CN107501826A - A kind of synthetic method of electroresponse 4D printed materials - Google Patents
A kind of synthetic method of electroresponse 4D printed materials Download PDFInfo
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- CN107501826A CN107501826A CN201710791198.3A CN201710791198A CN107501826A CN 107501826 A CN107501826 A CN 107501826A CN 201710791198 A CN201710791198 A CN 201710791198A CN 107501826 A CN107501826 A CN 107501826A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L33/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides or nitriles thereof; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C48/36—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die
- B29C48/50—Details of extruders
- B29C48/505—Screws
- B29C48/625—Screws characterised by the ratio of the threaded length of the screw to its outside diameter [L/D ratio]
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C48/92—Measuring, controlling or regulating
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y70/00—Materials specially adapted for additive manufacturing
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L67/00—Compositions of polyesters obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L67/04—Polyesters derived from hydroxycarboxylic acids, e.g. lactones
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C2948/00—Indexing scheme relating to extrusion moulding
- B29C2948/92—Measuring, controlling or regulating
- B29C2948/92504—Controlled parameter
- B29C2948/92561—Time, e.g. start, termination, duration or interruption
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C2948/00—Indexing scheme relating to extrusion moulding
- B29C2948/92—Measuring, controlling or regulating
- B29C2948/92504—Controlled parameter
- B29C2948/92704—Temperature
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L2205/00—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features
- C08L2205/03—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features containing three or more polymers in a blend
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Extrusion Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
A kind of synthetic method of electroresponse 4D printed materials, it is related to the printing field of intellectual material, and in particular to a kind of synthetic method of electroresponse 4D materials.The synthetic method of 4D printed materials of the present invention：First, the preparation of plastics；2nd, the preparation of conductive material；3rd, by PLA/polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) synthetic plastic and conductive material, it is connected on 3D printer, conductive material made from PLA made from step 2/polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) synthetic plastic and step 3 is each led at two shower nozzles, startup printer begins to the program automatic feed according to input, obtains electroresponse 4D printed materials.The operating procedure of the present invention is simple, and material property is excellent, and using the material electrostrictive characteristic of synthesis, this can be widely applied to the fields such as people's exoskeleton and artificial muscle in technology future.The operating procedure of the present invention is simple, and material property is excellent, and using the material electrostrictive characteristic of synthesis, this can be widely applied to the fields such as people's exoskeleton and artificial muscle in technology future.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the printing field of intellectual material, and in particular to a kind of synthetic method of electroresponse 4D materials.
Background technology
4D printings refer to, by the use of programmable material (being usually intelligent composite) as printed material, pass through the side of 3D printing
Formula prints three-dimensional body.The object can elapse over time, predetermined excitation or stimulation (in case of water, cooling or energization,
Illumination, heating, pressurization) under, appersonation shape, physical attribute (such as structure, form, volume, density, color, brightness, elasticity,
Hardness, electric conductivity, electromagnetic property and optical characteristics etc.) or function etc..Compared with traditional manufacture, 4D is printed except possessing
Outside some main advantages of 3D printing, a lot of other key properties are also equipped with.
First, it can directly be built into design among printed material in a manner of programming, and make object after printing, from one
Kind form becomes another form, and more preferable design freedom is provided for object, realizes self change and manufacture of object.
Secondly, a variety of possible amendment key elements can be preset in the scheme of printed material by it, object be allowed after printing shaping, according to people
Idea driving object realize self deformation or to its improve and amendment.3rd, it can simplify object production system further
While making process, the object for making to print first possesses simple shape, 26S Proteasome Structure and Function extremely, then by external drive or
Stimulate, allow it to become again and turn to required complicated shape, 26S Proteasome Structure and Function.4th, it can make part and this body structure of object
Complexity become no longer so important when making, and can be embedded in the abilities such as driving, logical sum perception wherein, allow object
Extra equipment need not be set during deformation assembling, greatly reduce the costs such as human and material resources and time.5th, it can excite work
Cheng Shi and the imagination of designer, and a variety of multi-functional dynamic objects are designed, carry out material programming again afterwards and beaten
Printing is made, and is promoted " material sequencing " this divine force that created the universe mode and is become a reality.Finally, it can by more effective Programming,
The space limitation of the object manufacturing is overcome, the globalization numerical DC speed of diversified object has been better achieved.
The content of the invention
The invention aims to the technical problem of solution, there is provided a kind of synthesis side of electroresponse 4D printed materials
Method.
A kind of synthetic method of electroresponse 4D printed materials follows the steps below：
First, the preparation of plastics：
In parts by weight by 30 parts -45 parts of PLA, 10 parts of -20 parts of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), 3 parts -10 parts of powdered graphite,
5 parts -10 parts of compatilizer, 3 parts -8 parts of toughener and the mixing of 1 part -3 parts of auxiliary agent, are made mixture；
2nd, the screw rod that the mixture obtained by step 1 is 36-44 with draw ratio under the conditions of 200 DEG C -260 DEG C of temperature is squeezed
Go out machine extrusion process, obtain PLA/polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) synthetic plastic；
3rd, the preparation of conductive material：
It is in parts by weight that 30 parts -50 parts of acrylic resin, 25 parts -45 parts of copper powder, 10 parts -15 parts of mixing is molten
Agent, 5 parts -8 parts of crosslinking agent, 3 parts -6 parts of coupling agent and 3 parts -6 parts of toughener are mixed to prepare mixture, are added to reaction
In kettle, extrusion molding is mixed under the conditions of being 140-180 DEG C in temperature, is added during extrusion molding during extrusion molding
Gross mass 15%-30% silver conductive adhesive silver conductive adhesive is added, obtains conductive material；
4th, the conductive material for obtaining the PLA obtained by step 2/polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) synthetic plastic and step 4, connection
On 3D printer, 3D printer used is double nozzle printing machines, by PLA made from step 2/polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) synthesis modeling
Material is each led at two shower nozzles with conductive material made from step 3, filamentary material is accessible to nozzle shower nozzle preheating
Place, startup printer begin to the program automatic feed according to input, print the high 10mm of the wide 9mm of long 120mm batten, obtain electricity
Respond 4D printed materials.
Electroresponse 4D printed materials are connected into power supply, pass to 3V-15V voltages, electroresponse 4D printed materials pass through with electric current
Swing, that is, the actuating that is powered occurs.
Compatilizer described in step 1 is PPO, nylon or makrolon.
Toughener described in step 1 is ethylene butyl acrylate, ethylene vinyl acetate or haloflex.
The mixture that auxiliary agent described in step 1 is antioxidant, light stabilizer, heat stabilizer and copper powder form, the antioxygen
Agent, light stabilizer, heat stabilizer and copper powder percentage by weight are 3:3:3:1.
Mixed solvent described in step 3 is ethylene glycol, dimethylformamide or acetone.
Crosslinking agent described in step 3 is that 2,5- dimethyl -2,5 di-t-butyl hexane peroxide, 2- phenylimidazoles or 2- are different
Propyl imidazole.
Coupling agent described in step 3 is zirconium class coupling agent, magnesium class coupling agent or silane coupler.
Coupling agent described in step 3 is Silane coupling agent KH550.
Toughener described in step 3 is liquid nitrile rubber, polyvinyl alcohol contracting first hexanal or 302 polyester.
The operating process that extrusion molding is mixed under the conditions of being 140-180 DEG C in temperature described in step 3 is as follows：With 30-35
DEG C/min heating rate is warming up to 140 DEG C, 90min-120min is kept, 160 are warming up to 35-45 DEG C/min heating rate
DEG C, 90min is kept, 180 DEG C is warming up to 45-50 DEG C/min heating rate, keeps 60min.
4D printings are born to be quickly grown so far, and the present invention develops a kind of material of suitable 4D printings, and the present invention in the future may be used
Developmental research for artificial skelecton.
The operating procedure of the present invention is simple, and material property is excellent, utilizes the material electrostrictive characteristic of synthesis, this technology
Future can be widely applied to the fields such as people's exoskeleton and artificial muscle.
Embodiment
Technical solution of the present invention is not limited to any combination set forth below between embodiment, in addition to each embodiment.
Embodiment 1：A kind of synthetic method of electroresponse 4D printed materials follows the steps below：
First, the preparation of plastics：
In parts by weight by 35 parts of PLA, 20 parts of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), 5 parts of powdered graphite, 10 parts of compatilizer, 8
The toughener of part and the mixing of 2 parts of auxiliary agent, are made mixture；
2nd, the mixture obtained by step 1 is extruded under the conditions of 220 DEG C of temperature with the screw extruder that draw ratio is 38
Processing, obtains PLA/polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) synthetic plastic；
3rd, the preparation of conductive material：
In parts by weight by 45 parts of acrylic resin, 35 parts of copper powder, 12 parts of mixed solvent, 8 parts of crosslinking agent, 5
The coupling agent and 5 parts of toughener of part are mixed to prepare mixture, are added in reactor, are mixed under the conditions of being 160 DEG C in temperature
Extrusion molding, added during extrusion molding during extrusion molding and add the silver conductive adhesive silver conduction of gross mass 18%
Glue, obtain conductive material；
4th, the conductive material for obtaining the PLA obtained by step 2/polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) synthetic plastic and step 4, connection
On 3D printer, 3D printer used is double nozzle printing machines, by PLA made from step 2/polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) synthesis modeling
Material is each led at two shower nozzles with conductive material made from step 3, filamentary material is accessible to nozzle shower nozzle preheating
Place, startup printer begin to the program automatic feed according to input, print the high 10mm of the wide 9mm of long 120mm batten, obtain electricity
Respond 4D printed materials.
5th, electroresponse 4D printed materials are connected into power supply, passes to 8V voltages, 0.2A or so electric current, electroresponse can be produced
With electric current by swinging, that is, the actuating that is powered occurs for 4D printed materials.
Embodiment 2：A kind of synthetic method of electroresponse 4D printed materials follows the steps below：
First, the preparation of plastics：
In parts by weight by 30 parts of PLA, 10 parts of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), 3 parts of powdered graphite, 5 parts of compatilizer, 3
The toughener of -8 parts of part and the mixing of 1 part of auxiliary agent, are made mixture；
2nd, the mixture obtained by step 1 is extruded under the conditions of 200 DEG C of temperature with the screw extruder that draw ratio is 36
Processing, obtains PLA/polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) synthetic plastic；
3rd, the preparation of conductive material：
In parts by weight by 30 parts of acrylic resin, 25 parts of copper powder, 10 parts of mixed solvent, 5 parts of crosslinking agent, 3
The coupling agent and 3 parts of toughener of part are mixed to prepare mixture, are added in reactor, are mixed under the conditions of being 140 DEG C in temperature
Extrusion molding, the silver conductive adhesive of gross mass 30% is added during extrusion molding, obtains conductive material；
4th, the conductive material for obtaining the PLA obtained by step 2/polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) synthetic plastic and step 4, connection
On 3D printer, 3D printer used is double nozzle printing machines, by PLA made from step 2/polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) synthesis modeling
Material is each led at two shower nozzles with conductive material made from step 3, filamentary material is accessible to nozzle shower nozzle preheating
Place, startup printer begin to the program automatic feed according to input, print the high 10mm of the wide 9mm of long 120mm batten, obtain electricity
Respond 4D printed materials.
5th, electroresponse 4D printed materials are connected into power supply, passes to 12V voltages, 0.3A or so electric current, electroresponse can be produced
With electric current by swinging, that is, the actuating that is powered occurs for 4D printed materials.
Embodiment 3：A kind of synthetic method of electroresponse 4D printed materials follows the steps below：
First, the preparation of plastics：
In parts by weight by 45 parts of PLA, 20 parts of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), 10 parts of powdered graphite, 5 parts -10 parts compatible
Agent, 3 parts -8 parts of toughener and the mixing of 1 part -3 parts of auxiliary agent, are made mixture；
2nd, the mixture obtained by step 1 is extruded under the conditions of 260 DEG C of temperature with the screw extruder that draw ratio is 44
Processing, obtains PLA/polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) synthetic plastic；
3rd, the preparation of conductive material：
In parts by weight by 50 parts of acrylic resin, 45 parts of copper powder, 15 parts of mixed solvent, 8 parts of crosslinking agent, 6
The coupling agent and 6 parts of toughener of part are mixed to prepare mixture, are added in reactor, are mixed under the conditions of being 180 DEG C in temperature
Extrusion molding, the silver conductive adhesive of gross mass 20% is added during extrusion molding, obtains conductive material；
4th, the conductive material for obtaining the PLA obtained by step 2/polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) synthetic plastic and step 4, connection
On 3D printer, 3D printer used is double nozzle printing machines, by PLA made from step 2/polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) synthesis modeling
Material is each led at two shower nozzles with conductive material made from step 3, filamentary material is accessible to nozzle shower nozzle preheating
Place, startup printer begin to the program automatic feed according to input, print the high 10mm of the wide 9mm of long 120mm batten, obtain electricity
Respond 4D printed materials.
5th, electroresponse 4D printed materials are connected into power supply, passes to 5V voltages, 0.1A or so electric current, electroresponse can be produced
With electric current by swinging, that is, the actuating that is powered occurs for 4D printed materials.
Claims (10)
- A kind of a kind of 1. synthetic method of electroresponse 4D printed materials, it is characterised in that synthetic method of electroresponse 4D printed materials Follow the steps below：First, the preparation of plastics：In parts by weight by 30 parts -45 parts of PLA, 10 parts of -20 parts of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), 3 parts -10 parts of powdered graphite, 5 parts - 10 parts of compatilizer, 3 parts -8 parts of toughener and the mixing of 1 part -3 parts of auxiliary agent, are made mixture；2nd, the screw extruder for being 36-44 with draw ratio under the conditions of 200 DEG C -260 DEG C of temperature by the mixture obtained by step 1 Extrusion process, obtain PLA/polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) synthetic plastic；3rd, the preparation of conductive material：In parts by weight by 30 parts -50 parts of acrylic resin, 25 parts -45 parts of copper powder, 10 parts -15 parts of mixed solvent, 5 The crosslinking agent, 3 parts -6 parts of coupling agent and 3 parts -6 parts of toughener of -8 parts of part are mixed to prepare mixture, are added in reactor, Extrusion molding is mixed under the conditions of being 140-180 DEG C in temperature, the silver that gross mass 15%-30% is added during extrusion molding is led Electric glue, silver conductive adhesive, obtains conductive material；4th, the conductive material for obtaining the PLA obtained by step 2/polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) synthetic plastic and step 4, is connected to 3D On printer, 3D printer used is double nozzle printing machines, by PLA made from step 2/polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) synthetic plastic with Conductive material made from step 3 is each led at two shower nozzles, is started printer and is begun to automatically enter according to the program of input Material, prints the high 10mm of the wide 9mm of long 120mm batten, obtains electroresponse 4D printed materials.
- 2. a kind of synthetic method of electroresponse 4D printed materials according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described in step 1 Compatilizer is PPO, nylon or makrolon.
- 3. a kind of synthetic method of electroresponse 4D printed materials according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described in step 1 Toughener is ethylene butyl acrylate, ethylene vinyl acetate or haloflex.
- 4. a kind of synthetic method of electroresponse 4D printed materials according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described in step 1 The mixture that auxiliary agent is antioxidant, light stabilizer, heat stabilizer and copper powder form, the antioxidant, light stabilizer, heat stabilizer It is 3 with copper powder percentage by weight:3:3:1.
- 5. a kind of synthetic method of electroresponse 4D printed materials according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described in step 3 Mixed solvent is ethylene glycol, dimethylformamide or acetone.
- 6. a kind of synthetic method of electroresponse 4D printed materials according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described in step 3 Crosslinking agent is 2,5- dimethyl -2,5 di-t-butyl hexane peroxide, 2- phenylimidazoles or 2 isopropyl imidazole.
- 7. a kind of synthetic method of electroresponse 4D printed materials according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described in step 3 Coupling agent is zirconium class coupling agent, magnesium class coupling agent or silane coupler.
- 8. a kind of synthetic method of electroresponse 4D printed materials according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described in step 3 Coupling agent is Silane coupling agent KH550.
- 9. a kind of synthetic method of electroresponse 4D printed materials according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described in step 3 Toughener is liquid nitrile rubber, polyvinyl alcohol contracting first hexanal or 302 polyester.
- 10. a kind of synthetic method of electroresponse 4D printed materials according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described in step 3 The operating process that extrusion molding is mixed under the conditions of being 140-180 DEG C in temperature is as follows：Heated up with 30-35 DEG C/min heating rate To 140 DEG C, 90min-120min is kept, 160 DEG C is warming up to 35-45 DEG C/min heating rate, 90min is kept, with 45-50 DEG C/min heating rate is warming up to 180 DEG C, keep 60min.
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| CN201710791198.3A CN107501826B (en) | 2017-09-05 | 2017-09-05 | A kind of synthetic method of electroresponse 4D printed material |
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Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN108283570A (en) * | 2018-02-07 | 2018-07-17 | 大连交通大学 | A kind of 4D Method of printings for the regulation and control of lower limb exoskeleton robot rigidity |
| CN108587136A (en) * | 2018-05-16 | 2018-09-28 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | A kind of material and preparation method thereof of photoresponse 4D printings |
| CN112936853A (en) * | 2021-01-29 | 2021-06-11 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | 4D printing structure for improving load deformation performance and design method thereof |
Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20160064643A1 (en) * | 2014-09-03 | 2016-03-03 | Lenore Rasmussen | Highly controllable electroactive materials and electroactive actuators capable of pronounced contraction and expansion |
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2017
- 2017-09-05 CN CN201710791198.3A patent/CN107501826B/en active Active
Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20160064643A1 (en) * | 2014-09-03 | 2016-03-03 | Lenore Rasmussen | Highly controllable electroactive materials and electroactive actuators capable of pronounced contraction and expansion |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| CHUNCHENG YANG 等: "Modelling and characterisation for the responsive performance of CF/PLA and CF/PEEK smart materials fabricated by 4D printing", 《VIRTUAL AND PHYSICAL PROTOTYPING》 * |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN108283570A (en) * | 2018-02-07 | 2018-07-17 | 大连交通大学 | A kind of 4D Method of printings for the regulation and control of lower limb exoskeleton robot rigidity |
| CN108587136A (en) * | 2018-05-16 | 2018-09-28 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | A kind of material and preparation method thereof of photoresponse 4D printings |
| CN108587136B (en) * | 2018-05-16 | 2020-09-01 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Photoresponse 4D printing material and printing method thereof |
| CN112936853A (en) * | 2021-01-29 | 2021-06-11 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | 4D printing structure for improving load deformation performance and design method thereof |
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| CN107501826B (en) | 2019-08-13 |
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