CN107417062A - A kind of method that phosphorus is reclaimed from sludge from wastewater treatment plant - Google Patents
A kind of method that phosphorus is reclaimed from sludge from wastewater treatment plant Download PDFInfo
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- CN107417062A CN107417062A CN201710802847.5A CN201710802847A CN107417062A CN 107417062 A CN107417062 A CN 107417062A CN 201710802847 A CN201710802847 A CN 201710802847A CN 107417062 A CN107417062 A CN 107417062A
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- phosphorus
- sludge
- hydro
- reclaimed
- thermal
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- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 35
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 20
- 238000004065 wastewater treatment Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 10
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000012263 liquid product Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 238000001027 hydrothermal synthesis Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- CKMXBZGNNVIXHC-UHFFFAOYSA-L ammonium magnesium phosphate hexahydrate Chemical compound [NH4+].O.O.O.O.O.O.[Mg+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O CKMXBZGNNVIXHC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 159000000003 magnesium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- TWRXJAOTZQYOKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium chloride Chemical group [Mg+2].[Cl-].[Cl-] TWRXJAOTZQYOKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001629 magnesium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 abstract description 7
- 239000002910 solid waste Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000002686 phosphate fertilizer Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000033228 biological regulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009388 chemical precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005189 flocculation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000016615 flocculation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001385 heavy metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003760 magnetic stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 244000000010 microbial pathogen Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000005416 organic matter Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052585 phosphate mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002367 phosphate rock Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008635 plant growth Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010865 sewage Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F11/00—Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B25/00—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof
- C01B25/16—Oxyacids of phosphorus; Salts thereof
- C01B25/26—Phosphates
- C01B25/45—Phosphates containing plural metal, or metal and ammonium
- C01B25/451—Phosphates containing plural metal, or metal and ammonium containing metal and ammonium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/80—Compositional purity
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
- C02F2101/10—Inorganic compounds
- C02F2101/105—Phosphorus compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2209/00—Controlling or monitoring parameters in water treatment
- C02F2209/02—Temperature
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2209/00—Controlling or monitoring parameters in water treatment
- C02F2209/03—Pressure
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2209/00—Controlling or monitoring parameters in water treatment
- C02F2209/06—Controlling or monitoring parameters in water treatment pH
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Treatment Of Sludge (AREA)
Abstract
The invention belongs to solid waste resource recovery to utilize technical field, and in particular to a kind of method that phosphorus is reclaimed from sludge from wastewater treatment plant.Technological process is：Hydro-thermal process is carried out at a certain temperature to sludge, while a certain amount of hydrochloric acid is added in water-heat process, the hydro-thermal liquid product rich in phosphorus can be obtained.A certain amount of magnesium salts is added into liquid product and adjusts suitable pH causes phosphorus to be precipitated in the form of guanite, is used as phosphate fertilizer so as to reclaim phosphorus.Moreover, the liquid product rich in phosphorus is more beneficial for methane phase.The present invention for the recycling of municipal sludge provides new approach, the technique have it is environment-friendly, it is simple to operate, the advantages that non-secondary pollution, there is good economic benefit, social benefit and environmental benefit.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to solid waste resource recovery to utilize technical field, there is provided a kind of from municipal sludge hydrothermal liquefaction liquid
The method that phosphorus is reclaimed in phase product.
Background technology
Because sewage treatment plant's number is continuously increased in world wide, substantial amounts of municipal sludge has been generated.One side
Face, the organic and inorganic pollution contained in municipal sludge can have a negative impact to environmental quality and safety；On the other hand it is big
Municipal sludge caused by amount can land occupation, and deal with improperly and can cause secondary pollution.Therefore, the processing to municipal sludge with
It is manipulated so for the environmental problem of urgent need to resolve in world wide.However, municipal sludge contains the elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium simultaneously, can
To be used to reclaim valuable material or element.Phosphorus is that all biologies must can not on the earth as a kind of non-renewable resources
Few nutrient.And with the fast development of industrial or agricultural, the demand of rock phosphate in powder is sharply increased.According to current exploitation speed
Degree is calculated, and global phosphate mineral reserve are only sufficient to using 50-100 or so.
It is chemical precipitation method to study more phosphorus recovery method at present, but the complicated component of municipal sludge, except containing
It is available for outside the nutriment needed for animal and plant growth, also containing some harmful substances such as heavy metal, pathogenic microorganism etc., if directly
Using ecological environment can be endangered.Moreover, in the method for some sludge recovery phosphorus, the addition of some chemical substances can cause sludge
Secondary pollution.
In recent years, hydro-thermal method has become the processing means of the highly effective and safe of processing solid waste.By municipal sludge water
After heat treatment, it can not only reach stabilisation, innoxious and minimizing principle, and the nutrient in sludge can be made
Reach the effect of enrichment.In hydrothermal reaction process, the flocculation structure of sludge is destroyed, and hydrolysis occurs for organic matter, according to
The difference of hydrothermal condition changes into different hydrothermal products.
The present invention handles municipal sludge with hydrothermal liquefaction method, and by adjusting different hydrothermal temperatures and addition various concentrations
Hydrochloric acid the phosphorus in sludge is farthest transferred in liquid product.In order to preferably reclaim the P elements in sludge, lead to
The phosphorus crossed in the method reclaim liquid phase product of guanite precipitation.
The content of the invention
It is an object of the invention to provide it is a kind of from sludge from wastewater treatment plant reclaim phosphorus method, to greatest extent
Phosphorus in sludge is transferred in hydro-thermal liquid product, and utilizes the phosphorus in guanite precipitation reclaim liquid phase.
A kind of method that phosphorus is reclaimed from sludge from wastewater treatment plant proposed by the present invention, is comprised the following steps that：
（1）Municipal sludge is subjected to hydro-thermal process, the hydrothermal temperature is 170 DEG C -320 DEG C, and the hydro-thermal reaction time is
0.5-4h；In hydro-thermal process, while hydrochloric acid is added, beneficial to phosphorus dissolution into the hydro-thermal liquid product rich in phosphorus；Wherein：Every gram dry
The addition of hydrochloric acid is 0.2mmol-12mmol in municipal sludge；
（2）Finally guanite precipitation experiments recovery phosphorus is carried out using the hydro-thermal liquid product rich in phosphorus.
In the present invention, step（2）In rich in phosphorus hydro-thermal liquid product in press guanite in phosphorus and magnesium 1:1 ratio adds
Magnesium salts, while the pH value for adjusting hydro-thermal liquid product is 7-11, guanite precipitation is obtained, so as to realize effective recovery of phosphorus.
In the present invention, step（1）Described in hydro-thermal process use high-temperature high-pressure reaction kettle.
In the present invention, the magnesium salts is magnesium chloride.
In the present invention, the pH value of hydro-thermal liquid product is adjusted by sodium hydroxide.
The beneficial effects of the present invention are：The invention provides a kind of recovery work of P elements in simple and easy sludge
Skill, good application prospect be present, promoting solid waste resource recovery use aspects that there is reference, can produce huge
Economic benefit, social benefit and ecological benefits.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 be in embodiment 1 under different hydrothermal temperature conditions in solid liquid phase phosphorus content distribution map.
Fig. 2 is the distribution map of phosphorus content in the solid liquid phase of different HCl contents in embodiment 1.
Embodiment
The following examples are used to further illustrate the present invention, are not limitation of the invention.
Embodiment 1：
（1）Municipal sludge after concentration is put into 250ml high-temperature high-pressure reaction kettle, reaction temperature is set to 170 DEG C,
200 DEG C, 230 DEG C, 260 DEG C and 320 DEG C, the reaction time is arranged to 0.5h.
（2）After hydro-thermal reaction terminates, separation of solid and liquid is carried out to hydrothermal product using centrifuge, centrifuge speed is set to
10000 turns, every group of sample centrifugation time is set to 10min.
（3）Using the content of P elements in solid, liquid phase product under icp analysis difference hydrothermal temperature conditions, experimental result is such as
Shown in Fig. 1.
（4）It will be seen from figure 1 that under conditions of hydrothermal temperature is 170 DEG C, the P content highest in liquid product.Therefore
From this condition, the HCl solution of addition various concentrations into hydrothermal reactor.Make the HCl contents point corresponding to every gram of dewatered sludge
It is not 0.255mmol/g, 0.766mmol/g, 1.28mmol/g, 3.07mmol/g, 6.13mmol/g and 12.3mmol/
g。
（5）After different initial pH hydro-thermal reaction terminates, separation of solid and liquid, centrifuge are carried out to hydrothermal product using centrifuge
Rotating speed is set to 10000 turns, and every group of sample centrifugation time is 10min.
（6）Using the content of P elements in solid, liquid phase product under icp analysis difference hydrothermal temperature conditions, experimental result is such as
Shown in Fig. 2.
（7）From it is upper as it can be seen from table 1 6.13mmol HCl/g dewatered sludges experiment condition under in liquid phase the content of phosphorus with
12.3mmolHCl/g dewatered sludges are more or less the same, and under the experiment condition HCl addition it is less.Therefore the liquid phase is selected
Product, addition 74.07mg MgCl2Make the P in solution:Mg reaches 1:1.It is molten by adding different amounts of 4M NaOH solutions regulation
Different pH in liquid, it is as shown in the table that NaOH solution specifically adds situation.
The addition of the NaOH solution of the condition of different pH of table 1
| pH | 7.5 | 8.04 | 8.5 | 9.09 | 9.49 | 10.07 |
| 4M NaOH /μL | 350 | 410 | 450 | 480 | 530 | 660 |
（8）It is to be stirred that the solution configured is placed on into magnetic stirring apparatus, mixing time 0.5h, after stirring terminates, ageing
1h.Then by separation of solid and liquid, and guanite precipitation is dried, determines its yield and purity, experimental result is as shown in table 2.
（9）From the results shown in Table 2, as the increase for reacting initial pH, the yield of guanite are continuously increased, its purity is not
It is disconnected to reduce.The purity maximum of guanite is under conditions of pH=7.52, and yield maximum is under conditions of pH=10.07.
Embodiment described above is only that the preferred embodiment of the present invention is described, and not the scope of the present invention is entered
Row limits, on the premise of design spirit of the present invention is not departed from, technical side of this area ordinary skill technical staff to the present invention
The various modifications and improvement that case is made, it all should fall into the protection domain of claims of the present invention determination.
Claims (5)
- A kind of 1. method that phosphorus is reclaimed from sludge from wastewater treatment plant, it is characterised in that comprise the following steps that：（1）Municipal sludge is subjected to hydro-thermal process, the hydrothermal temperature is 170 DEG C -320 DEG C, and the hydro-thermal reaction time is 0.5-4h；In hydro-thermal process, while hydrochloric acid is added, beneficial to phosphorus dissolution into the hydro-thermal liquid product rich in phosphorus；Wherein：Every gram dry The addition of hydrochloric acid is 0.2mmol-12mmol in municipal sludge；（2）Finally guanite precipitation experiments recovery phosphorus is carried out using the hydro-thermal liquid product rich in phosphorus.
- A kind of 2. method that phosphorus is reclaimed from sludge from wastewater treatment plant according to claim 1, it is characterised in that step Suddenly（2）In rich in phosphorus hydro-thermal liquid product in press guanite in phosphorus and magnesium 1:1 ratio adds magnesium salts, while adjusts hydro-thermal liquid The pH value of phase product is 7-11, guanite precipitation is obtained, so as to realize effective recovery of phosphorus.
- A kind of 3. method that phosphorus is reclaimed from sludge from wastewater treatment plant according to claim 2, it is characterised in that step Suddenly（1）Described in hydro-thermal process use high-temperature high-pressure reaction kettle.
- A kind of 4. method that phosphorus is reclaimed from sludge from wastewater treatment plant according to claim 2, it is characterised in that institute It is magnesium chloride to state magnesium salts.
- A kind of 5. method that phosphorus is reclaimed from sludge from wastewater treatment plant according to claim 2, it is characterised in that water The pH value of hot liquid product is adjusted by sodium hydroxide.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201710802847.5A CN107417062A (en) | 2017-09-08 | 2017-09-08 | A kind of method that phosphorus is reclaimed from sludge from wastewater treatment plant |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201710802847.5A CN107417062A (en) | 2017-09-08 | 2017-09-08 | A kind of method that phosphorus is reclaimed from sludge from wastewater treatment plant |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN107417062A true CN107417062A (en) | 2017-12-01 |
Family
ID=60432124
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201710802847.5A Pending CN107417062A (en) | 2017-09-08 | 2017-09-08 | A kind of method that phosphorus is reclaimed from sludge from wastewater treatment plant |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
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| CN (1) | CN107417062A (en) |
Cited By (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN108558162A (en) * | 2018-04-12 | 2018-09-21 | 大连理工大学 | A kind of method of excess sludge hydrothermal carbonization liquid recycling |
| CN108622870A (en) * | 2018-06-30 | 2018-10-09 | 浙江工业大学 | Method for producing bird and beast feces accumulation material from calcium carbonate magnesium salt rock ore |
| CN109592659A (en) * | 2019-01-20 | 2019-04-09 | 重庆大学 | A kind of method of municipal sludge hydrothermal carbonization recycling phosphorus |
| CN109722264A (en) * | 2019-03-05 | 2019-05-07 | 重庆大学 | A kind of method of feces of livestock and poultry hydrothermal carbonization recycling phosphorus |
| CN112266274A (en) * | 2020-09-16 | 2021-01-26 | 河北中科定洋农业科技集团有限公司 | Environment-friendly livestock manure recycling method |
| CN113277690A (en) * | 2021-05-12 | 2021-08-20 | 华中科技大学 | Method and product for comprehensive treatment of sludge and recovery of phosphorus resources |
| CN114180997A (en) * | 2021-12-30 | 2022-03-15 | 天津大学 | Electric method combined with hydrothermal method for preparing sewage and peat fertilizer and method thereof |
| CN114478102A (en) * | 2020-10-23 | 2022-05-13 | 中冶华天工程技术有限公司 | Method for synchronously recycling carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in sludge |
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| US20090193863A1 (en) * | 2008-02-05 | 2009-08-06 | The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary Of Agriculture | Process for Removing and Recovering Phosphorus from Animal Waste |
| CN101695999A (en) * | 2009-10-23 | 2010-04-21 | 宁波工程学院 | Method for recovering nutritive materials of phosphorus and nitrogen from sewage and sludge |
| CN101723345A (en) * | 2010-01-05 | 2010-06-09 | 大连理工大学 | Method for recovering phosphorus from phosphorus containing sludge |
| CN103641283A (en) * | 2013-11-26 | 2014-03-19 | 华南理工大学 | Method of economically recycling phosphor from excess sludge |
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| CN106242209A (en) * | 2016-08-31 | 2016-12-21 | 海南兴能泰环境科技有限公司 | Municipal sewage and mud work in coordination with the method and device of circular treatment |
| CN106746467A (en) * | 2017-01-25 | 2017-05-31 | 同济大学 | A kind of sludge resource recovery method based on digested sludge hydro-thermal process |
| CN106904807A (en) * | 2017-03-31 | 2017-06-30 | 同济大学 | A kind of method that phosphorus is reclaimed from dewatered sludge |
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Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN108558162A (en) * | 2018-04-12 | 2018-09-21 | 大连理工大学 | A kind of method of excess sludge hydrothermal carbonization liquid recycling |
| CN108622870A (en) * | 2018-06-30 | 2018-10-09 | 浙江工业大学 | Method for producing bird and beast feces accumulation material from calcium carbonate magnesium salt rock ore |
| CN109592659A (en) * | 2019-01-20 | 2019-04-09 | 重庆大学 | A kind of method of municipal sludge hydrothermal carbonization recycling phosphorus |
| CN109722264A (en) * | 2019-03-05 | 2019-05-07 | 重庆大学 | A kind of method of feces of livestock and poultry hydrothermal carbonization recycling phosphorus |
| CN112266274A (en) * | 2020-09-16 | 2021-01-26 | 河北中科定洋农业科技集团有限公司 | Environment-friendly livestock manure recycling method |
| CN114478102A (en) * | 2020-10-23 | 2022-05-13 | 中冶华天工程技术有限公司 | Method for synchronously recycling carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in sludge |
| CN113277690A (en) * | 2021-05-12 | 2021-08-20 | 华中科技大学 | Method and product for comprehensive treatment of sludge and recovery of phosphorus resources |
| CN113277690B (en) * | 2021-05-12 | 2022-04-08 | 华中科技大学 | Method and product for comprehensive treatment of sludge and recovery of phosphorus resources |
| CN114180997A (en) * | 2021-12-30 | 2022-03-15 | 天津大学 | Electric method combined with hydrothermal method for preparing sewage and peat fertilizer and method thereof |
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Application publication date: 20171201 |