CN107488816B - 一种高韧性高强度复合材料及其制备方法 - Google Patents
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- QIJNJJZPYXGIQM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1lambda4,2lambda4-dimolybdacyclopropa-1,2,3-triene Chemical compound [Mo]=C=[Mo] QIJNJJZPYXGIQM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229910017372 Fe3Al Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
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- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
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- MKYBYDHXWVHEJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-[1-oxo-1-(2,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)propan-2-yl]-2-[[3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methylamino]pyrimidine-5-carboxamide Chemical compound O=C(C(C)NC(=O)C=1C=NC(=NC=1)NCC1=CC(=CC=C1)OC(F)(F)F)N1CC2=C(CC1)NN=N2 MKYBYDHXWVHEJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001005 Ni3Al Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000943 NiAl Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NPXOKRUENSOPAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Raney nickel Chemical compound [Al].[Ni] NPXOKRUENSOPAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum atom Chemical group [La] FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 238000002604 ultrasonography Methods 0.000 description 1
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- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/06—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing aluminium
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- C22C33/00—Making ferrous alloys
- C22C33/02—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
- C22C33/0207—Using a mixture of prealloyed powders or a master alloy
- C22C33/0228—Using a mixture of prealloyed powders or a master alloy comprising other non-metallic compounds or more than 5% of graphite
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- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/28—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with titanium or zirconium
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- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/32—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with boron
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Abstract
一种高韧性高强度复合材料，由以下组分组成：Fe3Al金属间化合物75‑90质量份、碳化钼1‑5质量份、钇0.3‑1质量份、铬3‑10份、添加剂0.2‑0.3质量份；所述复合材料的室温延伸率大于20％，硬度大于5GPa。所述材料具有优良的力学性能，同时具有高强度和高韧性，可以作为耐摩擦磨损以及耐热抗氧化材料广泛应用。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种高强度高韧性的铁三铝金属间化合物材料，属于无机复合材料的技术领域。
背景技术
金属间化合物是航空材料和高温结构材料领域内具有重要应用价值的新材料。目前，研究主要集中在Fe系(FeAl、Fe3Al)、Ni系(NiAl、Ni3Al)、Ti系(TiAl、 Ti3Al)3个方面。Fe3Al系金属间化合物(FeAl、Fe3Al)由于不含稀贵合金元素Cr、Ni、Ti，故成本较低，只有不锈钢的1/3，在民用工业领域中的应用前景十分广阔。随着近10多年对金属间化合物更为广泛和深入的研究，Fe3Al基合金的室温脆性和超过600℃时高温强度急剧下降的问题得到了很大程度的解决。目前，对 Fe3Al金属间化合物的研究已经逐步转向应用阶段，但还有一些问题急需解决。首先，Fe3Al基合金的液态流动性较差，浇铸形状复杂的零件比较困难；其次， Fe3Al基合金的高温韧性与一些耐热钢相比还有一定的差距；此外，Fe3Al基合金的室温加工性能还需进一步改进。
Fe3A1作为金属间化合物的一类，除具有高熔点、高硬度、高电阻率等性能外，还具有低密度、比强度高、高温强度大等特性。Fe3Al金属间化合物存在DO3和B2两种有序结构。室温下稳定的Fe3Al具有DO3长程有序结构，随着温度和铝成分的变化，该结构会以相变的方式向部分有序的B2结构转变。B2为简单的体心立方结构相，Al占据顶角位置，Fe占据体心位置；DO3是由8个小体心立方晶胞所组成的大晶胞，Fe原子占据每个小体心立方晶胞的顶角和4个共棱小体心立方晶胞的体心位置。而Al原子则占据其余4个共棱小体心立方晶胞的体心位置。因此，DO3结构实际上是一个复杂的体心立方结构。DO3和B2这两种有序结构是Fe3A1金属间化合物各种优异性能的基础。
CN101818271A公开了一种Fe3Al/Al2O3纳米复相陶瓷的制备方法，其目的是在降低陶瓷脆性的同时提高材料的断裂韧性，其步骤为：首先准备好Fe3Al粉末，用球磨机混合Al2O3和Fe3Al粉末，混合时间为8小时，Fe3Al加入量为Al2O3和Fe3Al粉末混合物重量的5～20％，将混合均匀后的粉体置于真空热压烧结炉中进行热压成型烧结，成型压力2.5t、烧结温度为1250℃～1400℃，烧结时间为 15～60分钟。
CN101775516A公开了一种制备Fe3Al金属间化合物网络结构多孔材料的简方法。包括以下步骤：(1)将铁粉、铝纷、钛粉和稀土合金粉进行称量，置于高能行星式球磨机中球磨，球磨40h，所述原料的原子百分比为：铝粉26～30，钛粉2～8，稀土元素为0.2～0.8，其余为铁粉；所述的稀土元素为镧或者铈；(2) 退火；(3)粉体与粘结剂PVA溶液混合，形成均匀的悬浮液；(4)涂覆；(5)烧结。通过钛和稀土元素的微合金化作用，可以有效提高Fe3Al金属间化合物块体材料的韧性和强度，从而提高了其多孔材料的抗压强度。
发明内容
本发明要解决的技术问题是进一步提高Fe3Al合金材料的机械强度和韧性。具体而言，本发明通过向合金中添加微量的稀土金属Y和碳化钼，添加Y可以改变Fe3Al合金表面氧化物薄膜的成分，使得氧化膜更加致密，阻止或延缓外界水蒸气与Al的反应，而且Y的加入具有细化晶粒的作用，但是Y的加入会在一定程度上降低材料的强度，而碳化钼可以显著提高合金材料的强度，并和Y发生一定的协同效应，利于合金内部颗粒的均匀分布，调高合金在高温的力学性能。更进一步，本发明人还优化了原料颗粒的粒径，本发明人还发现，在原料中加入一定量的大晶粒Fe3Al可以帮助合金在超塑性变形过程中发生动态回复及再结晶，并且晶粒内位错的运动在超塑性变形过程中起重要作用，这对于增强复合材料的韧性有很大帮助。
本发明还对合金材料的热加工处理进行了优化，通过真空热处理并采用快冷方式，可以抑止杂质在晶界处偏聚，而B则富集在晶界处，从而减小了晶界的本征脆性。由于金属间化合物基体内存在着大量的位错，热处理会影响Fe3Al中残余空位的浓度，而空位引起的位错环或者是位错改变了Fe3Al的长程有序基体，在长程有序的基体上出现了一个无序的小区，因此引起了Fe3Al基合金性能的改变。淬火处理可以通过改变再结晶程度来改变晶粒的形状、大小以及残余应力的大小，影响Fe3Al合金的性能，既能减小热机械加工的残余应力又具有最少再结晶程度。
一种高韧性高强度复合材料，由以下组分组成：Fe3Al金属间化合物75-90 质量份、碳化钼1-5质量份、钇0.3-1质量份、铬3-10份、添加剂0.2-0.3质量份。优选所述复合材料的重量组成为Fe3Al金属间化合物80-85质量份、碳化钼2-3 质量份、钇0.5-0.7质量份、铬5-8份、添加剂0.2-0.3质量份。所述复合材料的室温延伸率大于20％，硬度大于5GPa。
所述添加剂是硼或锆中的一种或两种。所述Fe3Al金属间化合物的粒径为 10-50微米的颗粒，优选粒径为20-30微米；其他组分的颗粒粒径为0.5-5微米，优选是1-3微米。
一种高韧性高强度复合材料的制备方法，包括以下步骤：将Fe3Al金属间化合物和碳化钼按照比例配料后，利用球磨过程进行机械合金化；按照比例加入钇、铬和添加剂，继续进行球磨处理；将球磨处理后的粉末混合物进行超声处理；将超声处理后的粉末混合物装入石墨模具，在氩气气氛下采用放电等离子法在
1100-1250℃下进行烧结，烧结压力为30-50MPa，烧结时间为15-40min；将烧结后的合金材料快速降温到-50℃到-100℃，保持30-60min，得到所述高韧性高强度复合材料。
所述降温的速度为50-150℃/min，优选是100-120℃/min。
本发明所述材料的用途，可以用于制作高温轴承、化工机械用的导轨、纺织工业中烘箱的加热棒以及耐热炉体、炉底板、刹车材料。
本发明的优点：
材料具有优良的力学性能，同时具有高强度和高韧性，硬度高于4.5GPa，弯曲强度大于2000MPa，室温拉伸强度大于500MPa，600℃拉伸强度大于 350MPa。材料具有良好的抗氧化性能和高温稳定性。
本发明所述材料适用于制作高温轴承、化工机械用的导轨、纺织工业中烘箱的加热棒以及耐热炉体、炉底板等，也可以作为刹车材料、耐高温涂层材料。
具体实施方式
本发明技术方案不局限于以下所列举具体实施方式，还包括具体实施方式间的任意组合。
实施例1
复合材料组成：Fe3Al金属间化合物80质量份、碳化钼2质量份、钇0.5 质量份、铬5份、硼0.2质量份；其中Fe3Al金属间化合物的粒径为20-30微米；其他组分的颗粒粒径为1-3微米。
制备过程，将Fe3Al金属间化合物和碳化钼按照比例配料后，利用球磨过程进行机械合金化；按照比例加入钇和铬，继续进行球磨处理；将球磨处理后的粉末混合物进行超声处理；将超声处理后的粉末混合物装入石墨模具，在氩气气氛下采用放电等离子法在1100℃下进行烧结，烧结压力为35MPa，烧结时间为 15min；将烧结后的合金材料快速降温到-50℃，保持30min，得到所述高韧性高强度复合材料。
实施例2
复合材料的重量组成：Fe3Al金属间化合物85质量份、碳化钼3质量份、钇 0.7质量份、铬8份、锆0.3质量份；其中Fe3Al金属间化合物的粒径为20-30微米；其他组分的颗粒粒径为1-3微米。
制备方法：将Fe3Al金属间化合物和碳化钼按照比例配料后，利用球磨过程进行机械合金化；按照比例加入钇、铬和锆，继续进行球磨处理；将球磨处理后的粉末混合物进行超声处理；将超声处理后的粉末混合物装入石墨模具，在氩气气氛下采用放电等离子法在1250℃下进行烧结，烧结压力为50MPa，烧结时间为40min；将烧结后的合金材料快速降温到-100℃，保持60min，得到所述高韧性高强度复合材料。
实施例3
复合材料的重量组成：Fe3Al金属间化合物90质量份、碳化钼3质量份、钇 0.7质量份、铬8份、硼0.2质量份、锆0.3质量份；其中Fe3Al金属间化合物的粒径为20-30微米；其他组分的颗粒粒径为1-3微米。
制备方法：将Fe3Al金属间化合物和碳化钼按照比例配料后，利用球磨过程进行机械合金化；按照比例加入钇、铬、硼和锆，继续进行球磨处理；将球磨处理后的粉末混合物进行超声处理；将超声处理后的粉末混合物装入石墨模具，在氩气气氛下采用放电等离子法在1150℃下进行烧结，烧结压力为40MPa，烧结时间为40min；将烧结后的合金材料快速降温到-75℃，保持60min，得到所述高韧性高强度复合材料。
对比例1
除不含钇，其他组成和实施例3相同，制备过程和实施例3相同。
对比例2
不含钇、硼、锆，其他组成与实施例3相同，制备过程和实施例3相同。
对比例3
组成和实施例3相同，制备过程仅将烧结后的材料自然冷却到室温，其他步骤和实施例3相同。
对比例4
组成和加工方法与实施例3相同，其中Fe3Al金属间化合物和其他组分的颗粒粒径均为1-3微米。
将实施例1-3和对比例1-4得到的材料分别进行力学性能测试，结果如下表所示：
表1
从表中可以看出，本发明复合材料具有良好的韧性和强度，取得了意料不到的技术效果。
以上所述，仅是本发明的较佳实施例，并非对本发明作任何形式上的限制，任何熟悉本专业的技术人员，在不脱离本发明技术方案范围内，依据本发明的技术实质，对以上实施例所作的任何简单的修改、等同替换与改进等，均仍属于本发明技术方案的保护范围之内。
Claims (8)
1.一种高韧性高强度复合材料，由以下组分组成：Fe3Al金属间化合物75-90质量份、碳化钼1-5质量份、钇0.3-1质量份、铬3-10份、添加剂0.2-0.3质量份；所述复合材料的室温延伸率大于20％，硬度大于5GPa；所述Fe3Al金属间化合物的粒径为10-50微米的颗粒；所述添加剂是硼或锆中的一种或两种。
2.如权利要求1所述的复合材料，其特征在于所述复合材料的重量组成为Fe3Al金属间化合物80-85质量份、碳化钼2-3质量份、钇0.5-0.7质量份、铬5-8份、添加剂0.2-0.3质量份。
3.如权利要求1所述的复合材料，其特征在于所述Fe3Al金属间化合物的粒径为20-30微米；其他组分的颗粒粒径为0.5-5微米。
4.如权利要求3所述的复合材料，其特征在于其他组分的颗粒粒径为1-3微米。
5.如权利要求1-4中任一项所述复合材料的制备方法，包括以下步骤：将Fe3Al金属间化合物和碳化钼按照比例配料后，利用球磨过程进行机械合金化；按照比例加入钇、铬和添加剂，继续进行球磨处理；将球磨处理后的粉末混合物进行超声处理；将超声处理后的粉末混合物装入石墨模具，在氩气气氛下采用放电等离子法在1100-1250℃下进行烧结，烧结压力为30-50MPa，烧结时间为15-40min；将烧结后的合金材料快速降温到-50℃到-100℃，保持30-60min，得到所述复合材料。
6.如权利要求5所述的方法，其特征在于所述降温的速度为50-150℃/min。
7.如权利要求6所述的方法，其特征在于所述降温的速度为100-120℃/min。
8.如权利要求1-4中任一项所述复合材料的用途，其特征在于所述复合材料用于制作高温轴承、化工机械用的导轨、纺织工业中烘箱的加热棒以及耐热炉体、炉底板、刹车材料中的一种或多种。
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