CN107568479B - Corn and soybean meal-free low-cost beef cattle concentrate supplement - Google Patents
Corn and soybean meal-free low-cost beef cattle concentrate supplement Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a low-cost beef fattening concentrate supplement without corn and soybean meal. When the concentrate supplement for fattening beef cattle is prepared, the complete sorghum and wheat replaces corn energy feed, and the complete corn distiller's dried grain DDGS replaces soybean meal protein feed. The method solves the problem that the typical concentrate supplement of corn and soybean meal is commonly adopted in the fattening of Chinese beef cattle, effectively improves the fattening and meat production performance of the beef cattle, and greatly reduces the concentrate supplement cost consumed by the fattening and meat production of the beef cattle. The method is more scientific and reasonable, accords with the actual production, prepares the concentrate supplement for beef cattle fattening, improves the utilization efficiency of the feed, improves the beef cattle fattening and meat production performance, reduces the breeding cost of the beef cattle, and fills the gap that the conventional concentrate supplement for beef cattle fattening does not use corn and bean pulp at all.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a concentrate supplement formula for improving the fattening and meat production performance of beef cattle and reducing the cost, in particular to a method for preparing a concentrate supplement for improving the fattening and meat production performance of beef cattle and reducing the cost by using sorghum and wheat in full instead of corn energy feed and DDGS (distillers dried grains with soluble) in full instead of soybean meal protein feed without using corn and soybean meal conventional feed, and belongs to the field of beef cattle feed matching technology and beef cattle breeding.
Background
The primary option for reducing feed costs is raw materials. The price of raw materials is high or the raw materials are increased year by year, which always troubles the breeding industry. In the compound feed mainly comprising corn-soybean meal feed, the corn consumption accounts for about 65% and the soybean meal consumption accounts for about 20%. The corn accounts for more than 50% of the total cost of the raw materials, the soybean meal accounts for more than 25%, and 60-70% of the breeding cost is paid out on the feed. The corn-soybean meal type daily ration mode blindly pursued by the traditional breeding and feed enterprises in China causes the shortage of high-quality feed resources such as soybean meal, corn and the like in China; the increase of industrial grains such as alcohol, pharmacy, starch production and the like causes the gap of feed raw materials to become serious day by day. The Chinese feed resources are insufficient, in particular the Chinese grain feed resources are insufficient, and the energy feed supply is insufficient; the protein feed raw materials are seriously deficient, and the self-sufficient rate is low.
China is the second largest corn production and consumption country in the world, and the total corn yield reaches more than 2.1 hundred million tons in 2014. Corn is a feed raw material with the largest dosage and the widest application range in the energy feed. The corn soluble nitrogen-free extract has high content, high effective energy content and high digestion rate, is widely popularized and applied in production and obtains good production benefit. Because the protein quality of the corn is poor, the corn is reasonably matched with the soybean meal in beef production, so that the advantages of the corn and the soybean meal can be made up for each other, and the optimal daily ration combination advantage can be played. The bean pulp is known as the king of vegetable protein feed and is the main protein feed for livestock and poultry. In 2014, China imports 7140 million tons of soybeans, the domestic yield is 1220 million tons, and the soybean meal is a famous and genuine large-demand country for soybeans and bean pulp. The soybean meal is one of 12 kinds of oil meal feed products such as cottonseed meal, peanut meal, rapeseed meal and the like, which has the largest yield and the widest application. As a high protein, the soybean meal is the main raw material for preparing the livestock and poultry feed. The bean pulp has good palatability and beautiful color, and is easy to be eaten by livestock and poultry. The soybean meal contains 42 to 47 percent of protein, various essential amino acids are relatively balanced, and the lysine content is high; the protein and amino acid of the soybean meal have high digestibility, so that the nutrient components of the soybean meal can be effectively absorbed and utilized by livestock and poultry. The shortage of self-produced soybean meal and the annual increase of import quantity in China are the main reasons of long-term high price. Therefore, the search for various alternatives has become an urgent need of feed enterprises, and currently, the main raw materials of energy and protein for fattening beef cattle come from corn and bean pulp.
Because the price of domestic corn is 50% higher than that of international market at present, the price of overseas corn and corn substitutes is lower, feed enterprises are more inclined to import raw materials such as sorghum, dried corn distillers grains (DDGS) and the like to meet the demand, and the raw materials are not limited by import quota. According to the ministry of commerce and the customs agency bulletins, the DDGS called distillers dried grains of corn, sorghum, is incorporated into automatic import license management. According to analysis, the import of the raw materials reaches 2000 ten thousand tons in 2016, and the raw materials become an indispensable component of feed sources. The import amount of unconventional raw materials such as sorghum and DDGS is increased dramatically, which indicates that Chinese feed enterprises are more inclined to use alternative raw materials, and at present, commercial feed and farm self-ingredient which use unconventional raw materials in China account for about 20%. At present, most of domestic researches on sorghum, wheat and corn distillers dried grains with soluble (DDGS) are partial direct substitution researches and applications, and full substitution researches and applications are not developed under the condition of the same nutritional level; further, studies on wheat, sorghum and DDGS called distillers dried grains of corn as a feed for fattening beef cattle have not been carried out under the same conditions of nutritional levels.
Wheat is a main cereal crop in northern China. The corn has low content of non-starch polysaccharide, and can be used in large amount. The content of the anti-nutritional factor non-starch polysaccharide in the wheat is high, the non-starch polysaccharide can generate viscosity in the gastrointestinal tract, the normal peristalsis of the gastrointestinal tract is influenced, the contact between digestive juice and chyme is reduced, and the digestive absorption is influenced. The non-starch polysaccharide can be utilized by the microorganisms in the posterior intestinal tract, so that the microorganisms proliferate, and diarrhea and other problems are caused. Factors which are not beneficial to digestion and absorption of livestock and poultry in wheat are gradually dissolved and offset by new additives of new technology, such as enzyme preparations and the like, and the addition of the enzyme preparations is equal to the increase of the feed cost. In addition, because the wheat has extremely high starch digestibility, the wheat is easily and rapidly degraded by ruminant rumen microorganisms to cause acidosis, and the production performance is seriously influenced. Sorghum contains tannin, is an anti-nutritional factor, and is characterized by heavy bitter taste and influence on palatability. Combined with proteins and digestive enzymes, affect the conversion rate and effective energy value of the feed. If tannase is added, it results in too high a cost. For all livestock and poultry, sorghum is 10% higher than protein in corn; for ruminants, available phosphorus is 50% higher, and available energy is about 96% of that of corn. Sorghum also has the advantage that sorghum can be processed either as whole grain or as coarsely ground grain without the need to grind the sorghum into fine particles like corn. DDGS called distillers dried grains with corn contains more digestible fiber, which is not easy to be utilized by monogastric animals and poultry, and has low effective energy; however, DDGS is a feed raw material with moderate and high protein content and high energy of beef cattle and dairy cows, contains more digestible fiber, essential fatty acid and linoleic acid, and can replace part of corn and soybean meal. Meanwhile, the price advantage is also the key point of selecting raw materials, taking DDGS called corn distiller's grains as an example, the annual demand of 2016 is over 1100 ten thousand tons, the average import price is over 2400 yuan/ton, the average soybean meal price is 3684 yuan/ton, the average price of two feeds is 1284 yuan/ton, and the substitution advantage is obvious.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for preparing a low-cost beef cattle fattening concentrate supplement by using sorghum and wheat to replace corn energy feed and DDGS (distillers dried grains with solubles) to replace soybean meal protein feed, so that the problem that the corn and soybean meal typical concentrate supplement is commonly adopted in beef cattle fattening in China is solved, the beef cattle fattening and meat production performance is effectively improved, and the concentrate supplement cost for beef cattle fattening and meat production consumption is greatly reduced. Therefore, according to the method, the beef cattle fattening concentrated feed supplement is more scientific and reasonable and accords with actual production, the feed utilization efficiency is improved, the beef cattle fattening and meat production performance is improved, the beef cattle breeding cost is reduced, and the blank that the corn and the soybean meal are not used at all in the conventional Chinese beef cattle fattening concentrated feed supplement is filled.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows: a low-cost fattening beef cattle concentrate supplement free of corn and soybean meal is characterized in that sorghum and wheat (the total mass of the sorghum and the wheat is 100%, and the wheat accounts for 25-75%) are used for replacing corn energy feeds and corn distillers dried grains with grains (DDGS) are used for replacing soybean meal protein feeds in the same energy and protein level when the fattening beef cattle concentrate supplement is prepared. The method solves the problems that the typical concentrate supplement of corn and soybean meal is commonly adopted in the fattening of Chinese beef cattle, the fattening performance and the meat production performance of the beef cattle are effectively improved, and the concentrate supplement cost consumed by the fattening and the meat production of the beef cattle is greatly reduced. The invention completely does not use corn and bean pulp as feed raw materials.
When the concentrate supplement for fattening beef cattle is prepared by the method, a person skilled in the art only needs to control the wheat and sorghum energy feeds with different proportions within the range of the method according to the production performance and cost of the beef cattle, and DDGS (distillers dried grains with soluble) full-quantity called corn distillers' grains is used for replacing bean pulp protein feed.
Furthermore, the components of the concentrated feed supplement for fattening beef cattle of the invention also comprise bran, baking soda and premix, and the preferable formula can be as follows:
the formula 1 (mass ratio) is as follows: 15% of wheat, 45% of sorghum, 30% of DDGS, 4% of bran, 1.4% of baking soda and 4.6% of premix.
Formula 2 (weight ratio): 30% of wheat, 30% of sorghum, 26% of DDGS, 8% of bran, 1.4% of baking soda and 4.6% of premix.
The premix is a commercial premix used by beef cattle and is used for providing minerals, salt and vitamins for fattening the beef cattle.
The preparation method comprises the following steps: the wheat and the sorghum are directly mixed with other raw materials for use after being coarsely screened and crushed.
In order to prove the technical scheme of the invention more favorably and intuitively, the invention carries out a large number of actual verification tests according to the following ideas: 1. under the condition of the same energy and protein level, different sorghum contents are respectively combined with soybean meal or corn distillers dried grains with soluble (DDGS) to carry out the experiment on the fattening effect and the cost influence of the hybrid beef cattle; 2. under the condition of the same energy and protein level, different wheat contents are respectively combined with bean pulp or corn distillers dried grains with soluble (DDGS) to carry out the test on the fattening effect and the cost of the hybrid beef cattle; 3. under the condition of the same energy and protein level, the effect of the corn and soybean meal free concentrate supplement formed by combining different wheat and sorghum contents and corn distillers dried grains with soluble (DDGS) on the fattening effect, the meat production performance and the cost of the hybrid beef cattle is tested.
A large number of experiments prove that under the condition of the same energy and protein level, through comparison of single soybean meal and single DDGS and comparison of combination of 25 wt% sorghum or wheat and 50 wt% sorghum or wheat, the DDGS and the soybean meal have the same fattening effect on beef cattle, but the weight increasing cost of the DDGS is far lower than that of the soybean meal; addition of 25% or 50% sorghum or wheat showed no antinutritional factor effect and palatability problems; the combination of DDGS and 25 wt% or 50 wt% sorghum or wheat can improve the fattening performance of beef cattle and reduce the cost of concentrate supplement consumed by unit weight gain. Therefore, the method for preparing the concentrate supplement for improving the beef cattle fattening by using the sorghum and wheat in full amount to replace corn energy feed and DDGS (distillers dried grains with solubles) in full amount to replace bean pulp protein feed called corn dry vinasse is provided and verified, the problems that the corn and bean pulp typical concentrate supplement is commonly adopted in Chinese beef cattle fattening are solved, the beef cattle fattening and meat production performance is effectively improved, and the concentrate supplement cost for the beef cattle fattening and meat production consumption is greatly reduced.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1) sorghum and wheat matched full-quantity replacement of corn
The beef cattle are ruminants, the wheat with high rumen degradation rate and the sorghum with low rumen degradation rate are reasonably matched to prepare the energy feed, the problems that starch digestion rate in the wheat is extremely high and is easily and rapidly degraded by rumen microorganisms of the ruminants to cause acidosis and seriously affect production performance and the problem that the degradation rate of the sorghum is low and affects nutrition supply are solved, the combination of the two energy feeds of the wheat and the sorghum improves rumen degradation rate and ensures healthy metabolism of rumen, and therefore, the possibility of completely replacing corn and soybean meal and maintaining high fattening performance of the beef cattle is achieved.
Meanwhile, for the usual feed, additional treatment (e.g., addition of enzyme preparations) is required because wheat contains a high-viscosity, burnt-mouth anti-nutritional factor and sorghum contains a tannin anti-nutritional factor. But aiming at the ruminant such as beef, rumen microorganisms can destroy the anti-nutritional factors contained in wheat and sorghum, and simultaneously, because the content of the anti-nutritional factors matched with the wheat and the sorghum is also reduced, tests prove that the anti-nutritional factors contained in the wheat and sorghum raw materials do not influence the production performance of beef.
2) DDGS full-quantity substituted soybean meal
For monogastric animals and birds, DDGS, known as distillers dried grains of corn, contains a large amount of digestible fiber that is not readily available to monogastric animals and birds, and only partially replaces the soybean meal. However, DDGS is a feed raw material with moderate and high protein content and high energy of beef cattle and dairy cows, contains more digestible fiber, essential fatty acid and linoleic acid, and can replace part of corn and soybean meal. Because the protein content of the DDGS is 26-30%, the dairy cow requires high protein of the feed to meet the requirement of milk production, and the DDGS can not completely replace soybean meal of the feed of the dairy cow; the requirements of the fattening beef cattle on the protein content and the quality of the feed are lower than those of dairy cows, the requirement on the effective energy is extremely high, and the wheat, the sorghum and the DDGS called the dried corn distillers grains contain the high effective energy required by the fattening beef cattle, wherein the DDGS contains medium protein content and is suitable for being used as the feed for the fattening beef cattle.
3) The wheat, sorghum and DDGS have wide raw material sources and low cost
Traditional breeding and feed enterprises in China usually adopt a corn and soybean meal type daily ration mode, corn accounts for more than 50% of the total raw material cost, and soybean meal accounts for more than 25%. The Chinese feed resources are insufficient, in particular the Chinese grain feed resources are insufficient, and the energy feed supply is insufficient; the protein feed raw materials are seriously deficient, and the self-sufficient rate is low. Sorghum, dried corn distillers grains (DDGS), and other raw materials are low in price, wide in source and not limited by import quota. Therefore, sorghum, wheat and DDGS are adopted to completely replace corn and bean pulp, so that the problem of insufficient corn and bean pulp resources is effectively solved, and the feed cost is obviously reduced.
Meanwhile, the invention does not need to add enzyme preparations and other anti-nutritional factors for treating wheat, sorghum and DDGS, but utilizes the characteristics of beef cattle and the matching of raw materials to solve the problems, thereby reducing the cost of the feed to the lowest.
4) The invention is scientific and reasonable, accords with the supplement of the concentrate for fattening beef cattle in actual production, improves the utilization efficiency of the feed, improves the fattening and meat production performance of the beef cattle, reduces the breeding cost of the beef cattle, and fills the gap that the concentrate supplement for fattening beef cattle does not use corn and bean pulp at present.
In a word, the invention reasonably matches the characteristics of the beef cattle fattening (compared with monogastric animals such as pigs, the beef cattle is ruminants, compared with dairy cows, the beef cattle needs high energy and medium protein) and the feed raw materials of wheat, sorghum and DDGS, thereby obtaining the beef cattle fattening concentrate supplement which can meet the requirements of beef cattle fattening and meat production performance, has low cost, does not use corn and bean pulp at all, and has very high practicability for the beef cattle breeding industry.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions and the technical effects thereof are further illustrated by specific test methods, and the following description is only for explaining the present invention but not for limiting the present invention in any way, and any modifications or substitutions based on the teaching of the present invention are within the protection scope of the present invention. The following percentages are by weight unless otherwise specified. The tannin content of the sorghum raw material adopted by the invention is 1.24%, and the non-starch polysaccharide content of wheat is 12.72%.
First, under the condition of same energy and protein level, different sorghum contents are respectively combined with bean pulp or corn distillers dried grains with soluble (DDGS) to carry out the experiment on the fattening effect and the cost influence of the hybrid beef cattle
The test method comprises the following steps: selecting 60 Simmental hybrid beef cattle within the year of the year and with similar weight (401.1 +/-28.5 kg), after numbering, observation, epidemic prevention and insect expelling, randomly dividing the hybrid beef cattle into 4 test groups according to the principle that the weight and the age between the groups are similar, wherein each group comprises 15 hybrid beef cattle, and 25% sorghum and 50% sorghum are respectively added into two soybean meal groups and two DDGS groups. 15.0% of crude protein of four test groups, and 5.65MJ/kg of net energy of weight gain (Table 1), wherein the crude feed is whole-plant corn silage. The test pre-feeding period is 15d, and the period is 140d after the fasting weighing record before feeding in the morning. And weighing all the fattening beef cattle after the test is finished, calculating the feed consumption, and measuring the fattening effect of the beef cattle.
The recipe and nutritional composition of beef cattle concentrate supplement consisting of soybean meal, distillers dried grains with grains (DDGS) plus 25% and 50% sorghum, respectively, are shown in table 1. The protein content and the essential amino acid concentration in table 1 were measured values, except for net weight gain. The feed formula of the research is prepared according to the nutritional requirement that the daily gain of NRC (2000) beef cattle is 1.2kg, and 5 percent of premix is commercial premix used for providing minerals, salt and vitamins for fattening beef cattle, which is the prior art in the field. The protein and net weight gain of the 4 groups of concentrate supplements are completely the same, except that the protein feed is soybean meal and DDGS, and the addition amounts of the energy feed sorghum are respectively 25% and 50%.
Table 14 concentrate supplement formulas and nutritional compositions
After the test period of 140d, the fasting weight before and after the test and the feed intake record (table 2), the average daily gain and the concentrate weight ratio of the beef cattle of 4 test groups are basically the same; the cost of the concentrate supplement is different, and the cost of unit weight gain is also different. As shown in the nutritional ingredients of the 4 groups of the feed (Table 1), the protein content and the energy concentration are completely the same, and the difference is the addition amount of the protein feed raw material and the sorghum energy feed, so that the fattening effect of the 4 groups of beef cattle is similar. The concentrate supplement costs of 2 DDGS groups were all lower than 2 soybean meal groups, resulting in a unit weight gain cost significantly lower than two soybean meal groups (P < 0.05). The average unit weight gain cost of 2 DDGS groups is reduced by 14.7 percent compared with that of 2 soybean meal groups. According to the conclusion, the DDGS and the soybean meal have the same fattening effect on beef cattle, but the weight increasing cost of the DDGS is far lower than that of the soybean meal; no antinutritional factor effect and palatability problems were shown with 25% or 50% sorghum addition; the combination of DDGS and 25% or 50% sorghum can improve the fattening performance of beef cattle and reduce the cost of concentrate supplement consumed by unit weight gain.
Table 24 test beef cattle fattening Performance determination
Note: the same row has different capital English letters to represent significant difference (P <0.05), the same letters to represent insignificant difference (P >0.05), and different capital English letters to represent significant difference (P < 0.01). The same applies below.
Second, under the condition of the same energy and protein level, the effect test of different wheat contents and the combination of the bean pulp or the corn distillers dried grains with soluble (DDGS) on the fattening effect and the cost of the hybrid beef cattle is carried out
The test method comprises the following steps: selecting 60 black-and-white milk bulls with similar weight (365.6 +/-49.3 kg), numbering, observing, epidemic prevention and insect expelling, randomly dividing into 4 test groups according to the principle that the weight and the age between the groups are similar, wherein each group comprises 15 black-and-white milk bulls, and 25% and 50% of wheat are respectively added into two soybean meal groups and two DDGS groups. 15.0% of crude protein of four test groups, 5.65MJ/kg of net energy of weight gain, and the crude feed is corn straw silage. The test pre-feeding period is 15d, and the period is 140d after the fasting weighing record before feeding in the morning. And weighing all the fattening beef cattle after the test is finished, calculating the feed consumption, and measuring the fattening effect of the beef cattle.
The formula and nutritional composition of beef cattle concentrate supplement composed of soybean meal, corn distillers grains (DDGS) with 25% and 50% wheat added, respectively, are shown in table 3. The protein content and the essential amino acid concentration in table 3 were measured values, except for net weight gain. The feed formula of the research is prepared according to the nutritional requirement that the daily gain of NRC (2000) beef cattle is 1.2kg, and 5 percent of premix is commercial premix used for providing minerals, salt and vitamins for fattening beef cattle, which is the prior art in the field. The protein and net weight gain of the 4 groups of concentrate supplements are completely the same, except that the protein feed is soybean meal and DDGS, and the energy feed wheat is added in an amount of 25% and 50% respectively.
Table 34 concentrate supplement formulas and nutritional compositions
After the test period of 140d, the fasting weight before and after the test and the feed intake record (table 4), the average daily gain and the concentrate weight ratio of the beef cattle of 4 test groups are basically the same; the cost of the concentrate supplement is different, and the cost of unit weight gain is also different. As shown in the nutritional ingredients of the 4 groups of the feed (Table 3), the protein content and the energy concentration are completely the same, and the difference is the addition amount of the protein feed raw material and the wheat energy feed, so that the fattening effect of the 4 groups of beef cattle is similar. The concentrate supplement cost of the DDGS1 group is 1.87 yuan/kg at the lowest, so that the unit weight gain cost is obviously lower than that of two bean pulp groups (P < 0.05); although the unit weight gain cost of the DDGS2 group and the two soybean meal groups is not significantly different, the unit weight gain cost is respectively reduced by 2.5 percent and 9.5 percent (P is more than 0.05) compared with the soybean meal 1 group and the soybean meal 2 group, so that the conclusion is that the DDGS and the soybean meal have the same fattening effect on beef cattle, but the weight gain cost of the DDGS is far lower than that of the soybean meal; addition of 25% or 50% wheat showed no antinutritional factor effect and palatability problems; the combination of DDGS and 25% or 50% wheat can increase the fattening performance of beef cattle and reduce the cost of concentrate supplement consumed by unit weight gain.
Table 44 test beef cattle fattening Performance determination
Thirdly, under the condition of the same energy and protein level, the corn and soybean meal free concentrate supplement material formed by combining different wheat and sorghum contents and corn distillers dried grains with soluble (DDGS) is tested for the effects of fattening effect, meat production performance and cost of the hybrid beef cattle
The test method comprises the following steps: selecting 60 Simmental hybrid beef cattle within the age of the week and with similar weight (400.8 +/-25.8 kg), after numbering, observing, epidemic prevention and insect repelling, randomly dividing the hybrid beef cattle into 4 test groups according to the principle that the weight and the age between the groups are similar, wherein each group comprises 15 hybrid beef cattle, and DDGS and sorghum and wheat in different proportions are used for constituting beef cattle fattening concentrate supplement, wherein the proportion of the wheat for replacing the sorghum is 25%, 50% and 75% in sequence. 15.0% of crude protein of four test groups, and 5.65MJ/kg of net energy of weight gain (Table 5), wherein the crude feed is whole-plant corn silage. The test pre-feeding period is 15d, and the period is 140d after the fasting weighing record before feeding in the morning. And weighing all the fattening beef cattle after the test is finished, calculating the feed consumption, and measuring the fattening effect of the beef cattle. And after finishing the slaughtering, weighing on an empty stomach, slaughtering all fattening beef cattle, and carrying out slaughtering performance and cost analysis.
The formula and nutritional composition of the beef cattle fattening concentrate supplement consisting of DDGS and sorghum and wheat in different proportions are shown in table 5. The protein content and the essential amino acid concentration in table 5 were measured values, except for net weight gain. The feed formula of the research is prepared according to the nutritional requirement that the daily gain of NRC (2000) beef cattle is 1.2kg, and 5 percent of premix is commercial premix used for providing minerals, salt and vitamins for fattening beef cattle, which is the prior art in the field. The protein and net energy gain of the concentrate supplements of the 4 groups were identical, except that the energy feed wheat was substituted for the energy feed sorghum at 25%, 50% and 75% ratios, respectively.
Table 54 concentrate supplement formulas and nutritional compositions
After the test period of 140d, the fasting weight before and after the test and the feed intake record (table 6), the average daily gain and the concentrate weight ratio of the beef cattle of 4 test groups are basically the same; the cost of the concentrate supplement is different, and the cost of unit weight gain is also different. From the nutritional content of the 4 groups of feeds (table 5), the protein content and energy concentration were identical, except for the different sorghum and wheat addition ratios. Although the fattening effect is not obviously different, the daily gain of 100 percent of sorghum group and 75 percent of wheat is low, so that the concentrate-to-weight ratio is slightly poor; the daily gain of the 50% wheat group is respectively improved by 9.3% and 4.1% compared with the 100% sorghum group and the 75% wheat group, and the weight ratio of the concentrate is respectively reduced by 6.9% and 4.5%; the daily gain of the 25% wheat group is respectively improved by 7.1% and 2.0% compared with the 100% sorghum group and the 75% wheat group, and the weight ratio of the concentrate is respectively reduced by 5.4% and 3.0% (P is more than 0.05). Concentrate supplements for 100% sorghum and 25% wheat groups cost 1.74 yuan/kg and 1.82 yuan/kg least, only the 25% wheat group results in a unit weight gain cost significantly better than the 75% wheat group (P < 0.05); although the unit weight gain cost of the 50% wheat group and the 75% wheat group is not significantly different, the unit weight gain cost of the 50% wheat group is reduced by 8.4% (P >0.05) compared with that of the 75% wheat group, which shows that the 50% wheat group and the 25% wheat group not only improve the beef cattle fattening performance, but also reduce the concentrate supplement cost consumed by unit weight gain.
Table 64 test beef cattle fattening Performance determination
The slaughter performance results of the beef cattle fed with DDGS and the concentrate supplement composed of sorghum and wheat at different ratios indicated that (table 7), the pre-slaughter live weights and the end-of-test body weights of the 4 groups of hybrid beef cattle were the same, and the pre-slaughter live weight differences of the 4 groups were not significant (P >0.05) — although the multiple slaughter index differences of the 4 groups of hybrid beef cattle were not significant, the net weight of the 50% wheat group was significantly higher than that of the 100% sorghum group (P <0.05), 16.8kg and 5.7kg respectively more than that of the 100% sorghum group and the 75% wheat group, and the net weight of the 25% wheat group was 12.7kg and 1.6kg respectively (P >0.05) — than that of the 100% sorghum group and the 75% wheat group, the body backfat the hybrid beef cattle was thickened and the eye muscle area increased as the ratio of wheat substituted sorghum increased from 25% to 75%, while the lowest backfat the eye muscle area of the 100% sorghum group fed with the hybrid beef cattle (P <0.05, the cross-meat cattle fed with the color difference between the three-fold instrument (P <0.01), and the cross-12% meat fed with the cross-12% meat-meat.
TABLE 74 test beef cattle slaughter assay
Comparison of net gain cost of beef cattle fed with 4 groups of DDGS and different proportions of sorghum and wheat to make up the concentrate supplement for fattening performed an accounting analysis based on total weight gain, total concentrate consumption and net meat rate determined at slaughter during the fattening period (table 8). The test beef cattle fed with the 50% wheat group have the highest net meat weight gain, excellent feed-meat ratio, the lowest unit net meat weight gain cost and the best benefit; the meat production performance indexes of the group fed with 100% sorghum are the worst, and the benefit is the worst (P < 0.05). The net meat weight gain and the feed-meat ratio of the 50% wheat group are optimal, so that the unit net meat weight gain cost of the 50% wheat group is obviously better than that of the 75% wheat group; since the concentrate supplement cost for the 25% wheat group was 0.16 yuan/kg lower than the 75% wheat group, the net meat gain per unit cost was significantly better for the 25% wheat group than for the 75% wheat group (P < 0.05).
Table 84 comparison of meat production costs of test beef cattle
The end result of beef cattle fattening is the maximum meat yield and the best benefits. In consideration of meat production performance and actual income of test beef cattle after slaughtering, many domestic researches can not completely slaughter the test beef cattle, and the research is limited to beef cattle fattening and weight increasing benefits, namely unit body weight increasing cost, but not net meat increasing benefits, namely unit net meat increasing cost, so that the feed cost consumed by the test beef cattle for producing 1kg of meat cannot be measured. After the research is finished, all test beef cattle are slaughtered to obtain the net meat rate of the beef cattle fed with each group of concentrate supplement, the net meat weight gain of 140d fattening is measured according to the total weight gain, and the feed-meat ratio is measured according to the total consumption of 140d concentrate supplement, so that the unit net meat weight gain cost is obtained. Under the condition of the same protein and the same net energy intake for weight gain, the net meat weight gain of the hybrid beef cattle fed to the 50% wheat group is 11.4 kg/head and 4.7 kg/head higher than that of the 100% sorghum group and the 75% wheat group respectively, and the net meat weight gain is improved by 12.3% and 4.7% respectively; the increment cost of the unit net meat is respectively 0.22 yuan/kg and 1.43 yuan/kg lower than that of a 100% sorghum group and a 75% wheat group, and is respectively reduced by 1.46% and 8.81%. The net meat weight gain of the hybrid beef cattle fed with the 25% wheat group is respectively 8.4 kg/head and 1.6 kg/head higher than that of the 100% sorghum group and that of the 75% wheat group, and the net meat weight gain is respectively improved by 9.0% and 1.6%; the increment cost of the unit net meat is respectively 0.49 yuan/kg and 1.70 yuan/kg lower than that of a 100% sorghum group and a 75% wheat group, and is respectively reduced by 3.3% and 10.5%. The whole research shows that the wheat or sorghum fed fattening beef cattle do not show the anti-nutritional factor effect and the palatability problem. Obviously, the 4 groups of beef cattle fattening concentrate supplements without corn and bean pulp are comprehensively evaluated from the aspects of body weight gain, meat weight gain, concentrate weight ratio, meat weight ratio and unit weight gain cost or net meat weight gain cost, the effect of 50% of wheat replacing sorghum on the fattening performance and the meat production performance of hybrid beef cattle is the best, the effect of 25% of wheat replacing sorghum on the weight gain and the meat production performance of beef cattle is the second best, and then the supplement of 75% of wheat replacing sorghum and 100% of sorghum and DDGS beef cattle fattening concentrate is sequentially carried out. Although the weight gain and meat production effects of the beef cattle fattening concentrate supplement with 75% of wheat replacing sorghum are better than 100% of sorghum, the unit weight gain cost and the meat gain cost are lower than those of 100% of sorghum due to the fact that the price of wheat is higher than that of sorghum.
Claims (4)
1. A low-cost fattening beef cattle concentrate supplement without corn and soybean meal is characterized in that when the fattening beef cattle concentrate supplement is prepared, under the same energy and protein levels, sorghum and wheat are used for replacing corn energy feed in full amount, and corn distillers dried grains with DDGS (distillers dried grains with soluble) is used for replacing soybean meal protein feed in full amount; wherein the total mass of the sorghum and the wheat is 100%, and the wheat accounts for 25-75%;
the fattening beef cattle concentrate supplement comprises bran, baking soda and a premix.
2. The corn and soybean meal-free low-cost fattening beef cattle concentrate supplement as claimed in claim 1, wherein the concentrate supplement is characterized by comprising, by mass, 15% of wheat, 45% of sorghum, 30% of DDGS, 4% of bran, 1.4% of baking soda and 4.6% of premix.
3. The corn and soybean meal-free low-cost fattening beef cattle concentrate supplement as claimed in claim 1, wherein the concentrate supplement is prepared from 30% of wheat, 30% of sorghum, 26% of DDGS, 8% of bran, 1.4% of baking soda and 4.6% of premix according to mass ratio.
4. The corn and soybean meal-free low-cost fattening beef cattle concentrate supplement as claimed in claim 1, wherein the concentrate supplement is characterized by comprising, by mass, 45% of wheat, 15% of sorghum, 22% of DDGS, 12% of bran, 1.4% of baking soda and 4.6% of premix.
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| CN101557719A (en) * | 2006-06-06 | 2009-10-14 | 布勒公司 | Feed composition for cattle |
| CN103931951A (en) * | 2014-02-18 | 2014-07-23 | 山东省农业科学院畜牧兽医研究所 | Method for preparing whole wheat capable of being fed for cows and pigs |
| WO2014197694A1 (en) * | 2013-06-06 | 2014-12-11 | Chromatin, Inc. | Pelleted and compressed sorghum compositions rich in dried distillers grains (ddgs) |
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| CN101557719A (en) * | 2006-06-06 | 2009-10-14 | 布勒公司 | Feed composition for cattle |
| WO2014197694A1 (en) * | 2013-06-06 | 2014-12-11 | Chromatin, Inc. | Pelleted and compressed sorghum compositions rich in dried distillers grains (ddgs) |
| CN103931951A (en) * | 2014-02-18 | 2014-07-23 | 山东省农业科学院畜牧兽医研究所 | Method for preparing whole wheat capable of being fed for cows and pigs |
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