CN107381970A - 一种透析废液净化装置 - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种透析废液净化装置,涉及透析废液处理装置领域,设有外壳体,外壳体上部内设有支撑隔板,支撑隔板将外壳体内部分隔为上方的吸附腔和下方的过滤腔两部分,支撑隔板上设有连通吸附腔和过滤腔的流通孔,吸附腔内设有吸附有脲酶的多孔吸附材料,多孔吸附材料吸附脲酶为不饱和吸附,吸附腔上方的外壳体上设有废液入口;过滤腔内设有中空纤维膜,中空纤维膜的两端经分隔板固定在外壳体下部内,分隔板将外壳体分隔为上方的过滤腔和下方的回收腔,中空纤维膜的两端与回收腔连通;回收腔下方的外壳体上设有回收口。本发明具有结构简单、成本低廉,净化效果好、过流量大、使用时间长等优点。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及透析废液处理装置,详细讲是一种结构简单、成本低廉,净化效果好的透析废液净化装置。
背景技术
我们知道,肾脏疾病是一个全球性的公共健康问题,全球约有240万肾衰竭患者需要做透析。由于人口老龄化和糖尿病患病几率的增加,肾衰竭患者的数量也在不断上升(每年增加7-8%)。慢性肾脏病会影响我们十分之一的人。对于不幸患肾功能衰竭的人来说,健康逐渐被吞噬。在国内,终末期肾衰竭患者,老百姓叫“尿毒症”,很多患者靠血液透析或者肾脏移植替代肾功能。
肾脏病人在治疗时往往会有很多的麻烦,比如要经常性地到医院进行透析,以清除积存的毒素,但是目前流行的两种透析方式:血液透析疗法和腹膜透析疗法,费时较长,且每次透析需要大量的透析液,这无形中增加了医疗费用的支出,也限制了该两种透析方式向可移动式透析的发展,因为每次透析需要携带几十升透析液。
为解决以上问题,对透析液进行净化并循环重复使用,是现今技术研究的主流。进行完透析的透析废液中主要含有尿素、肌酐、磷酸盐、β2-微球蛋白、长期循环使用过程中带入的病毒细菌等内毒素物质,如何清除这些物质是透析废液净化重复使用的关键技术问题。随着透析液循环技术的发展,各种新型的透析液回收系统被开发出来,如淡马锡理工学院的专利(CN106111079A)及珠海健帆科技公司(CN205515729U)的专利都提出使用脲酶或吸附剂对透析废液进行循环再生。吸附剂主要包括锆基、铝基及活性炭,所用酶主要为脲酶。这些物质被逐层排放在吸附装置中,长期使用会有粒径较小的吸附剂或者脲酶进入循环系统,造成整个透析液循环系统的污染,给患者的透析带来极大风险。
发明内容
本发明的目的是解决上述现有技术的不足,提供一种结构简单、成本低廉,净化效果好的透析废液净化装置。
本发明解决上述现有技术的不足所采用的技术方案是:
一种透析废液净化装置,设有外壳体,外壳体上部内设有支撑隔板,支撑隔板将外壳体内部分隔为上方的吸附腔和下方的过滤腔两部分,支撑隔板上设有连通吸附腔和过滤腔的流通孔,吸附腔内设有吸附有脲酶的多孔吸附材料,多孔吸附材料吸附脲酶为不饱和吸附,吸附腔上方的外壳体上设有废液入口;过滤腔内设有中空纤维膜,中空纤维膜的两端经分隔板固定在外壳体下部内,分隔板将外壳体分隔为上方的过滤腔和下方的回收腔,中空纤维膜的两端与回收腔连通;回收腔下方的外壳体上设有回收口。
本发明中所述的多孔吸附材料的脲酶吸附容量为1-2mg/g,吸附有脲酶的多孔吸附材料的脲酶吸附容量为0.2-0.5mg/g。
本发明中所述的中空纤维膜由500-10000根膜丝组成,膜丝内径为220-350微米、壁厚为40-60微米,膜丝由外向内分为外皮层、中间层和内皮层三部分,膜丝的外皮层和中间层内分布有粒径为1-8nm的特异性纳米吸附材料;膜丝的外皮层厚度1-2微米,其平均过滤孔径为4-6纳米;膜丝的内皮层厚度0.5-5微米,其平均过滤孔径为0.5-1纳米。
本发明中所述的特异性纳米吸附材料为可吸附各种毒素离子的硅基和/或锆基和/或镁基吸附材料。
本发明中所述的硅基吸附材料为粒径1-8nm的氧化硅、氯化硅、磷酸硅颗粒中的至少一种;所述的锆基吸附材料为粒径1-8nm的氧化锆、氯化锆、磷酸锆颗粒中的至少一种;所述的镁基吸附材料为粒径1-8nm的氧化镁、碳酸镁、磷酸镁颗粒中的至少一种。
本发明中所述的外壳体包括筒状的外壳主体、上端盖和下端盖,上端盖和下端盖与外壳主体的上端和下端螺纹密封连接;废液入口设在上端盖上部,回收口设在下端盖下部;废液入口上设有单向止回阀。
本发明中所述外壳体下部设有与吸附腔内连通的反冲洗出水口。
本发明中所述的多孔支撑板上侧设有平板微滤膜,平板微滤膜过滤孔径0.1-1微米;多孔吸附材料上方的废液入口处设有平板微滤膜,平板微滤膜过滤孔径0.1-1微米。
本发明中所述的分隔板为聚氨酯胶水固化而成。
本发明中所述的吸附有脲酶的多孔吸附材料经如下方法制得:在室温下配置浓度为1-10%的脲酶溶液,将医用级别的多孔吸附材料浸入脲酶溶液中,3-8分钟后取出,采用常温真空干燥法干燥处理,得吸附有脲酶的多孔吸附材料,其吸附容量为0.2-0.5mg/g。
本发明使用时,将透析废液由废液入口输入外壳体内,透析废液经过吸附有脲酶的多孔吸附材料时,脲酶将透析废液中的尿素分解成碳酸铵,多孔吸附材料吸附透析废液中的尿酸、肌酐等有机物质;(平板微滤膜截留住几乎所有的活性炭颗粒)废液由流通孔进入过滤腔,经中空纤维膜过滤截留细菌、病毒等内毒素以及洗脱出的小分子活性炭和脲酶,特异性纳米吸附材料则可吸附各种毒素离子。本发明融合脲酶+吸附剂+膜过滤的方式,吸附有脲酶的多孔吸附材料,既完成了对酶的简单固定,保留了脲酶的生物活性,又很大程度上保留了多孔吸附材料的吸附特性(对尿酸、肌酐等有机物质的吸附容量影响较小);中空纤维膜膜丝的结构以及特异性纳米吸附材料的加入,既保证了对特异性纳米吸附材料的完全固定,又使特异性纳米吸附材料能充分发挥吸附毒素的功效,同时膜丝的内皮层不仅能够截留透析液内的细菌、病毒等内毒素,还能有效截留第一部分洗脱出的小分子活性炭和脲酶,完成了对整个透析液循环系统最高等级的防护;膜丝层结构和特异性纳米吸附材料的结构产生过流量大、处理能力强、使用寿命长的优点。
附图说明
图1是本发明的结构示意图。
图2是本发明中膜丝侧壁的剖面结构示意图。
具体实施方式
如图1所示的透析废液净化装置,设有外壳体13,外壳体13上部内设有支撑隔板6,支撑隔板6将外壳体内部分隔为上方的吸附腔和下方的过滤腔两部分,支撑隔板6上均布有连通吸附腔和过滤腔的流通孔,吸附腔内设有吸附有脲酶的多孔吸附材料9,多孔吸附材料9吸附脲酶为不饱和吸附,多孔吸附材料9的脲酶吸附容量为1-2mg/g,吸附有脲酶的多孔吸附材料9的脲酶吸附容量为0.2-0.5mg/g。吸附腔上方的外壳体上设有废液入口,废液入口上设有单向止回阀12,过滤腔内设有中空纤维膜4,所述的中空纤维膜4由500-10000根膜丝组成,膜丝内径为220-350微米、壁厚为40-60微米,膜丝由外向内分为外皮层、中间层和内皮层2三部分,膜丝的过滤孔径从膜丝外皮层外侧向内皮层2内侧逐渐减小,膜丝的外皮层和中间层内分布有粒径1-8nm的特异性纳米吸附材料8,特异性纳米吸附材料8的粒径优选2-4nm;膜丝的外皮层厚度1-2微米,其平均过滤孔径为4-6纳米;膜丝的内皮层2厚度0.5-5微米、优选2-3微米,其平均过滤孔径为0.5-1纳米、优选0.8-0.9纳米。中空纤维膜的两端经分隔板3固定在外壳体13下部内,分隔板3将外壳体分隔为上方的过滤腔和下方的回收腔,中空纤维膜的膜丝两端穿过分隔板、内腔与回收腔连通;回收腔下方的外壳体上设有回收口。
本发明中所述的特异性纳米吸附材料为可吸附各种毒素离子的硅基和/或锆基和/或镁基吸附材料。所述的硅基吸附材料为氧化硅、氯化硅、磷酸硅颗粒中的至少一种;所述的锆基吸附材料为氧化锆、氯化锆、磷酸锆颗粒中的至少一种;所述的镁基吸附材料为氧化镁、碳酸镁、磷酸镁颗粒中的至少一种。所述的多孔吸附材料为活性炭、壳聚糖、蒙脱土中的一种或两种多孔吸附材料;其粒径分布为10-100微米,孔吸附容量为1-2mg/g,表面平均孔径为2-8nm。
本发明进一步改进,所述的外壳体包括筒状的外壳主体、上端盖和下端盖,上端盖和下端盖与外壳主体的上端和下端螺纹密封连接;废液入口设在上端盖上部,回收口设在下端盖下部;废液入口上设有单向止回阀。所述外壳体下部的吸附腔侧壁上设有与吸附腔内连通的反冲洗出水口;使用一段时间后,将清洗水从回收口反向输入回收腔内,在一定压力的作用下,清洗水从中空纤维膜的膜丝两端进入膜丝内腔、对膜丝过滤的的污染进行反向冲洗,然后从反冲洗出水口排出,可有效降低中空纤维膜的污染,延长膜的使用寿命。所述的多孔支撑板上侧多孔吸附材料下方设有平板微滤膜,多孔吸附材料上方的废液入口处设有平板微滤膜,平板微滤膜的过滤孔径0.1-1微米之间,对透析废液进行初步过滤,并截留脱离的较大多孔吸附材料。所述的分隔板为聚氨酯胶水固化而成。
本发明中所述的吸附有脲酶的多孔吸附材料经如下方法制得:在室温下配置浓度为1-10%的脲酶溶液,将医用级别的多孔吸附材料(活性炭)浸入脲酶溶液中,3-8分钟后取出,采用常温真空干燥法干燥处理,得吸附有脲酶的多孔吸附材料,其吸附容量为0.2-0.5mg/g。
上述的透析废液净化用中空纤维膜由下述质量份配比的原料加工而成:包括15-20份的膜基材料,3-10份的致孔型添加剂,75-80份的溶剂,和2-4份的特异性纳米吸附材料;中空纤维膜(膜丝)内径为220-350微米、壁厚为40-60微米,膜丝由外向内分为外皮层、中间层和内皮层三部分,膜丝的过滤孔径从膜丝外皮层外侧向内皮层内侧逐渐减小,特异性纳米吸附材料(均匀)分布在膜(丝)的外皮层和中间层内、其粒径1-8nm的;膜丝的外皮层厚度5-10微米,其平均过滤孔径为4-6纳米;膜丝的内皮层厚度0.5-5微米,其平均过滤孔径为0.5-1纳米。所述的膜基材料为聚砜、磺化聚砜、聚醚砜、磺化聚醚砜、聚偏氟乙烯、聚乳酸、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚乙烯醇中的一种或几种;所述的致孔型添加剂为聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮(PVP)或聚乙二醇(PEG)中的至少一种;溶剂为二甲基乙酰胺(DMAC)、二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)、N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)中的一种或多种。所述的特异性纳米吸附材料为硅基吸附材料、锆基吸附材料和镁基吸附材料中的至少一种。所述的硅基吸附材料为氧化硅、氯化硅、磷酸硅颗粒中的至少一种;所述的锆基吸附材料为氧化锆、氯化锆、磷酸锆颗粒中的至少一种。所述的镁基吸附材料为氧化镁、碳酸镁、磷酸镁颗粒中的至少一种。
上述透析废液净化用中空纤维膜的制备方法,其特征在于包括如下步骤:
a、按质量份配比选取15-20份的膜基材料,3-10份的致孔型添加剂,75-80份的溶剂,和2-4份的特异性多孔吸附材料;
b、室温下,将致孔型添加剂加入到溶剂中,待致孔型添加剂全部溶解后,加入膜基材料和特异性多孔吸附材料,升温到70-100度,在氮气氛围中充分搅拌18-26h、使纺丝液中的固体物质充分均匀的溶解,抽真空脱泡,制成纺丝液;
c、将纺丝液与芯液(放入中空纤维纺丝机中)经喷丝头挤出,然后(以每分钟10-15米的速度)经过30-60cm的水蒸气浴,水蒸气浴的温度维持在60-80度,最后经水洗系统水洗、烘干系统烘干,(由卷绕设备收集、)制得成品。
本发明中所述的芯液为浓度10-20%溶剂与水的混和液。所述的芯液溶剂可为二甲基甲酰胺、二甲基乙酰胺、N-甲基吡咯烷酮中的至少一种。
本发明中所述的水洗系统水洗由60度、70度,80度和90度的四道水洗装置组成。在此水洗过程纺丝液中所有的溶剂,绝大部分的制孔剂(如聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮)和特异性纳米吸附材料(如硅基或锆基或镁基纳米吸附材料)会向膜外皮层移动,并最终完成相分离。
本发明使用时,将透析废液由废液入口输入外壳体内,透析废液经过吸附有脲酶的多孔吸附材料时,脲酶将透析废液中的尿素分解成碳酸铵,多孔吸附材料吸附透析废液中的尿酸、肌酐等有机物质;(平板微滤膜截留住几乎所有的活性炭颗粒)废液由流通孔进入过滤腔,经中空纤维膜过滤截留细菌、病毒等内毒素以及洗脱出的小分子活性炭和脲酶,特异性纳米吸附材料则可吸附各种毒素离子。本发明融合脲酶+吸附剂+膜过滤的方式,吸附有脲酶的多孔吸附材料,既完成了对酶的简单固定,保留了脲酶的生物活性,又很大程度上保留了多孔吸附材料的吸附特性(对尿酸、肌酐等有机物质的吸附容量影响较小);中空纤维膜膜丝的结构以及特异性纳米吸附材料的加入,既保证了对特异性纳米吸附材料的完全固定,又使特异性纳米吸附材料能充分发挥吸附尿素分解后的铵根离子,以及游离的磷酸根和硫酸根离子等内毒素的功效,同时膜丝的内皮层不仅能够截留透析液内的细菌、病毒等内毒素;致密的内皮层在有效截留细菌、内毒素等热源物质同时,还能将上一级的洗脱的活性炭、脲酶甚至脱落的硅基或锆基吸附颗粒再次截留住,起到多重防护的作用;膜丝层结构和特异性纳米吸附材料的结构产生了过流量大、使用寿命长,单次处理能力强等优点。
使用本发明的透析废液净化装置对透析废液净化的实验效果如下:
上述实验证明,经本发明名净化后的透析液完全可以重复使用。
Claims (10)
1.一种透析废液净化装置,设有外壳体,其特征在于外壳体上部内设有支撑隔板,支撑隔板将外壳体内部分隔为上方的吸附腔和下方的过滤腔两部分,支撑隔板上设有连通吸附腔和过滤腔的流通孔,吸附腔内设有吸附有脲酶的多孔吸附材料,多孔吸附材料吸附脲酶为不饱和吸附,吸附腔上方的外壳体上设有废液入口;过滤腔内设有中空纤维膜,中空纤维膜的两端经分隔板固定在外壳体下部内,分隔板将外壳体分隔为上方的过滤腔和下方的回收腔,中空纤维膜的两端与回收腔连通;回收腔下方的外壳体上设有回收口。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种透析废液净化装置,其特征在于所述的多孔吸附材料的脲酶最大吸附容量为1-2mg/g,吸附有脲酶的多孔吸附材料的脲酶吸附容量为0.2-0.5mg/g。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的一种透析废液净化装置,其特征在于所述的中空纤维膜由500-10000根膜丝组成,膜丝内径为220-350微米、壁厚为40-60微米,膜丝由外向内分为外皮层、中间层和内皮层三部分,膜丝的过滤孔径从膜丝外皮层外侧向内皮层内侧逐渐减小,膜丝的外皮层和中间层内分布有粒径1-8nm的特异性纳米吸附材料;膜丝的外皮层厚度1-2微米,其平均过滤孔径为4-6纳米;膜丝的内皮层厚度0.5-5微米,其平均过滤孔径为0.5-1纳米。
4.根据权利要求3所述的一种透析废液净化装置,其特征在于所述的特异性纳米吸附材料为可吸附各种毒素离子的硅基和/或锆基和/或镁基吸附材料。
5.根据权利要求4所述的一种透析废液净化装置,其特征在于所述的硅基吸附材料为氧化硅、氯化硅、磷酸硅颗粒中的至少一种;所述的锆基吸附材料为氧化锆、氯化锆、磷酸锆颗粒中的至少一种;所述的镁基吸附材料为氧化镁、碳酸镁、磷酸镁颗粒中的至少一种。
6.根据权利要求1所述的一种透析废液净化装置,其特征在于所述的外壳体包括筒状的外壳主体、上端盖和下端盖,上端盖和下端盖与外壳主体的上端和下端螺纹密封连接;废液入口设在上端盖上部,回收口设在下端盖下部;废液入口上设有单向止回阀。
7.根据权利要求6所述的一种透析废液净化装置,其特征在于所述的外壳体下部设有与吸附腔内连通的反冲洗出水口。
8.根据权利要求6或7所述的一种透析废液净化装置,其特征在于所述的多孔支撑板上侧设有平板微滤膜;多孔吸附材料上方的废液入口处设有平板微滤膜。
9.根据权利要求6或7所述的透析废液净化装置,其特征在于所述的分隔板为聚氨酯胶水固化而成。
10.根据权利要求2所述的透析废液净化装置,其特征在于所述的吸附有脲酶的多孔吸附材料经如下方法制得:在室温下配置浓度为1-10%的脲酶溶液,将医用级别的多孔吸附材料浸入脲酶溶液中,3-8分钟后取出,采用常温真空干燥法干燥处理,得吸附有脲酶的多孔吸附材料,其吸附容量为0.2-0.5mg/g。
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