CN107477117B - 一种功能梯度铝基复合材料刹车盘制备方法 - Google Patents

一种功能梯度铝基复合材料刹车盘制备方法 Download PDF

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CN107477117B
CN107477117B CN201710672969.7A CN201710672969A CN107477117B CN 107477117 B CN107477117 B CN 107477117B CN 201710672969 A CN201710672969 A CN 201710672969A CN 107477117 B CN107477117 B CN 107477117B
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王寒冰
童辉
陈玲
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Hunan Wo Wo Wo new energy Polytron Technologies Inc
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Abstract

一种功能梯度铝基复合材料刹车盘及其制备方法,其材料为内含梯度增强体骨架的铝合金,盘沿为摩擦层,圆盘中心为轴孔,轴孔周围为连接圆片,连接圆片周边为铝合金散热圈,铝合金散热圈的背面有均匀分布的径向铝合金散热筋。其制作方法,(1)增强骨架浆料的制备:(2)制作增强骨架(3)增强骨架胚体烘干,(4)骨架预热然后与铝合金高温挤铸成型;(5)合模、挤铸成型;(6)刹车盘粗品经机械加工、热处理成为刹车盘成品。本发明的优点:与传统均混铝基复合材料相比,减少刹车盘内部因搅拌产生的脆相,氧化物夹渣及气泡等内部缺陷;并可以提高骨架与铝合金的配比。主要应用于普通货车、重型汽车及轨道列车。

Description

一种功能梯度铝基复合材料刹车盘制备方法
技术领域
本发明涉及铝合金复合材料的刹车盘,特别涉及一种功能梯度铝基复合材料刹车盘及其制备方法。
背景技术
当前刹车盘材料主要以铸铁及铸钢材质为主, 该材质具有重量大,耐磨差,散热慢等弊端。尤其在高速状态下长时间制动,会由于温度过高,摩擦力降低而导致制动失效;而且由于散热慢而导致热应力过高,从而使刹车片扭曲变形甚至断裂。目前有的科研单位开发一种均混铝基复合材料,将一些耐磨、高强的材料混入熔融的铝合金中,由于长时间搅拌,增加了刹车盘内部因搅拌产生的脆相,往往产生气泡,氧化物夹渣等内部缺陷;另外均混铝基复合材料中耐磨、高强的颗粒体积百分比最高只能达到30%, 添加的量有限。
发明内容
本发明是提供一种用增强体骨架与熔融铸造铝合金压铸制成车辆刹车盘及其制备方法。与铸铁刹车盘相比,可以减轻刹车盘重量,同时提高强度、耐磨性、散热性。
这种功能梯度铝基复合材料刹车盘,其特征在于,其材料为内含梯度增强体骨架的铝合金,盘沿为摩擦层,圆盘中心为轴孔,轴孔周围为连接圆片,连接圆片上均匀的分布有连接螺孔,连接圆片周边为铝合金散热圈,铝合金散热圈的背面有均匀分布的径向铝合金散热筋。
这种功能梯度铝基复合材料刹车盘的制作方法,采用铸造铝合金与增强体骨架高温挤铸成型后经机械加工及热处理制备而成;其特征在于,制备步骤包含:
(1)增强骨架浆料的制备:将增强纤维、颗粒、水溶性粘合剂按照一定比例依次加入水中,混合制成水溶液,搅拌均匀沉降后在水溶液底部获得浓稠浆体,浓稠浆体的固含量为60-80%;
(2)在圆环盘形模具内部放置透水膜,便于水的渗透,将浓稠浆体倒入圆环盘形模具,模具表面开孔透水,真空脱水,透水孔分布与骨架梯度设计紧密相关,增强骨架密度大的区域即摩擦层,透水孔数量多;铝合金连接圆片和铝合金散热圈区域,透水孔数量少,骨架密度小,真空脱水过程中,通过水的流动,带动浆体内的颗粒和纤维向设计密度大的区域积聚;
(3)增强骨架预处理:将真空脱水后的骨架胚体低温烘干,温度100~200°C,使含水量小于5%,然后将骨架脱模,储存在干燥箱内备用;
(4)骨架预热:将骨架从干燥箱内取出,高温600-800°C预热4-5小时,清洁骨架表面,使水溶性粘合剂挥发、升华,颗粒与纤维在接触界面部分烧结键合,维持骨架的强度、形状,以避免骨架在随后的高压挤铸中垮塌损毁,保证熔融铝合金与骨架的致密结合;
(5)合模、挤铸成型:将熔融铝合金脱氧、除杂,将预热后的增强体骨架放入挤铸模具中,挤铸压强范围为7000 –15000 PSI(磅/平方英寸);注模完成后,通水冷却至完全凝固,刹车盘各区域中增强体骨架与铝合金体积比在20%~50%之间,呈梯度,冷却凝固后制成刹车盘粗品;
(6)刹车盘粗品经机械加工去除多余基体,切屑回收;此后,在热处理炉中热处理后,提高其机械性能,成为刹车盘成品。
增强骨架浆料中各组分的重量比:
一、增强颗粒为碳化硅颗粒,其粒径在120目到600目范围内;
二、增强纤维为陶瓷纤维、碳纤维、金属纤维中的一种或多种:
(1)陶瓷纤维:为氧化铝纤维、氧化锆纤维、氧化硅纤维中的一种或多种;
(2)碳纤维;
(3)金属纤维:为铁、镍、钴或锰纤维中的一种或多种;长度为0.1mm-1mm,直径范围10到50微米;
碳化硅颗粒与增强纤维的重量比在3:1到10:1之间;
三、水溶性粘合剂为长链可降解有机聚合物,为淀粉粘合剂,聚乙烯醇粘合剂,纤维素醚粘合剂以及糊精粘合剂中的一种,其分子量为200到800之间,其用量为增强颗粒和增强纤维重量之和的1-10%;
四、水适量。
用于挤铸的铝合金为铝硅合金或铝硅铜合金。
本发明的优点:1,对增强骨架进行预制,然后与铝合金高温挤铸成型,与传统均混铝基复合材料相比,不需要将熔融铝合金和增强物料搅拌,因而减少刹车盘内部因搅拌产生的脆相,氧化物夹渣及气泡等内部缺陷;2,可以提高骨架与铝合金的配比。目前均混铝基复合材料中颗粒体积百分比最高只能达到30%, 而通过骨架预制可将颗粒体积百分比提高至50%;3,因骨架成分、形状及尺寸均可根据需要设计,所生产刹车盘会因功能不同分为耐磨区(骨架区)及散热区(非骨架区),各功能区分工明确,发挥最大效率,并可降低后期的机械加工的成本、工时及刀具损耗;4,预制骨架中含SiC颗粒及陶瓷纤维,与SiC颗粒增强的传统均混铝基复合材料相比,陶瓷纤维可以增强韧性,减少刹车盘在高热下断裂、变形的可能;5,背部散热筋采用铝合金,在刹车升温过程中可以对刹车盘摩擦面施加压应力,大大降低增强体颗粒及纤维与铝合金基体的界面开裂。主要应用于普通货车、重型汽车及轨道列车。
附图说明
图1是刹车盘主视图
图2是刹车盘后视图
图3是刹车盘侧视剖面图
图4是铝基复合材料刹车盘的制作工艺流程图
图5是铝基复合材料刹车盘的微观组织结构图
图中: 1、盘沿,2、轴孔,3、连接圆片, 4、铝合金散热圈,5、铝合金散热筋,6、连接螺孔,7、含高密度增强材料,8、含中、低密度增强材料,9、颗粒,10、纤维,11、铝合金基体。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图对本发明详细说明如下:
实施例一:普通货车刹车盘。
在图1、图2和图3中,这种功能梯度铝基复合材料刹车盘,其特征在于,材料为内含梯度增强体骨架的铝合金,盘沿1为为摩擦层,含有高密度增强材料7,圆盘中心为轴孔2,轴孔2周围为连接圆片3,含有中、底密度增强材料8,连接圆片3上均匀的分布有连接螺孔6,连接圆片3周边为铝合金散热圈4,铝合金散热圈4的背面有均匀分布有径向的铝合金散热筋5。
在图5中,大量的颗粒9、纤维10被铝合金基体11包裹,成为一种非常耐磨的结构。
这种功能梯度铝基复合材料刹车盘的制作方法,采用铸造铝合金与增强体骨架高温挤铸成型后经机械加工及热处理制备而成;其特征在于,制备步骤包含:
(1)增强骨架浆料的制备:将增强纤维、颗粒、水溶性粘合剂按照一定比例依次加入水中,混合制成水溶液,搅拌均匀沉降后在水溶液底部获得浓稠浆体,浓稠浆体的固含量为60%;
(2)在圆环盘形模具内部放置透水膜,便于水的渗透,将浓稠浆体倒入圆环盘形模具,模具表面开孔透水,真空脱水,透水孔分布与骨架梯度设计紧密相关,增强骨架密度大的区域即摩擦层,透水孔数量多;铝合金连接圆片和铝合金散热圈区域,密度低,透水孔数量少。通过真空脱水过程中,水的流动,带动浆体内的颗粒和纤维向设计密度大的区域积聚;
(3)增强骨架预处理:将真空脱水后的骨架胚体低温烘干,温度100°C,使含水量小于2%,然后将骨架脱模,储存在干燥箱内备用;
(4)骨架预热:将骨架从干燥箱内取出,高温600°C预热4-5小时,清洁骨架表面,使水溶性粘合剂挥发、升华,颗粒与纤维在接触界面部分烧结键合,维持骨架的强度、形状,以避免骨架在随后的高压挤铸中垮塌损毁,保证熔融铝合金与骨架的致密结合;
(5)合模、挤铸成型:将熔融铝合金脱氧、除杂,将预热后的增强体骨架放入挤铸模具中,挤铸压强范围为8000 PSI(磅/平方英寸);注模完成后,通水冷却至完全凝固,刹车盘各区域中增强体骨架与铝合金体积比在20%~50%之间,呈梯度,冷却凝固后制成刹车盘粗品;
(6)刹车盘粗品经机械加工去除多余基体,切屑回收,在热处理炉中热处理后,提高其机械性能,成为刹车盘成品。
增强骨架浆料中各组分的重量比:
一、增强颗粒为碳化硅颗粒,其粒径在300目;
二、增强纤维为陶瓷纤维:
陶瓷纤维:为氧化铝纤维、氧化锆纤维、氧化硅纤维中的一种或多种;
碳化硅颗粒与增强纤维的重量比为3:1;
三、水溶性粘合剂为长链可降解有机聚合物,采用淀粉粘合剂或糊精粘合剂,分子量为200到300之间,其用量为增强颗粒和增强纤维重量之和的2%;
四、水适量。
用于挤铸的铝合金为铝硅合金。
实施例二:重型汽车刹车盘。
这种功能梯度铝基复合材料刹车盘的结构和实施例一相近。
这种功能梯度铝基复合材料刹车盘的制作方法,采用铸造铝合金与增强体骨架高温挤铸成型后经机械加工及热处理制备而成;其特征在于,包括以下制备步骤:
(1)增强骨架浆料的制备:将增强纤维、颗粒、水溶性粘合剂按照一定比例依次加入水中,混合制成水溶液,搅拌均匀沉降后在水溶液底部获得浓稠浆体,浓稠浆体的固含量为70%;
(2)在圆环盘形模具内部放置透水膜,便于水的渗透,将浓稠浆体倒入圆环盘形模具,模具表面开孔透水,真空脱水,透水孔分布与骨架梯度设计紧密相关,增强骨架密度大的区域即摩擦层,透水孔数量多,铝合金连接圆片和铝合金散热圈区域,透水孔数量少,通过水的流动,使浆体内的颗粒和纤维向设计密度大的区域积聚;
(3)增强骨架预处理:将真空脱水后的骨架胚体低温烘干,温度150°C,使含水量小于5%,然后将骨架脱模,储存在干燥箱内备用;
(4)骨架预热:将骨架从干燥箱内取出,高温700°C预热4-5小时,清洁骨架表面,使水溶性粘合剂挥发、升华,颗粒与纤维在接触界面部分烧结键合,维持骨架的强度、形状,以避免骨架在随后的高压挤铸中垮塌损毁,保证熔融铝合金与骨架的致密结合;
(5)合模、挤铸成型:将熔融铝合金脱氧、除杂,将预热后的增强体骨架放入挤铸模具中,挤铸压强范围为10000 PSI(磅/平方英寸);注模完成后,通水冷却至完全凝固,刹车盘各区域中增强体骨架与铝合金体积比在20%~50%之间,呈梯度,冷却凝固后制成刹车盘粗品;
(6)刹车盘粗品经机械加工去除多余基体,切屑回收,在热处理炉中热处理后,提高其机械性能,成为刹车盘成品。
增强骨架浆料中各组分的重量比:
一、增强颗粒为碳化硅颗粒,其粒径为400目;
二、增强纤维为陶瓷纤维和碳纤维:
(1)陶瓷纤维:为氧化铝纤维、氧化锆纤维、氧化硅纤维中的一种或多种;
(2)碳纤维;
碳化硅颗粒与增强纤维的重量比在5:1;
三、水溶性粘合剂为长链可降解有机聚合物,采用聚乙烯醇粘合剂,其分子量为400到600之间,其用量为增强颗粒和增强纤维重量之和的3%;
四、水适量。
用于挤铸的铝合金为铝硅合金。
实施例三:轨道列车刹车盘。
这种功能梯度铝基复合材料刹车盘的结构和实施例一相近。
这种功能梯度铝基复合材料刹车盘的制作方法,采用铸造铝合金与增强体骨架高温挤铸成型后经机械加工及热处理制备而成;其特征在于,包括以下制备步骤:
(1)增强骨架浆料的制备:将增强纤维、颗粒、水溶性粘合剂按照一定比例依次加入水中,混合制成水溶液,搅拌均匀沉降后在水溶液底部获得浓稠浆体,浓稠浆体的固含量为80%;
(2)在圆环盘形模具内部放置透水膜,便于水的渗透,将浓稠浆体倒入圆环盘形模具,模具表面开孔透水,真空脱水,透水孔分布与骨架梯度设计紧密相关,增强骨架密度大的区域即摩擦层,透水孔数量多,铝合金连接圆片和铝合金散热圈区域,透水孔数量少,通过水的流动,使浆体内的颗粒和纤维向设计密度大的区域积聚;
(3)增强骨架预处理:将真空脱水后的骨架胚体低温烘干,温度200°C,使含水量小于5%,然后将骨架脱模,储存在干燥箱内备用;
(4)骨架预热:将骨架从干燥箱内取出,高温800°C预热4-5小时,清洁骨架表面,使水溶性粘合剂挥发、升华,颗粒与纤维在接触界面部分烧结键合,维持骨架的强度、形状,以避免骨架在随后的高压挤铸中垮塌损毁,保证熔融铝合金与骨架的致密结合;
(5)合模、挤铸成型:将熔融铝合金脱氧、除杂,将预热后的增强体骨架放入挤铸模具中,挤铸压强范围为15000 PSI(磅/平方英寸);注模完成后,通水冷却至完全凝固,刹车盘各区域中增强体骨架与铝合金体积比在20%~50%之间,呈梯度,冷却凝固后制成刹车盘粗品;
(6)刹车盘粗品经机械加工去除多余基体,切屑回收,在热处理炉中热处理后,提高其机械性能,成为刹车盘成品。
增强骨架浆料中各组分的重量比:
一、增强颗粒为碳化硅颗粒,其粒径为600目;
二、增强纤维为陶瓷纤维、碳纤维和金属纤维:
(1)陶瓷纤维:为氧化铝纤维、氧化锆纤维、氧化硅纤维中的一种或多种;
(2)碳纤维;
(3)金属纤维:为铁、镍、钴或锰纤维中的一种或多种;长度为0.1mm-1mm,直径范围10到50微米;
碳化硅颗粒与增强纤维的重量比为10:1;
三、水溶性粘合剂为长链可降解有机聚合物,采用纤维素醚粘合剂,分子量为700到800之间,其用量为增强颗粒和增强纤维重量之和的4%;
四、水适量。
用于挤铸的铝合金为铝硅铜合金。

Claims (6)

1.一种功能梯度铝基复合材料刹车盘的制作方法,其特征在于,所述功能梯度铝基复合材料刹车盘,其材料为内含梯度增强体骨架的铝合金,盘沿为摩擦层,圆盘中心为轴孔,轴孔周围为连接圆片,连接圆片上均匀的分布有连接螺孔,连接圆片周边为铝合金散热圈,铝合金散热圈的背面有均匀分布的径向铝合金散热筋,所述刹车盘的具体制作步骤如下:
(1)增强骨架浆料的制备:将增强纤维、颗粒、水溶性粘合剂按照一定比例依次加入适量的水中,混合制成水溶液,搅拌均匀沉降后在水溶液底部获得浓稠浆体,浓稠浆体的固含量为60-80%;
(2)在圆环盘形模具内部放置透水膜,便于水的渗透,将浓稠浆体倒入圆环盘形模具,模具表面开孔透水,真空脱水,透水孔分布与骨架梯度设计紧密相关,增强骨架密度大的区域即摩擦层,透水孔数量多;铝合金连接圆片和铝合金散热圈区域,透水孔数量少,骨架密度小,真空脱水过程中,通过水的流动,带动浆体内的颗粒和纤维向设计密度大的区域积聚;
(3)增强骨架预处理:将真空脱水后的骨架胚体低温烘干,温度100~200°C,使含水量小于5%,然后将骨架脱模,储存在干燥箱内备用;
(4)骨架预热:将骨架从干燥箱内取出,高温600-800°C预热4-5小时,清洁骨架表面,使水溶性粘合剂挥发、升华,颗粒与纤维在接触界面部分烧结键合,维持骨架的强度、形状,以避免骨架在随后的高压挤铸中垮塌损毁,保证熔融铝合金与骨架的致密结合;
(5)合模、挤铸成型:将熔融铝合金脱氧、除杂,将预热后的增强体骨架放入挤铸模具中,挤铸压强范围为7000 – 15000 PSI(磅/平方英寸);注模完成后,通水冷却至完全凝固,刹车盘各区域中增强体骨架与铝合金体积比在20%~50%之间,呈梯度,冷却凝固后制成刹车盘粗品;
(6)刹车盘粗品经机械加工去除多余基体,切屑回收;此后,在热处理炉中热处理后,提高其机械性能,成为刹车盘成品。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种功能梯度铝基复合材料刹车盘的制作方法,其特征在于,增强颗粒为碳化硅颗粒,其粒径在120目到600目范围内。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种功能梯度铝基复合材料刹车盘的制作方法,其特征在于,增强纤维为陶瓷纤维、碳纤维、金属纤维中的一种或多种:
(1)陶瓷纤维:为氧化铝纤维、氧化锆纤维、氧化硅纤维中的一种或多种;
(2)碳纤维;
(3)金属纤维:为铁、镍、钴或锰纤维中的一种或多种;长度为0.1mm-1mm,直径范围10到50微米。
4.根据权利要求2所述的一种功能梯度铝基复合材料刹车盘的制作方法,其特征在于,碳化硅颗粒与增强纤维的重量比在3:1到10:1之间。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种功能梯度铝基复合材料刹车盘的制作方法,其特征在于,水溶性粘合剂为长链可降解有机聚合物,为淀粉粘合剂,聚乙烯醇粘合剂,糊精粘合剂,纤维素醚粘合剂中的一种,其分子量为200到800之间,其用量为增强颗粒和增强纤维重量之和的1-10%。
6.根据权利要求1所述的一种功能梯度铝基复合材料刹车盘的制作方法,其特征在于,用于挤铸的铝合金为铝硅合金或铝硅铜合金。
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