CN107515059B - Electrical impedance-tungsten lamp composite type radiant heating experimental device and test system - Google Patents
Electrical impedance-tungsten lamp composite type radiant heating experimental device and test system Download PDFInfo
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- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 196
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 196
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 176
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 58
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 29
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 171
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 125
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 115
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 115
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 230000008033 biological extinction Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 30
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 24
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 21
- 230000005457 Black-body radiation Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000012774 insulation material Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 abstract description 13
- 239000002861 polymer material Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 6
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000004071 soot Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000012772 electrical insulation material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013329 compounding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000036284 oxygen consumption Effects 0.000 description 1
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010183 spectrum analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01K—MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01K17/00—Measuring quantity of heat
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
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Abstract
The invention relates to a radiation heating experimental device and a related test system, in particular to an electrical impedance-tungsten lamp composite type radiation heating experimental device, a generated radiation heat source spectral distribution test system and a semitransparent polymer material extinction coefficient measurement system. Has a combined electrical impedance-tungsten lamp radiation source; the electrical impedance-tungsten lamp composite radiation source comprises a radiation source metal heating group and a tungsten lamp heating group; the radiation source metal heating group and the tungsten lamp heating group are both fixed on the fixed disk; the power supply systems of the radiation source metal heating group and the tungsten lamp heating group are respectively and independently arranged, and the heating circuits of the radiation source metal heating group and the tungsten lamp heating group are connected in series to ensure that the currents in the groups are consistent, namely the temperatures of all heating elements in the groups are the same; a fixed shell is arranged outside the radiation source and used for fixing the radiation source; the fixed shell adopts a stainless steel shell.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a radiation heating experimental device and a related test system, in particular to an electrical impedance-tungsten lamp composite type radiation heating experimental device, a generated radiation heat source spectral distribution test system and a semitransparent polymer material extinction coefficient measurement system.
Background
When solid combustible materials are heated by external radiation, pyrolysis, ignition and subsequent fire spread can occur, and the heat feedback of flame to unburned materials in large-scale fire is mainly realized by the radiation heat transfer of the flame. The study of the thermal reaction of combustibles under radiation conditions is an important indicator for evaluating the fire safety of materials. In most cases, the thermal reaction characteristics of the material are that under artificially set experimental conditions, the radiant heat flow generated by flame is simulated through the heat radiation of heat sources such as resistance wires, silicon carbide rods or tungsten filament lamps, and therefore the spectral distribution of the heat flow generated by the radiant heat source has an important influence on experimental results.
At present, the two most widely used types of radiation heat sources in laboratories at home and abroad are an electric impedance type radiation heat source used in a Cone Calorimeter (Cone Calorimeter) developed by National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) based on the oxygen consumption principle and 6 500W tungsten lamp radiation heat sources used in a flame Propagation Calorimeter (FPA) developed by special insurance company of america (FM Global). For the sake of research, it was previously generally assumed that the heat flows generated by these two radiant heat sources are black body radiant heat flows without considering the influence of their spectral distributions on the experimental results. In recent years, it has been found that the same material to be tested has a large difference in test results (e.g., pyrolysis rate, ignition time, etc.) under the same test conditions by using different heating sources, especially for some infrared translucent polymer materials. The spectral distribution of the Heat flux generated by the electrical impedance type radiant heating source used on the cone calorimeter was found to be similar to that of black body radiation of the same temperature by the Bal research team (n. Bal, j. Raynard, g. Rein, j.l. Torero, m. Fosth, p. Boulet, g. Parent, z. Acem, g. Linkage, experimental study of radial Heat transfer in a transparent fuel sample to a differential radiation source, int. J. Heat Mass tran. 61 (2013) 742-748). The heat flow generated by the tungsten lamp radiation heating source used in the flame propagation calorimeter cannot be approximated even by the radiation of soot. In addition, the spectral analysis result of the heat flow also shows that the spectral distribution of the heat flow generated by the two radiation sources is greatly different from the spectral distribution of the radiation heat flow generated by the flame in the actual fire, including forest fires, industrial fires such as liquid fuel combustion fires and other fires of common solid combustible materials. At present, almost all solid material pyrolysis and ignition experiments are carried out under the two radiation heating sources, and a radiation source capable of accurately simulating the spectral distribution of the radiation heat flow of an actual flame does not appear.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide an electrical impedance-tungsten lamp composite type radiation heating experimental device and a test system aiming at the defects by combining the respective characteristics of two radiation heat sources, which are a composite type radiation heat source experimental device capable of generating the same spectral distribution as the flame radiation heat flow in an actual fire, a heat flow spectral distribution test system of the radiation heat source and a test system of the extinction coefficient of a polymer under the heat flow.
The invention is realized by adopting the following technical scheme:
an electrical impedance-tungsten lamp composite radiation heating experimental device and a test system are provided with an electrical impedance-tungsten lamp composite radiation source; the electrical impedance-tungsten lamp composite radiation source comprises a radiation source metal heating group and a tungsten lamp heating group; the radiation source metal heating group and the tungsten lamp heating group are both fixed on the fixed disk; the power supply systems of the radiation source metal heating group and the tungsten lamp heating group are respectively and independently arranged, and the heating circuits of the radiation source metal heating group and the tungsten lamp heating group are connected in series to ensure that the currents in the groups are consistent, namely the temperatures of all heating elements in the groups are the same; a fixed shell is arranged outside the radiation source and used for fixing the radiation source; the fixed shell adopts a stainless steel shell.
The electrical impedance-tungsten lamp composite radiation source is a circular electrical impedance-tungsten lamp composite radiation source or a square electrical impedance-tungsten lamp composite radiation source.
The circular electric impedance-tungsten lamp composite radiation source comprises a metal heating ring group and a tungsten lamp heating ring group; the fixed disc is a disc; the metal heating ring group is formed by sequentially surrounding 10 annular metal rings with the diameter of 10mm, and the diameter of the annular metal ring of the outer ring is larger than that of the adjacent inner ring; the annular metal ring is fixed in the fixed disc through the fixed bracket;
the tungsten lamp heating ring group is formed by sequentially surrounding 9 annular tungsten lamp tubes with the diameter of 10mm, and the diameter of the annular tungsten lamp tube on the outer ring is larger than that of the adjacent inner ring; the annular tungsten lamp tube is fixed in the fixed disc through the fixed bracket;
the metal heating ring group and the tungsten lamp heating ring group are positioned on the same plane and are arranged in a staggered mode, and the distance between adjacent annular metal rings and the annular tungsten lamp tube is 1mm;
an S-shaped thermocouple with the diameter of 1mm is arranged on the 5 th annular metal ring from the inside to the outside and is used for measuring the real-time temperature of the annular metal ring;
the external diameter of fixed shell is 268mm, and the thickness of the material that fixed shell used is 5mm, and the whole thickness of fixed disk is 55mm.
The diameter of the innermost ring-shaped metal ring of the metal heating ring group is 30mm, the diameter of the outermost ring-shaped metal ring is 248mm, and the interval between the adjacent ring-shaped metal rings is 12mm.
Every annular metal circle adopts four fixed bolsters to fix, and the fixed bolster adopts high temperature resistant electricity to be extremely source material, and the fixed bolster all adopts the welding mode fixed with the junction of annular metal circle, fixed bolster and fixed disk inner top surface junction to guarantee the installation stability of annular metal circle, the cylinder diameter of fixed bolster is 5mm, and length is 20mm.
The material adopted by the annular metal ring is the same as that of the radiation source of the cone calorimeter.
The inner diameter of the annular tungsten lamp tube at the innermost circle of the tungsten lamp heating ring group is 52mm, the outer diameter of the annular tungsten lamp tube at the outermost circle is 237mm, and the interval between two adjacent annular tungsten lamp tubes is 12mm.
Every annular tungsten fluorescent tube adopts four fixed bolsters to fix, and the fixed bolster adopts high temperature resistant electricity to be extremely source material, and the junction of fixed bolster and annular tungsten fluorescent tube, fixed bolster and fixed disk inner top surface junction all adopt the welding mode fixed to guarantee the installation stability of annular tungsten fluorescent tube, the cylinder diameter of fixed bolster is 5mm, and length is 20mm.
The material adopted by the annular tungsten lamp tube is the same as that of the tungsten lamp adopted on the flame propagation calorimeter.
The fixed support is made of high-temperature-resistant electric insulation material.
The square electrical impedance-tungsten lamp composite radiation source comprises a metal heating column group and a tungsten lamp tube group; the metal heating column group is formed by arranging 10 straight metal heating columns with the diameter of 10mm and the length of 218mm in parallel; the tungsten lamp tube group is formed by parallelly arranging 9 straight tungsten lamp tubes with the diameter of 10mm and the length of 218 mm; the fixed shell is 228mm long and 218mm wide, the thickness of the stainless steel is 5mm, and the overall thickness of the fixed shell is 35 mm; a fixing hole is formed in the inner side of the fixing shell, and the diameter of the fixing hole is 14mm; two ends of the straight metal heating column and the straight tungsten lamp tube penetrate through the fixing holes to be flush with the outer surface of the fixing shell; all the straight metal heating columns and the straight tungsten lamp tubes are on the same horizontal plane, and the distances from the inner top surface and the inner lower edge of the fixed shell are 10 mm.
When installing straight metal heating post and straight tungsten lamp, adopt the high temperature resistant electrical insulation material that thickness is 2mm to separate between straight metal heating post and straight tungsten lamp both ends and the fixed orifices inboard.
The distance between two adjacent straight metal heating columns or two adjacent straight tungsten lamp tubes is 12mm, and the distance between the adjacent straight metal heating columns and the adjacent straight tungsten lamp tubes is 1mm; the distance between two straight metal heating columns at the outermost side and the inner surface of the fixed shell is 5mm, and the effective heating area of the square electrical impedance-tungsten lamp composite radiation source is 208 mm x 208 mm; an S-shaped thermocouple with the diameter of 1mm is arranged on one straight metal heating column in the middle of the metal heating column group and used for measuring the real-time temperature of the straight metal heating column.
The working principle is as follows:
the power supply systems of the radiation source metal heating group and the tungsten lamp heating group of the electrical impedance-tungsten lamp composite type radiation heating experimental device are respectively and independently arranged, and the heating circuits of the radiation source metal heating group and the tungsten lamp heating group are connected in series to ensure that the currents in the groups are consistent, namely the temperatures of all the heating groups in the groups are the same; when the size, the usable range, the spectral distribution and the like of the heat flow of the electrical impedance type metal heating group are only measured, only the power supply system of the electrical impedance type metal heating group is turned on, the power is adjusted to the heat flow to be measured, and the power supply system of the tungsten lamp heating group is turned off; when the heat flow size, the available range, the spectral distribution and the like of the tungsten lamp heating group are only measured, only the power supply system of the tungsten lamp heating group is turned on, the power is adjusted to the heat flow to be measured, and the power supply system of the electrical impedance type metal heating group is turned off; when the heat flow size, the usable range, the spectral distribution and the like of the electrical impedance-tungsten lamp composite radiation source are measured, the power supply systems of the metal heating group and the tungsten lamp heating group are simultaneously turned on, and the power is adjusted to the heat flow to be measured.
The invention has the advantages that: the radiant heat source generated by the device and the test system has scientific and reasonable design, high reliability, wide adjustable range of generated heat flow, simple operation of the test method of spectral distribution and extinction coefficient of polymer, all test equipment as standard equipment and high acceptance of test results.
Drawings
The invention will be further explained with reference to the drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a circular impedance-tungsten lamp composite radiation source according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a metal heating ring assembly in the circular electric impedance-tungsten lamp composite radiation source of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a tungsten lamp heating ring assembly in the circular electric impedance-tungsten lamp combined type radiation source of FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of the present invention in an operating state using a circular electrical impedance-tungsten lamp hybrid radiation source for calibration of the available heat flux range;
FIG. 5 is a schematic view of the operation of the present invention using a circular impedance-tungsten lamp combined radiation source for measuring the spectral distribution of radiant heat flux;
FIG. 6 is a comparison of measured thermal current spectral distribution and Plantt black body radiation curves for different heating ring temperatures for the electrical impedance type radiation source of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a graph comparing the measured thermal current spectral distribution and emissivity ɛ =0.17 gray body radiation curves for different heating ring temperatures for the tungsten lamp type radiation source of the present invention; the temperatures are 1783, 1965, 2110, 2185, 2245, and 2339K;
FIG. 8 is a spectral distribution of the heat flow of the present invention; wherein the temperature of the electrical impedance heating ring group is 858K, and the temperature of the tungsten lamp tube heating ring group is 1783K;
FIG. 9 is a schematic representation of the operation of the present invention for determining the average extinction coefficient of a translucent polymeric material; the measurements of FIG. 9 do not take into account the effect of wavelength on extinction coefficient;
FIG. 10 is a schematic view of the extinction coefficient measurement operation of the translucent polymeric material of the present invention; the measurement of fig. 10 takes into account the effect of the wavelength distribution on the extinction coefficient;
FIG. 11 is a graph showing the wavelength distribution of transmittance and extinction coefficient measured under the operating conditions of the electrical impedance type radiation source of the present invention;
FIG. 12 is a schematic structural view of a square electric impedance-tungsten lamp combined radiation source according to the present invention;
FIG. 13 is a schematic view of a metal heating column set in the square-shaped electrical impedance-tungsten lamp composite radiation source of FIG. 12;
FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram of a tungsten lamp tube assembly in the square-shaped electrical impedance-tungsten lamp composite radiation source of FIG. 12;
FIG. 15 is a schematic view of the present invention operating conditions using a square-shaped electrical impedance-tungsten lamp combination radiation source for calibration of the available heat flux range;
FIG. 16 is a schematic diagram of the operation of the present invention using a square impedance-tungsten lamp combined radiation source for spectral distribution measurement of radiant heat flow.
In the figure: 1. the device comprises a fixed shell, 2, an annular metal ring, 3, an annular tungsten lamp tube, 4, a fixed support, 5, a radiation source, 6, a water-cooling heat flow meter, 7, a spectrometer, 8, a fixed disc, 9, a straight metal heating column and 10, a straight tungsten lamp tube, wherein the fixed shell is fixedly arranged on the fixed shell; the wavy lines in fig. 4, 5, 9, 10, 15 and 16 represent heat flow radiation.
Detailed Description
Referring to FIG. 1~3, the circular impedance-tungsten lamp composite radiation source comprises a metal heating ring set and a tungsten lamp heating ring set; the fixed disc 8 is a disc; the metal heating ring group is formed by sequentially surrounding 10 annular metal rings 2 with the diameter of 10mm, and the diameter of the annular metal ring 2 of the outer ring is larger than that of the adjacent inner ring; the annular metal ring 2 is fixed in the fixed disc 8 through the fixed bracket 4;
the tungsten lamp heating ring group is formed by sequentially surrounding 9 annular tungsten lamp tubes 3 with the diameter of 10mm, and the diameter of the annular tungsten lamp tube 3 on the outer ring is larger than that of the adjacent inner ring; the annular tungsten lamp tube 3 is fixed in the fixed disk 8 through the fixed bracket 4;
the metal heating ring group and the tungsten lamp heating ring group are positioned on the same plane and are arranged in a staggered manner, and the distance between the adjacent annular metal rings 2 and the adjacent annular tungsten lamp tubes 3 is 1mm;
an S-shaped thermocouple with the diameter of 1mm is arranged on the 5 th annular metal ring 2 from the inside to the outside and is used for measuring the real-time temperature of the annular metal ring 2;
the external diameter of fixed shell 1 is 268mm, and the thickness of the material that fixed shell used is 5mm, and the whole thickness of fixed disk 8 is 55mm.
The diameter of the innermost ring-shaped metal ring of the metal heating ring group is 30mm, the diameter of the outermost ring-shaped metal ring is 248mm, and the interval between the adjacent ring-shaped metal rings is 12mm.
Every annular metal ring 2 adopts four fixed bolsters 4 fixed, and fixed bolster 4 adopts high temperature resistant electricity to be extremely source material, and fixed bolster 4 all adopts the welding mode fixed with annular metal ring 2 junction, fixed bolster 4 and the interior top surface junction of fixed disk 8 to guarantee annular metal ring 2's installation stability, the cylinder diameter of fixed bolster 4 is 5mm, and length is 20mm.
The material adopted by the annular metal ring is the same as that of the radiation source of the cone calorimeter.
The inner diameter of the annular tungsten lamp tube at the innermost circle of the tungsten lamp heating ring group is 52mm, the outer diameter of the annular tungsten lamp tube at the outermost circle is 237mm, and the interval between two adjacent annular tungsten lamp tubes is 12mm.
Every annular tungsten fluorescent tube 3 adopts four fixed bolster 4 fixed, and fixed bolster 4 adopts high temperature resistant electricity to be extremely sourced material, and fixed bolster 4 all adopts the welding mode fixed with 3 junctions of annular tungsten fluorescent tube, fixed bolster 4 and the interior top surface junction of fixed disk 8 to guarantee annular tungsten fluorescent tube 3's installation stability.
The material adopted by the annular tungsten lamp tube is the same as that of the tungsten lamp adopted on the flame propagation calorimeter.
The fixed support is made of high-temperature-resistant electric insulation material.
Referring to the attached drawings 12 to 14, the square electrical impedance-tungsten lamp compound radiation source comprises a metal heating column group and a tungsten lamp tube group; the metal heating column group is formed by arranging 10 straight metal heating columns 9 with the diameter of 10mm and the length of 218mm in parallel; the tungsten lamp tube group is formed by parallelly arranging 9 straight tungsten lamp tubes 10 with the diameters of 10mm and the lengths of 218 mm; the length of the fixed shell 1 is 228mm, the width of the fixed shell 1 is 218mm, the thickness of the material used for the fixed shell 1 is 5mm, and the overall thickness of the fixed shell 1 is 35 mm; a fixing hole is formed in the inner side of the fixing shell 1, and the diameter of the fixing hole is 14mm; two ends of the straight metal heating column 9 and the straight tungsten lamp tube 10 penetrate through the fixing holes to be flush with the outer surface of the fixed shell 1; all the straight metal heating columns 9 and the straight tungsten lamp tubes 10 are in the same horizontal plane, and the distance from the inner top surface and the inner lower edge of the fixed shell 1 is 10 mm.
When installing straight metal heating post and straight tungsten lamp, adopt the high temperature resistant electrical insulation material that thickness is 2mm to separate between straight metal heating post and straight tungsten lamp both ends and the fixed orifices inboard.
The distance between two adjacent straight metal heating columns 9 or two adjacent straight tungsten lamp tubes 10 is 12mm, and the distance between the adjacent straight metal heating columns 9 and the adjacent straight tungsten lamp tubes 10 is 1mm; the distance between two straight metal heating columns at the outermost side and the inner surface of the fixed shell 1 is 5mm, and the effective heating area of the square electrical impedance-tungsten lamp composite radiation source is 208 mm X208 mm; an S-shaped thermocouple with the diameter of 1mm is arranged on one straight metal heating column in the middle of the metal heating column group and used for measuring the real-time temperature of the straight metal heating column.
When the test system is used for researching the spectral distribution characteristics of heat flows generated by impedance type, tungsten lamp type and impedance-tungsten lamp compound radiation sources, the heat flow of each radiation source needs to be set independently, namely the target heat flow is set.
The target heat flow setting method comprises the following steps:
1) After the test system is prepared, a radiant heat source control power supply is turned on, the power supply systems of the heating ring groups are respectively and independently turned on by the electrical impedance type radiant heat flow and the tungsten lamp type radiant heat flow, the two power supply systems are required to be simultaneously turned on by the electrical impedance-tungsten lamp composite radiant heat flow, and the temperature of the heating ring is increased by adjusting the current voltage;
2) A horizontal water-cooling heat flow meter 6 is arranged under the radiation source 5, and the testing surface of the water-cooling heat flow meter 6 is opposite to the radiation source 5; the power of the radiation source is adjusted to ensure that the heat flow measured by the water-cooling heat flow meter 6 is the target heat flow and is stabilized for 30 minutes until the error between the measured heat flow and the set heat flow is 1 kW/m 2 Within.
The upper surface of the water-cooled heat flow meter 6 is away from the lower surface 30mm of the radiation source heating ring.
The water-cooling heat flow meter adopts a cardan type foil heat flow meter, and the design range is 0-100 kW/m 2 The diameter of the radiation receiving target is 12.5 mm, and the surface of the radiation receiving target is covered with a durable matt black coating; the radiation receiving target is water-cooled; the accuracy of the water-cooled heat flow meter was 2% and the repeatability was 0.5%.
In step 2)When the heat flow is 20kW/m 2 When the temperature of the single electrical impedance radiation source heating ring group is 858K, the temperature of a tungsten filament in the single tungsten lamp type radiation source heating lamp tube group is 2610K, the temperature of the electrical impedance-tungsten lamp composite radiation source electrical impedance radiation heating ring group is 648K, and the temperature of the tungsten filament of the tungsten lamp radiation heating ring group is 2248K.
Referring to the attached figure 4, when the circular impedance-tungsten lamp composite radiation source is used for calibrating the usable heat flow range, the usable heat flow range calibration methods of three radiation sources with different working conditions (impedance type, tungsten lamp type and impedance-tungsten lamp composite type) are the same.
The method for calibrating the available heat flow range comprises the following steps: 1) Keeping the power of a radiation source and the height of a water-cooling heat flow meter 6 unchanged, wherein the distance between the upper surface of the water-cooling heat flow meter 6 and the lower surface of a radiation source heating ring is 30mm; 2) Moving the water-cooling heat flow meter 6 to 4 different directions at the horizontal position respectively and recording real-time heat flows, and recording the horizontal position of a central shaft of the water-cooling heat flow meter when the measured value of the water-cooling heat flow meter is reduced to 95% of the maximum value of the center; the distance from the horizontal position of the central axis to the center point of the measured plane is the radius of the available heat flow area (as shown in fig. 4). The sample size should not be greater than this range for subsequent measurements of the extinction coefficient of a particular material.
Referring to fig. 5, the metal heating ring set and the tungsten lamp heating ring set are made of different materials, and the emissivity thereof needs to be separately measured. They are tested in a similar manner and are described herein in a unified manner. The method for measuring the spectral distribution of the radiant heat flow of the circular impedance-tungsten lamp compound radiation source comprises the following steps: 1) Keeping the power of the radiation source 5 unchanged, horizontally placing a spectrometer 7 at a position 30mm below the radiation source, and measuring the radiation intensity change of the spectrometer within different wavelength ranges; 2) Adjusting the power of a radiation source and the magnitude of heat flow, and measuring the change relation of the heat flow intensity with the wavelength under different heat flows after the heat flow is stabilized; for intensity of radiation measuredIFor theoretical black body radiation curveI p Expression, namely the general special law; the surface emissivity of the radiation source is calculated by the formulaɛ=I/I p (ii) a Comparing the spectral distribution of the measured radiant heat flux with the spectral distribution of the black body radiation; black body radiation source set temperature and radiation source under corresponding heat flowThe temperature is the same;
the black body radiation source adopts a Mikron M330 EU type black body;
the spectrometer 7 used a Bruker VERTEX80V spectrometer.
FIG. 6 is a graph comparing the spectral distribution of measured heat flow with the Plantt black body radiation curve at different heating ring temperatures for the electrical impedance type radiation source of the present invention; FIG. 7 is a graph comparing the spectral distribution of the measured thermal current with the emission rate ɛ =0.17 for gray body radiation curves for different heating ring temperatures for the tungsten lamp type radiation source of the present invention; the tungsten lamp type heating ring temperatures are 1783, 1965, 2110, 2185, 2245 and 2339K; obviously, the spectral distribution of heat flow generated by the electrical impedance radiation source is very close to that of heat flow radiated by a black body, and the heat flow can be approximately considered as the black body, namely, the emissivity is 1; the spectral distribution of the heat flux generated by a tungsten lamp type radiation source is very different from that of a soot body with an emissivity of 0.17, i.e. it cannot be approximated by a soot body with a constant emissivity.
For a heat flow with a specific size, the system can be realized by adjusting the power of the two groups of heating rings of the metal heating ring group and the tungsten lamp heating ring group, and a plurality of power combination modes are available. The spectral distribution of different combination modes is greatly different, so that the problem of emissivity measurement does not exist. The method for measuring the spectral distribution of the radiation heat flow of the electrical impedance-tungsten lamp compound type is the same as the method for measuring the spectral distribution of the radiation heat flow of the electrical impedance type and the tungsten lamp type. The temperature of the electrical impedance heating ring group is set to 858K, the temperature of the tungsten lamp tube heating ring group is set to 1783K, and the measured spectral distribution of the electrical impedance-tungsten lamp composite type radiation heat flow is shown in figure 8. It is clear that the spectral distribution of a compound radiation source is neither black nor grey body radiation. In practical application, for example, the actual spectral distribution of the flame radiation heat flow is measured, the power of the two heating ring groups of the radiation source in the invention can be adjusted to simulate the flame radiation heat flow in actual combustion. Is more practical than a single electrical impedance type radiation source or a tungsten lamp type radiation source.
Extinction coefficient of translucent polymer to external heat flowkExpressed) is the wavelength of the incident heat flowλA function of, i.e.k λ =k (λ). When the incident heat flows through a specific thicknessLThe intensity of heat flow before transmission is as followsI 0 (λ)After transmission, the heat flux intensity isI(λ)Both being a function of wavelength, the transmissionτ(λ)=I(λ)/I 0 (λ)Can be indirectly calculated through experimental tests and then combined with Beer-Lambert lawτ(λ)=(1-r) 2 e (-kλL) The variation of extinction coefficient of the material with wavelength can be indirectly calculated (whereinrSurface reflectance of a material, which is assumed to be wavelength independent), i.e.k(λ)=(1/L)ln((1-r) 2 /τ(λ)). The measurement of the extinction coefficient of the translucent polymer includes both the measurement of the average extinction coefficient and the measurement of the extinction coefficient taking the wavelength distribution into consideration. The influence of wavelength on the extinction coefficient is not considered in the measurement of the average extinction coefficient, so that the total heat flow before and after the material is transmitted is only considered.
The method for measuring the average extinction coefficient (as shown in figure 9) comprises the following steps:
1) The heat flow is adjusted before the test, a water-cooling heat flow meter is placed at a position 30mm below the radiation source after the heat flow is stabilized, and the measured heat flow is recordedI 0 ；
2) Taking away the heat flow meter, blocking the radiation source with a water-cooling plate or a high-temperature-resistant plate, and placing a layer of a thickness of 30mm below the radiation sourceLA same water-cooling heat flow meter is arranged below the sample piece and clings to the lower surface of the sample piece;
3) Opening the baffle, recording the reading of the heat flow meter in the first 10 seconds, and calculating the average value, wherein the value is the heat flow intensity after transmissionI(ii) a The average transmittance isτ=I/I 0 The average extinction coefficient isk=(1/L)ln((1-r) 2 /τ)。
The process of measuring the extinction coefficient considering the wavelength distribution is shown in fig. 10, which is similar to the average extinction coefficient measurement, and only the water-cooled heat flow meter is replaced with a spectrometer; the testing process under the three radiation working conditions, namely pure electrical impedance, pure tungsten lamp tube and electrical impedance-tungsten lamp tube combination is the same. FIG. 11 shows 20kW/m of pure-resistance radiation source under working conditions 2 Heat flow transmitted through a thickness PM of 3.15mmThe distribution of the measured transmittance and extinction coefficient of the MA sample as a function of wavelength.
When the system adopts a square electrical impedance-tungsten lamp composite type radiation heat source, the power supply systems of the radiation source straight metal heating column group and the straight tungsten lamp tube group are respectively and independently arranged; the two groups of heating column circuits are connected in series to ensure that the current in each group is consistent, namely the temperature of all the heating columns in each group is the same; when only the heat flow size, the usable range, the spectral distribution and the like of the electrical impedance type heating column group are measured, only the power supply system of the electrical impedance type heating column group is turned on, the power is adjusted to the heat flow to be measured, and the power supply system of the tungsten lamp type heating column group is turned off, as shown in the attached figure 13; when the heat flow size, the usable range, the spectral distribution and the like of the tungsten lamp type heating column group are only measured, only the power supply system of the tungsten lamp type heating column group is turned on, the power is adjusted to the heat flow to be measured, and the power supply system of the electrical impedance type heating column group is turned off, as shown in the attached figure 14; when the heat flow size, the usable range, the spectral distribution and the like of the electrical impedance-tungsten lamp composite radiation source are measured, two groups of power supply systems are simultaneously turned on, and the power is adjusted to the heat flow to be measured, as shown in figure 12.
The target heat flow setting of the square electrical impedance-tungsten lamp composite type radiation heat source needs to measure the spectral distribution characteristics of heat flows generated by an electrical impedance type radiation source, a tungsten lamp type radiation source and an electrical impedance-tungsten lamp composite type radiation source respectively, so that the heat flow of each radiation source needs to be set independently, the setting process is similar to that of the heat flow of a round electrical impedance-tungsten lamp composite type radiation heat source, and the steps are not repeated.
When the available heat flow range is calibrated, the available heat flow range calibration methods of three radiation sources (an electrical impedance type, a tungsten lamp type and an electrical impedance-tungsten lamp composite type) with different working conditions are the same, and the available heat flow range calibration method comprises the following steps: 1) Keeping the power of the radiation source and the height of the heat flow meter unchanged, wherein the distance between the heat flow meter and the heating surface of the radiation source is 30mm; 2) Moving the heat flow meter in 4 different directions at the horizontal position respectively and recording real-time heat flows, and recording the horizontal position of a central shaft of the heat flow meter when the measured value of the heat flow meter is reduced to 95% of the maximum value of the center; the distance from the position to the central point of the measured plane is the half side length of the available heat flow area, as shown in fig. 15, and the size of the sample piece in the subsequent test should not exceed the range.
The two groups of heating column groups of the square electrical impedance-tungsten lamp composite type radiation heat source are made of different materials, and the emissivity of the two groups of heating column groups needs to be separately measured. The testing method is the same as the measuring steps of the circular electrical impedance-tungsten lamp composite type radiant heat source, and the steps are not repeated.
The method for measuring the spectral distribution of the radiant heat flow of the square electrical impedance-tungsten lamp composite type radiant heat source is the same as that of the circular electrical impedance-tungsten lamp composite type radiant heat source, and is not repeated here.
The test process of the extinction coefficient of a specific material under three radiation working conditions (pure resistance, pure tungsten lamp tube and impedance-tungsten lamp tube compounding) of the square impedance-tungsten lamp compound radiation heat source is the same as the test process of the circular radiation source, and the test process is not repeated here.
Claims (11)
1. An electrical impedance-tungsten lamp composite radiation heating experimental device is characterized in that: the radiation source is provided with an electrical impedance-tungsten lamp composite type radiation source; the electrical impedance-tungsten lamp composite radiation source comprises a radiation source metal heating group and a tungsten lamp heating group; the radiation source metal heating group and the tungsten lamp heating group are both fixed on the fixed disk; the power supply systems of the radiation source metal heating group and the tungsten lamp heating group are respectively and independently arranged, and the heating circuits of the radiation source metal heating group and the tungsten lamp heating group are connected in series to ensure that the currents in the groups are consistent, namely the temperatures of all heating elements in the groups are the same; a fixed shell is arranged outside the radiation source and used for fixing the radiation source; the fixed shell adopts a stainless steel shell;
the electrical impedance-tungsten lamp composite radiation source is a round electrical impedance-tungsten lamp composite radiation source or a square electrical impedance-tungsten lamp composite radiation source;
the circular electric impedance-tungsten lamp composite radiation source comprises a metal heating ring group and a tungsten lamp heating ring group; the fixed disc is a disc; the metal heating ring group is formed by sequentially surrounding 10 annular metal rings with the diameter of 10mm, and the diameter of the annular metal ring of the outer ring is larger than that of the adjacent inner ring; the annular metal ring is fixed in the fixed disc through the fixed bracket;
the tungsten lamp heating ring group is formed by sequentially surrounding 9 annular tungsten lamp tubes with the diameter of 10mm, and the diameter of the annular tungsten lamp tube on the outer ring is larger than that of the adjacent inner ring; the annular tungsten lamp tube is fixed in the fixed disc through the fixed bracket;
the metal heating ring group and the tungsten lamp heating ring group are positioned on the same plane and are arranged in a staggered mode, and the distance between adjacent annular metal rings and the annular tungsten lamp tube is 1mm;
an S-shaped thermocouple with the diameter of 1mm is arranged on the 5 th annular metal ring from the inside to the outside and is used for measuring the real-time temperature of the annular metal ring;
the outer diameter of the fixed shell is 268mm, the thickness of the material used by the fixed shell is 5mm, and the whole thickness of the fixed disk is 55mm;
the square electrical impedance-tungsten lamp composite radiation source comprises a metal heating column group and a tungsten lamp tube group; the metal heating column group is formed by arranging 10 straight metal heating columns with the diameter of 10mm and the length of 218mm in parallel; the tungsten lamp tube group is formed by arranging 9 straight tungsten lamp tubes with the diameter of 10mm and the length of 218mm in parallel; the length of the fixed shell is 228mm, the width of the fixed shell is 218mm, the thickness of the stainless steel is 5mm, and the overall thickness of the fixed shell is 35 mm; a fixing hole is formed in the inner side of the fixing shell, and the diameter of the fixing hole is 14mm; two ends of the straight metal heating column and the straight tungsten lamp tube penetrate through the fixing holes to be flush with the outer surface of the fixing shell; all the straight metal heating columns and the straight tungsten lamp tubes are on the same horizontal plane, and the distances from the straight metal heating columns to the inner top surface and the inner lower edge of the fixed shell are 10 mm;
the distance between two adjacent straight metal heating columns or two adjacent straight tungsten lamp tubes is 12mm, and the distance between the adjacent straight metal heating columns and the adjacent straight tungsten lamp tubes is 1mm; the distance between two straight metal heating columns at the outermost side and the inner surface of the fixed shell is 5mm, and the effective heating area of the square electrical impedance-tungsten lamp composite radiation source is 208 mm X208 mm; an S-shaped thermocouple with the diameter of 1mm is arranged on one straight metal heating column in the middle of the metal heating column group and used for measuring the real-time temperature of the straight metal heating column.
2. The electrical impedance-tungsten lamp composite type radiant heating experimental device according to claim 1, characterized in that: the diameter of the innermost ring-shaped metal ring of the metal heating ring group is 30mm, the diameter of the outermost ring-shaped metal ring is 248mm, and the interval between the adjacent ring-shaped metal rings is 12mm.
3. The electrical impedance-tungsten lamp composite type radiant heating experimental device of claim 1, which is characterized in that: each annular metal ring is fixed by four fixing supports, the fixing supports are made of high-temperature-resistant electric insulation materials, the joints of the fixing supports and the annular metal rings and the joints of the fixing supports and the inner top surfaces of the fixing discs are fixed in a welding mode to ensure the installation stability of the annular metal rings, and the diameter of a cylinder of each fixing support is 5mm, and the length of each fixing support is 20mm;
every annular tungsten fluorescent tube adopts four fixed bolsters to fix, and the fixed bolster adopts high temperature resistant electricity to be extremely source material, and the junction of fixed bolster and annular tungsten fluorescent tube, fixed bolster and fixed disk inner top surface junction all adopt the welding mode fixed to guarantee the installation stability of annular tungsten fluorescent tube, the cylinder diameter of fixed bolster is 5mm, and length is 20mm.
4. The electrical impedance-tungsten lamp composite type radiant heating experimental device according to claim 1, characterized in that: the material adopted by the annular metal ring is the same as that of a radiation source of the cone calorimeter; the material adopted by the annular tungsten lamp tube is the same as that of the tungsten lamp adopted on the flame propagation calorimeter; the fixed support is made of high-temperature-resistant electric insulation material.
5. The electrical impedance-tungsten lamp composite type radiant heating experimental device according to claim 1, characterized in that: the inner diameter of the annular tungsten lamp tube at the innermost circle of the tungsten lamp heating ring group is 52mm, the outer diameter of the annular tungsten lamp tube at the outermost circle is 237mm, and the interval between two adjacent annular tungsten lamp tubes is 12mm.
6. The electrical impedance-tungsten lamp composite type radiant heating experimental device according to claim 1, characterized in that: the two ends of the straight metal heating column and the straight tungsten lamp tube and the inner side of the fixing hole are separated by adopting a high-temperature resistant electric insulating material with the thickness of 2mm.
7. The method for setting the target heat flow by adopting the electrical impedance-tungsten lamp composite type radiation heating experimental device as claimed in claim 1 is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
1) After the test system is prepared, a radiant heat source control power supply is turned on, the power supply systems of the heating ring groups are respectively and independently turned on by the electrical impedance type radiant heat flow and the tungsten lamp type radiant heat flow, the two power supply systems are required to be simultaneously turned on by the electrical impedance-tungsten lamp composite radiant heat flow, and the temperature of the heating ring is increased by adjusting the current voltage;
2) A horizontal water-cooling heat flow meter is arranged under the radiation source, and the testing surface of the water-cooling heat flow meter is opposite to the radiation source; the power of the radiation source is adjusted to ensure that the heat flow measured by the water-cooling heat flow meter is the target heat flow and is stabilized for 30 minutes until the error between the measured heat flow and the set heat flow is 1 kW/m 2 Within.
8. The method of target heat flow setting of claim 7, wherein: the upper surface of the water-cooled heat flow meter is 30mm away from the lower surface of the radiation source heating ring.
9. The method for calibrating the available heat flow range by adopting the electrical impedance-tungsten lamp composite type radiation heating experimental device as claimed in claim 1 is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
1) Keeping the power of a radiation source and the height of a water-cooling heat flow meter unchanged, wherein the upper surface of the water-cooling heat flow meter is 30mm away from the lower surface of a radiation source heating ring;
2) Moving the water-cooling heat flow meter to different directions at the horizontal position respectively and recording real-time heat flows, and recording the horizontal position of a central shaft of the water-cooling heat flow meter when the measured value of the water-cooling heat flow meter is reduced to 95% of the maximum value of the center; the distance from the horizontal position of the central shaft to the central point of the measured plane is the radius of the available heat flow area.
10. The method for measuring the spectral distribution of the radiant heat flow by adopting the electrical impedance-tungsten lamp composite type radiant heating experimental device as claimed in claim 1 is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
1) Keeping the power of the radiation source unchanged, horizontally placing a spectrometer at a position 30mm below the radiation source, and measuring the radiation intensity change of the spectrometer in different wavelength ranges;
2) Adjusting the power of a radiation source and the magnitude of heat flow, and measuring the change relationship of the heat flow intensity with the wavelength under different heat flows after the heat flow is stabilized; for intensity of radiation measuredIFor indicating, theoretically, the black body radiation curveI p Expression, namely the general special law; the surface emissivity of the radiation source is calculated by the formulaɛ=I/I p (ii) a Comparing the measured radiant heat flux spectral distribution with the spectral distribution of the black body radiation; the black body radiation source setting temperature is the same as the radiation source temperature under the corresponding heat flow.
11. The method for measuring the average extinction coefficient by adopting the electrical impedance-tungsten lamp composite type radiant heating experimental device as claimed in claim 1 is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) The heat flow is adjusted before the test, a water-cooling heat flow meter is placed at a position 30mm below the radiation source after the heat flow is stabilized, and the measured heat flow is recordedI 0 ；
2) Taking away the heat flow meter, blocking the radiation source with a water-cooling plate or a high-temperature-resistant plate, and placing a layer of a thickness of 30mm below the radiation sourceLA same water-cooling heat flow meter is arranged below the sample piece and clings to the lower surface of the sample piece;
3) Opening the baffle, recording the reading of the heat flow meter in the first 10 seconds, and calculating the average value, which is the heat flow intensity after transmissionI(ii) a The average transmittance isτ=I/I 0 The average extinction coefficient isk=(1/L)ln((1-r) 2 /τ)。
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| US6971792B2 (en) * | 2003-10-09 | 2005-12-06 | Fm Global Technologies Llc | Device and method for measuring absorbed heat flux in a fire test apparatus |
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| GB107995A (en) * | 1916-04-20 | 1917-07-20 | Arthur Francis Berry | Improvements in or relating to Electric Heat Radiators. |
| GB266421A (en) * | 1925-11-11 | 1927-02-11 | Arthur Francis Berry | Improvements in or relating to electric heat radiating and distributing apparatus |
| EP0150087A1 (en) * | 1984-01-21 | 1985-07-31 | THORN EMI Patents Limited | A thermal limiting device |
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