CN107608023B - Step type ultralow-attenuation few-mode optical fiber - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention relates to a step type ultralow-attenuation few-mode optical fiber which comprises a core layer and a cladding layer, wherein the radius r1 of the core layer is 5-8 mu m, the relative refractive index difference delta n1 is 0-0.20%, the core layer is externally coated with an inner cladding layer, a sunken inner cladding layer, an auxiliary outer cladding layer and an outer cladding layer in sequence from inside to outside, the radius r2 of the inner cladding layer is 8.5-14 mu m, the relative refractive index difference delta n2 is-0.45-0.23%, the radius r3 of the sunken inner cladding layer is 14.5-30 mu m, the relative refractive index difference delta n3 is-0.65-0.40%, the radius r4 of the auxiliary outer cladding layer is 35-50 mu m, the relative refractive index difference delta n4 is-0.45-0.23%, and the outer cladding layer is a pure silica glass layer. The few-mode optical fiber supports two stable transmission modes in a 1550nm communication waveband, has ultralow attenuation, and has lower differential mode group delay, excellent bending resistance and larger effective area through reasonable design of the section of each fiber core layer of the optical fiber.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a step type ultralow-attenuation few-mode optical fiber which is suitable for a mode division multiplexing transmission system of optical fiber communication and supports two stable transmission modes in a 1550nm communication waveband.
Background
The single-mode fiber is widely applied to the optical fiber communication network due to the advantages of high transmission rate, large information carrying capacity, long transmission distance and the like. In recent years, with the increasing demand for capacity of communication and big data services, the network bandwidth is rapidly expanding, and the capacity of an optical transmission network is gradually approaching to the shannon limit of a single optical fiber: 100 Tb/s. The space division multiplexing and the module division multiplexing technology can break the traditional Shannon limit, realize the transmission with higher bandwidth, and is the best method for solving the problem of transmission capacity. The optical fibers supporting the multiplexing technology are multi-core optical fibers and few-mode optical fibers.
Experiments show that the combination of few-mode optical fiber and MIMO technology can be used in more than one spaceThe signal is transmitted in a propagation mode. And the MIMO technology can compensate for mutual coupling between modes, separating each spatial mode at the receiving end. In wave optics, according to the mode theory of step-index fibers, the radial dimensions of the core and cladding and the size of the refractive index profile directly affect the number of linearly polarized mode transmission modes in the fiber, which can be quantified by the normalized frequency V:
wherein a is1Is the core radius, n1Is the refractive index of the core layer, n2The fiber waveguide design supports only the linearly polarized mode LP01 (also known as the HE11 mode) when the fiber waveguide design meets the condition that the normalized frequency V < 2.405, which is a conventional single mode fiber, and more than one higher-order transmission mode hom occurs once the transmission mode in the fiber with V > 2.405, because we can design a few-mode fiber supporting the transmission of a specified number of modes by designing the cross-sectional structure (i.e., changing the values of a1, △ 1, △ 2, etc.) so as to properly control the normalized frequency within a certain range, e.g., when 2.405 < V < 3.8, supporting 2 LP modes (LP01, LP11), and 3.8 < V < 5.1, supporting 4 LP modes (LP01, LP11, LP21, LP 02).
US8948559, US8848285, US8837892, US8705922 and chinese patents CN104067152, CN103946729, etc. propose few-mode fibers with parabolic or step-shaped profiles, but they have respective advantages and disadvantages. Few-Mode fibers with step-type profiles are simple to manufacture and easy to mass produce, but typically have large DGDs, even up to several thousand ps/km [ s.matsuo, y.sasaki, i.ishida, k.takenaga, et al, 'Recent Progress on Multi-Core Fiber and Few-Mode Fiber' OFC 2013, om3i.3(2013) ]. Few-mode optical fibers with parabolic profiles have more adjustable parameters, so that the intermodal crosstalk and the DGD reach low levels, but the preparation process is complex, the alpha parameter is difficult to control accurately and uniformly, and the repeatability is not high. And the small fluctuation of the refractive index profile along the axial direction of the prefabricated rod can cause the obvious change of the DGD at different sections of the optical fiber. In order to overcome the above problems, it is necessary to invent a few-mode optical fiber which has a small DGD and can be repeatedly manufactured by a simple process.
On the other hand, with the further development of optical amplification technology, optical fiber communication systems are moving toward higher transmission power and longer transmission distance. As an important transmission medium in an optical fiber communication system, the related performance of the optical fiber must be further improved to meet the requirement of practical development of the optical fiber communication system. Attenuation and mode field diameter are two important performance criteria for single mode fibers. The smaller the attenuation of the optical fiber is, the longer the transmission distance of the optical signal in the medium is, and the longer the unrepeatered distance of the optical communication system is, so that the number of relay stations can be obviously reduced, the reliability of the communication system is improved, and the construction and maintenance cost is greatly reduced; the larger the mode field diameter of the fiber, the larger the effective area and the weaker the nonlinear effect. The large effective area can effectively inhibit the nonlinear effects of self-phase modulation, four-wave mixing, cross-phase modulation and the like, and ensure the transmission quality of high-power optical signals. The reduction of attenuation and the increase of effective area can effectively improve the optical signal to noise ratio in the optical fiber communication system, and further improve the transmission distance and the transmission quality of the system.
For silica fiber, the attenuation at 600nm-1600nm is mainly due to Rayleigh scattering, and the attenuation α caused by Rayleigh scatteringRCan be calculated from the following formula:
wherein λ is the wavelength (μm), and R is the Rayleigh scattering coefficient (dB/km/μm)4) P is light intensity, B is corresponding constant when Rayleigh scattering coefficient is confirmed, therefore attenuation α caused by Rayleigh scattering can be obtained only by confirming Rayleigh scattering coefficient RR(dB/km). Rayleigh scattering is caused by density fluctuations on the one hand and concentration fluctuations on the other hand. The rayleigh scattering coefficient R can then be expressed as:
R＝Rd+Rc
in the above formula, RdAnd RcRespectively, due to density fluctuation and densityThe rayleigh scattering coefficient changes due to degree fluctuations. Wherein R iscIn order to have a concentration fluctuation factor which is mainly influenced by the doping concentration of the glass part of the fiber, theoretically less Ge and F or other doping is used, RcThe smaller this is also the reason for achieving ultra low attenuation performance with pure silicon core designs.
However, it should be noted that the rayleigh scattering coefficient also includes another parameter Rd。RdVirtual temperature T with glassFRelated to and changing with structural changes and temperature changes of the glass. Fictive temperature T of glassFIs a physical parameter characterizing the structure of the glass, defined as the temperature at which the structure of the glass is no longer adjusted to reach a certain equilibrium state, by rapidly cooling the glass from a certain temperature T' to room temperature. When T'>Tf(softening temperature of glass), the glass is in equilibrium at every instant because the viscosity of the glass is small and the glass structure is easy to adjust, so TFT'; when T'<Tg(glass transition temperature) T is a temperature at which the viscosity of the glass is high, the structure of the glass is difficult to adjust, and the structural adjustment of the glass lags behind the temperature changeF>T'; when T isg<T’<Tf(softening temperature of the glass), the shorter the time it takes for the glass to equilibrate, depending on the composition of the glass and the cooling rate, TF>T' or TF<T’。
In addition to the relationship between the virtual temperature and the thermal history of the fiber manufacturing process, the composition of the fiber glass material has a significant and direct effect on the virtual temperature. In particular, the influence of the material composition on the viscosity, the thermal expansion coefficient, the relaxation time of the cooling process of the glass material of the optical fiber directly determines the virtual temperature of the optical fiber. It is noted that because the ultra-low attenuation glass portion of an optical fiber is generally divided into several sections, such as a typical core, inner cladding and outer cladding, or more complex structures. So the compositional differences in the materials between the various parts need to be reasonably matched: the optical waveguide of the optical fiber is ensured, and after the glass is drawn into the optical fiber under the action of drawing stress, no obvious defect exists between layers, so that the optical fiber attenuation is abnormal.
As described above, from the viewpoint of the optical fiber preparation process, there are three methods for reducing the attenuation coefficient of an optical fiber: the first is to reduce the doping of the core layer as much as possible and to reduce the concentration factor of the rayleigh scattering of the fiber. The second is to reduce the wire drawing speed, increase the optical fiber annealing process, and ensure that the temperature of the optical fiber perform is slowly reduced in the process of drawing the optical fiber into the optical fiber, thereby reducing the virtual temperature of the optical fiber and reducing the attenuation. However, this method significantly increases the manufacturing cost of the optical fiber, and the contribution of the slow annealing process to the attenuation of the optical fiber is also greatly limited by the composition of the glass material of the optical fiber and the thermal history of the preform preparation, so the attenuation reduction effect using this method is limited. The third is to reasonably design the matching of the material components in the optical fiber, that is, on the basis of less doping, the reasonable proportioning of the glass materials of the core layer, the inner cladding and other positions of the optical fiber is needed, so that the reasonable optical profile matching of each position of the optical fiber in the drawing process is ensured, and the reasonable viscosity, thermal expansion and stress matching of each position of the optical fiber are also ensured. At present, when manufacturing ultra-low attenuation optical fibers, much attention is paid to the first and third methods.
When the industry uses a third approach to the fabrication of ultra-low attenuation optical fibers, one of the primary approaches is to use a pure silicon core design. Pure silicon core design means that no germanium or fluorine doping is done in the core layer. As mentioned above, the concentration factor of the optical fiber can be effectively reduced without germanium and fluorine doping, and the rayleigh coefficient of the optical fiber can be reduced. The use of pure silicon core designs also presents many challenges to the optical waveguide design as well as the material profile design of the optical fiber. In order to ensure total reflection of the fiber when using a pure silicon core design, the inner cladding must be matched using a relatively low index F-doped inner cladding to ensure that a sufficient index difference is maintained between the core and inner cladding. However, in this case, if the core layer of the pure silicon core is not designed with reasonable materials, the viscosity of the core layer is relatively high, and meanwhile, the viscosity of the inner cladding part doped with a large amount of F is low, so that the viscosity matching imbalance of the optical fiber structure is caused, and thus the virtual temperature of the optical fiber of the pure silicon core structure is rapidly increased, and the R of the optical fiber is causeddAnd (4) increasing. Thus not only canceling out RcReduce the brought benefits, moreFiber attenuation reversal anomalies may result.
From the above description we can understand why it is theoretically not possible to achieve ultra low attenuation coefficients simply by reducing the core doping. In order to solve this problem, document US20100195966a1 discloses a method of adding an alkali metal to the core layer, and solves the problem of R caused by viscosity mismatch by changing the viscosity of the core layer portion of the optical fiber and the relaxation time of the core layer structure while maintaining pure silica core of the optical fiber core layerdIncreasing and thereby reducing the rayleigh scattering coefficient of the fiber as a whole. However, although the method can effectively reduce the attenuation of the optical fiber, the method is complex relative to the process preparation, the core rod needs to be processed in multiple batches, and the requirement on the control of the alkali metal doping concentration is extremely high, so that the method is not beneficial to the large-scale preparation of the optical fiber.
Document CN201310394404 proposes a design of an ultra-low attenuation optical fiber, which uses an outer cladding design of pure silica, but because it uses a typical step-profile structure, a depressed inner cladding design is not used to optimize the bending of the optical fiber, and the core layer is not doped with Ge, which may cause viscosity mismatch during preform preparation, and it can be found that the attenuation and bending levels thereof are relatively poor.
Document CN201510359450.4 proposes an ultra-low attenuation fiber profile and material design for non-pure silicon cores. A small amount of germanium and fluorine co-doped glass of the core layer is matched with fluorine doped glass of the inner cladding layer, so that the component design of the material is optimized, and the Rayleigh scattering coefficient of the optical fiber is reduced to a certain extent; the single-mode transmission of the optical fiber is realized by utilizing relatively low sunken inner cladding and auxiliary inner cladding materials; the viscosity, the thermal stress and the difference of the expansion coefficient between the core layer and each part of the optical fiber are utilized, so that lower density fluctuation is realized, and the defects between interfaces are reduced. It should be noted that the designed outer cladding material contains a certain amount of metal ions, so that the viscosity of the outer cladding is integrally improved, the refractive index of the outer cladding material is reduced, the matching design of the viscosity and the stress of the material is facilitated to a certain extent, and the density fluctuation coefficient of the whole material of the optical fiber is also increased. We note that the attenuation levels of the design are all greater than 0.162dB/km, such as the concentration factor increase caused by germanium and fluorine co-doping of the core layer cannot be solved and the viscosity of the core layer is continuously reduced; and solves the mismatch between the higher viscosity of the outer cladding and the viscosity of the auxiliary inner cladding, which makes it difficult to continue to reduce the attenuation of the optical fiber.
Disclosure of Invention
The following are definitions and descriptions of some terms involved in the present invention:
performing: the radial refractive index distribution composed of the core layer and the cladding layer can be directly drawn into the designed design according to the design requirement of the optical fiber
A glass rod or assembly of optical fibers;
core rod: a solid glass preform comprising a core layer and a partial cladding layer;
radius: the distance between the outer boundary of the layer and the center point;
refractive index profile: the relationship between the refractive index of the glass of an optical fiber or an optical fiber preform (including a core rod) and the radius thereof;
ppm: parts per million by weight;
the layer defined as the layer closest to the axis from the central axis of the core of the optical fiber according to the change in refractive index is the core layer of the optical fiber, and the outermost layer of the optical fiber is defined as the outer cladding of the optical fiber.
Relative refractive index Deltani：
Relative refractive index deltan of each layer of the optical fiberiAs defined by the following equation,
wherein n isiIs the absolute refractive index of a particular location of the optical fiber, and ncIs the absolute refractive index of pure silica.
The relative refractive index contribution deltage of the Ge doping of the core of the optical fiber is defined by the following equation,
wherein n isGeTo assume the Ge dopant of the core, in the absence of dopingIn pure silica of other dopant, the absolute refractive index obtained by raising the refractive index of the silica glass is caused, and ncIs the outermost cladding index, i.e., the absolute index of refraction of pure silica without Ge or F doping.
The OVD process comprises the following steps: preparing quartz glass with required thickness by using an external vapor deposition and sintering process;
VAD process: preparing quartz glass with required thickness by using axial vapor deposition and sintering processes;
APVD external packing process: fusing natural or synthetic quartz powder on the surface of the core rod by using high-frequency plasma flame to prepare SiO with required thickness2Glass;
bare fiber: which refers to a glass fiber without a coating layer in the optical fiber.
The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a step-type ultralow-attenuation few-mode optical fiber suitable for the mode division multiplexing technology, which can stably transmit 2 linear polarization modes at 1550nm, has a small DGD, ultralow attenuation and a large effective area, and is simple in manufacturing process.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention for solving the problems is as follows: the composite material comprises a core layer and a cladding layer, and is characterized in that the radius r1 of the core layer is 5-8 mu m, the relative refractive index difference delta n1 is 0-0.20%, an inner cladding layer, a sunken inner cladding layer, an auxiliary outer cladding layer and an outer cladding layer are sequentially coated outside the core layer from inside to outside, the radius r2 of the inner cladding layer is 8.5-14 mu m, the relative refractive index difference delta n2 is-0.45-0.23%, the radius r3 of the sunken inner cladding layer is 14.5-30 mu m, the relative refractive index difference delta n3 is-0.65-0.40%, the radius r4 of the auxiliary outer cladding layer is 35-50 mu m, the relative refractive index difference delta n4 is-0.45-0.23%, the radius r5 of the outer cladding layer is 62-63 mu m, and the outer cladding layer is a pure silica glass layer.
According to the scheme, the core layer is a silica glass layer doped with germanium, fluorine and alkali metals or a silica glass layer doped with germanium and alkali metals, wherein the doping contribution amount of germanium is 0.04-0.08%, and the doping amount of alkali metals is 5-3000 ppm by weight.
According to the scheme, the alkali metal doped element in the core layer is one or more of lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and francium.
According to the scheme, the sunken inner cladding is a fluorine-doped silica glass layer.
According to the scheme, the relative refractive index difference delta n2 of the inner cladding is larger than the relative refractive index difference delta n4 of the auxiliary outer cladding, and the relative refractive index difference delta n4 of the auxiliary outer cladding is larger than the relative refractive index difference delta n3 of the sunken cladding, namely delta n2> delta n4> delta n 3.
In the above scheme, the optical fiber supports two stable transmission modes at 1550nm wavelength, LP01 and LP11 respectively.
According to the scheme, the attenuation coefficients of the two modes of the optical fiber at the wavelength of 1550nm are less than or equal to 0.160dB/km and are less than or equal to 0.158dB/km under the preferred condition.
According to the scheme, the maximum value of the absolute value of the DGD (differential mode group delay) of the optical fiber at the wavelength of 1550nm is less than or equal to 4ps/m, and preferably less than or equal to 3 ps/m.
According to the scheme, the effective area of the optical fiber in the LP01 transmission mode at the 1550nm wavelength is 120-170 mu m2(ii) a A dispersion value less than or equal to 22ps/(nm x km) at a wavelength of 1550 nm; the effective area of the optical fiber at 1550nm wavelength in the LP11 transmission mode is 150-210 mu m2(ii) a The dispersion value at a wavelength of 1550nm is less than or equal to 24ps/(nm x km).
According to the scheme, the optical fiber outer coating resin coating layer comprises an inner coating layer and an outer coating layer, the outer diameter of the inner coating layer is 150-220 microns, the Young modulus of the inner coating layer is 0.2-0.5 MPa, and the outer diameter of the outer coating layer is equal to or larger than 230 microns.
According to the scheme, the microbending loss of the optical fiber at the wavelength of 1700nm is less than or equal to 4dB/km, and is less than or equal to 2dB/km under the optimal condition.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: 1. the two modes of the few-mode optical fiber prepared by the invention have ultralow attenuation, so that the cost for constructing related base stations and other system equipment can be reduced in trunk transmission. The attenuation performance depends on a plurality ofFactors of the aspects: first, unique viscosity matching design: the core layer is a non-pure silicon core, has the characteristic of codoping germanium and fluorine, and optimizes viscosity matching of the core layer by controlling the doping concentration; the viscosity of each part of the optical fiber and the stress of the optical fiber are optimized, and the ultralow attenuation performance of the few-mode optical fiber is realized; secondly, the core layer is subjected to alkali metal doping process design, so that the virtual temperature of the core layer is effectively reduced; thirdly, reasonably designing the core layer and the inner cladding material, reducing the mismatch of the structural relaxation time of the core layer and the inner cladding glass material in the preparation process of the optical fiber, and reducing the interface defect; fourthly, in the middle position of the core layer and the outer cladding layer, through the design of the sunken outer cladding layer, the problem of stopping a basic mode is inhibited, and the transmission condition of the optical fiber waveguide is improved; fifthly, a pure silicon dioxide outer cladding structure is used for bearing the fiber drawing tension, so that the interface position defect caused by stress is reduced; 2. through reasonable design of the sections of the core layers of the optical fiber and arrangement of the sunken cladding, the optical fiber has low differential mode group delay (DGD) and excellent bending resistance; 3. the prepared optical fiber has a thickness of 120 μm or more2The larger effective area relative to a single mode fiber helps to reduce fiber nonlinear effects. 4. The optical fiber can be suitable for a weakly coupled mode division multiplexing system, and the complexity of the output end of the system cannot be greatly increased while the transmission capacity is increased.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a refractive index profile of one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the mode distribution of the few-mode optical fiber prepared by the present invention.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to examples.
The few-mode optical fiber comprises a core layer and a cladding layer, wherein the radius of the core layer is r1, the relative refractive index difference is delta n1, an inner cladding layer, a sunken inner cladding layer, an auxiliary outer cladding layer and an outer cladding layer are sequentially coated outside the core layer from inside to outside, the radius of the inner cladding layer is r2, the relative refractive index difference is delta n2, the radius of the sunken inner cladding layer is r3, the relative refractive index difference is delta n3, the radius of the auxiliary outer cladding layer is r4, the relative refractive index difference is delta n4, the radius of the outer cladding layer is r5 mu m, and the outer cladding layer is a pure silica glass layer.
According to the technical scheme of the few-mode optical fiber, the parameters of the optical fiber are designed in the specified range, the core rod is manufactured according to the design requirements of the optical fiber through the known core rod manufacturing processes such as a PCVD (plasma chemical vapor deposition) process, an MCVD (metal chemical vapor deposition) process, an OVD (over-voltage chemical vapor deposition) process or a VAD (vacuum vapor deposition) process, and the whole preform is manufactured through the outer cladding processes such as a sleeve process, an OVD process or a VAD process.
The refractive index profile of the drawn fiber was tested using an NR-9200 apparatus (EXFO), and the refractive index profile of the fiber and the main parameters of the doped material are shown in Table 1.
The main performance parameters of the drawn optical fiber are shown in Table 2.
The data show that the optical fiber manufactured according to the solution of the present invention supports two stable transmission modes at 1550nm, LP01 and LP11, respectively. The attenuation coefficient of both modes at 1550nm is less than or equal to 0.160dB/km, preferably less than or equal to 0.158 dB/km. The minimum mode fiber has a maximum value of the absolute value of the DGD at 1550nm less than or equal to 4ps/m, preferably less than or equal to 3 ps/m. Wherein the effective area of LP01 mode at 1550nm wavelength is greater than 120 μm2(ii) a The dispersion value at 1550nm is less than 22ps/(nm x km).
TABLE 1 few-mode fiber profile parameters for embodiments of the present invention
TABLE 2 Main Performance parameters of few-mode optical fiber of the present invention
Claims (8)
1. A step type ultralow-attenuation few-mode optical fiber comprises a core layer and a cladding layer, and is characterized in that the radius r1 of the core layer is 6.1-8 mu m, the relative refractive index difference delta n1 is 0-0.20%, the core layer is externally coated with an inner cladding layer, a sunken inner cladding layer, an auxiliary outer cladding layer and an outer cladding layer in sequence from inside to outside, the radius r2 of the inner cladding layer is 8.5-14 mu m, the relative refractive index difference delta n2 is-0.45-0.23%, the radius r3 of the sunken inner cladding layer is 14.5-30 mu m, the radius delta n3 of the relative refractive index difference is-0.65-0.40%, the radius r4 of the auxiliary outer cladding layer is 35-50 mu m, the relative refractive index difference delta n4 is-0.45-0.23%, the radius r5 of the outer cladding layer is 62-63 mu m, and the outer cladding layer is a pure silica glass layer; the core layer is a silicon dioxide glass layer doped with germanium, fluorine and alkali metals together or a silicon dioxide glass layer doped with germanium and alkali metals together, wherein the doping contribution amount of germanium is 0.04-0.08%, and the doping amount of alkali metals is 5-3000 ppm by weight; the optical fiber supports two stable transmission modes at a wavelength of 1550nm, LP01 and LP11 respectively;
the relative refractive index difference of each layer of the optical fiber is
Wherein n isiIs the absolute refractive index of a particular location of the optical fiber, and ncIs the absolute refractive index of pure silica.
2. The step-type ultra-low attenuation few-mode optical fiber of claim 1, wherein the alkali doped element in said core layer is one or more of lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and francium.
3. The step-index ultra-low attenuation few-mode optical fiber according to claim 1 or 2, wherein said depressed inner cladding is a fluorine-doped silica glass layer.
4. The step-index, ultra-low attenuation, few-mode optical fiber of claim 1 or 2, wherein the relative refractive index difference Δ n2 of the inner cladding is greater than the relative refractive index difference Δ n4 of the auxiliary outer cladding, and the relative refractive index difference Δ n4 of the auxiliary outer cladding is greater than the relative refractive index difference Δ n3 of the depressed cladding, i.e., Δ n2> Δ n4> Δ n 3.
5. The step-type ultra-low attenuation few-mode optical fiber according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the attenuation coefficients of both transmission modes of said optical fiber at a wavelength of 1550nm are less than or equal to 0.160 dB/km.
6. The step-type ultra-low attenuation few-mode optical fiber according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the maximum of the absolute value of the DGD of said optical fiber at a wavelength of 1550nm is less than or equal to 4 ps/m.
7. The step-type ultra-low attenuation few-mode optical fiber according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the effective area of the fiber at 1550nm wavelength in LP01 transmission mode is 120-170 μm2A dispersion value less than or equal to 22ps/(nm x km) at a wavelength of 1550 nm; the effective area of the optical fiber at 1550nm wavelength in the LP11 transmission mode is 150-210 mu m2The dispersion value at a wavelength of 1550nm is less than or equal to 24ps/(nm x km).
8. The step-type ultra-low attenuation, few-mode optical fiber of claim 1 or 2, wherein said fiber has a microbend loss at 1700nm of less than or equal to 4 dB/km.
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