水溶解制成液态分散体
系A;
(3)取氨磷汀,加水溶解,制成液态分散体系B;
(4)将液态分散体系A和液态分散体系B加入凝胶基质中,边加边研磨,加水至总重为15000g,搅拌均匀,得凝胶透皮给药制剂。
3.2尿苷三乙酸酯凝胶透皮给药制剂的组方及制备方法:
制备方法:
(1)取卡泊姆940 加水溶胀,加入甘油研磨润湿,然后滴加三乙醇胺研磨成凝胶基质;
(2)取羟丙基甲基纤维素、乙基纤维素与95%乙醇混合润湿,加水溶解,加入尿苷三乙
酸酯制成液态分散体系;
(3)将步骤(2)的液态分散体系加入凝胶基质中,边加边研磨,加水至总重为15000g,搅拌均匀,得凝胶透皮给药制剂。
二、放射线诱导口腔黏膜炎模型的建立及分组和给药
清洁级雄性SD大鼠体重220~260g,在SPF级实验室适应性饲养3天作为检疫期,期间自由摄食摄水,采用12/12小时循环的明暗光照。
检疫期过后,取60只大鼠,随机分为4组,每组15只。各组大鼠均采用饱和硫化钠和滑石粉对下颌骨对应的头部底侧皮肤进行脱毛,腹腔注射麻醉后,采用铅皮防护头部、右侧颊黏膜及大鼠身体其他部分,暴露左侧颊黏膜进行放射造模。
照射条件为电压210kV,电流12mA,距离40cm;,照射野10cmx15cm,吸收计量为10Gy/次。周一至周五每日于11:00-12:00期间照射一次,然后下周一至周三每日于9:00-12:00期间照射一次,共照射8次,总吸收计量为80 Gy。
每日15:00-17:00于大鼠头部底侧脱毛区域涂抹凝胶。涂抹完毕透气塑料膜覆盖凝胶区域用创可贴固定,防止大鼠抓挠导致药物脱落。
第一组为空白对照组,涂抹空白凝胶,每日0.1g,连续涂抹10天。
第二组为氨磷汀阳性对照组,涂抹氨磷汀凝胶透皮给药制剂,每日0.1g,连续涂抹10天。
第三组为尿苷三乙酸酯阳性对照组,涂抹尿苷三乙酸酯凝胶透皮给药制剂,每日0.1g,连续涂抹10天。
第4组为实验组,涂抹实施例1的凝胶透皮给药制剂,每日0.1g,连续涂抹10天。
上述阳性对照及实验组按照组方比例计算,每0.1g凝胶透皮给药制剂,含氨磷汀1mg和/或尿苷三乙酸酯为0.5mg。
各组大鼠首次照射后首次给药前1.5小时,及末次给药后24小时,对放射性口腔黏膜炎严重程度进行评价严重程度进行评分。各组取每只大鼠的评分均值进行比较。口腔黏膜炎严重程度采用文献报道的6分评分法(冯崇锦, 郭俊兵, 李楚玉,等. 大鼠放射性口腔黏膜炎模型的建立.中华放射医学与防护杂志, 2006 , 26 (4) :346-348.),评分标准见下表:
各组大鼠不同时间点的口腔黏膜炎评分结果见下表。
*与给药前相比P<0.05; #与给药前相比P<0.001; X与空白对照组相比P<0.001;Y与氨磷汀阳性对照组相比P<0.01。
由上表可见,首次照射后,首次给药前,各组大鼠口腔黏膜均存在一定程度的放射性口腔黏膜炎表现,且严重程度无显著差异。给药后24小时,空白对照组放射性口腔黏膜炎显著加重,说明空白凝胶基质对放射性口腔黏膜炎缺乏有效的治疗作用。给药后24小时,尿苷三乙酸酯阳性对照组放射性口腔黏膜炎相比于给药前也存在显著加重现象,且给药后24小时的放射性口腔黏膜炎严重程度与空白对照组无显著差异,说明尿苷三乙酸酯在该剂量和给药频率下对放射性口腔黏膜炎缺乏治疗作用。
氨磷汀阳性对照组及实施例1凝胶组给药后24小时的放射性口腔黏膜炎严重程度均显著低于给药前和空白对照组,说明二者对放射性口腔黏膜炎具有治疗作用。但实施例1凝胶组放射性口腔黏膜炎严重程度显著低于氨磷汀阳性对照组。说明尿苷三乙酸酯的加入有利于提高氨磷汀对放射性口腔黏膜炎的治疗作用。
Claims (9)
1.一种治疗肿瘤放疗所致口腔黏膜炎的透皮给药制剂,其特征在于,所述治疗肿瘤放疗所致口腔黏膜炎的透皮给药制剂由以下成分制成:
(1)医药学上可接受的药用辅料;
(2)以下两种活性成分:氨磷汀、尿苷三乙酸酯;
其中,所述活性成分的重量份比为:氨磷汀109~237重量份、尿苷三乙酸酯42~85重量份。
2.根据权利要求1所述的治疗肿瘤放疗所致口腔黏膜炎的透皮给药制剂,其特征在于,所述活性成分的重量份比为:氨磷汀150重量份、尿苷三乙酸酯75重量份。
3.根据权利要求1所述的治疗肿瘤放疗所致口腔黏膜炎的透皮给药制剂,其特征在于,所述活性成分的重量份比为:氨磷汀180重量份、尿苷三乙酸酯60重量份。
4.根据权利要求1所述的治疗肿瘤放疗所致口腔黏膜炎的透皮给药制剂,其特征在于,所述活性成分的重量份比为:氨磷汀200重量份、尿苷三乙酸酯80重量份。
5.根据权利要求1所述的治疗肿瘤放疗所致口腔黏膜炎的透皮给药制剂,其特征在于,所述活性成分的重量份比为:氨磷汀220重量份、尿苷三乙酸酯50重量份。
6.根据权利要求1至5任一项所述的治疗肿瘤放疗所致口腔黏膜炎的透皮给药制剂,其特征在于,所述透皮给药制剂为凝胶透皮给药制剂。
7.根据权利要求6所述的治疗肿瘤放疗所致口腔黏膜炎的透皮给药制剂,其特征在于,所述凝胶透皮给药制剂的药用辅料包括:卡泊姆940、羟丙基甲基纤维素、乙基纤维素、三乙醇胺、甘油、95%乙醇和水。
8.根据权利要求7所述的治疗肿瘤放疗所致口腔黏膜炎的透皮给药制剂,其特征在于,所述凝胶透皮给药制剂中卡泊姆940的用量为尿苷三乙酸酯重量的1~3倍,羟丙基甲基纤维素的用量为尿苷三乙酸酯重量的0.01~0.03倍、乙基纤维素的用量为尿苷三乙酸酯重量的0.04~0.08倍。
9.根据权利要求8所述的治疗肿瘤放疗所致口腔黏膜炎的透皮给药制剂,其特征在于,所述凝胶透皮给药制剂通过包括如下步骤的制备方法制备:
(1)取卡泊姆940加水溶胀,加入甘油研磨润湿,然后滴加三乙醇胺研磨成凝胶基质;
(2)取羟丙基甲基纤维素、乙基纤维素与95%乙醇混合润湿,加水溶解,加入尿苷三乙酸酯制成液态分散体系A;
(3)取氨磷汀,加水溶解,制成液态分散体系B;
(4)将液态分散体系A和液态分散体系B加入凝胶基质中,边加边研磨,加水稀释搅拌均匀,得凝胶透皮给药制剂。
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