CN107374628B - Minimally invasive biological tissue conductivity/dielectric constant measuring electrode and measuring method - Google Patents
Minimally invasive biological tissue conductivity/dielectric constant measuring electrode and measuring method Download PDFInfo
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- CN107374628B CN107374628B CN201710572524.1A CN201710572524A CN107374628B CN 107374628 B CN107374628 B CN 107374628B CN 201710572524 A CN201710572524 A CN 201710572524A CN 107374628 B CN107374628 B CN 107374628B
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- A61B5/05—Detecting, measuring or recording for diagnosis by means of electric currents or magnetic fields; Measuring using microwaves or radio waves
- A61B5/053—Measuring electrical impedance or conductance of a portion of the body
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Abstract
A minimally invasive biological tissue conductivity/dielectric constant measuring electrode and a measuring method are disclosed, wherein the electrode is provided with an unprotected electrode and a protected electrode which are embedded into the inner side of a U-shaped electrode support in parallel, a protected electrode in a wafer structure is arranged in a ring of the protected electrode, the outer periphery of the protected electrode is separated from the inner periphery of the protected electrode by a set distance, the protected electrode and the protected electrode are respectively connected with an external ground correspondingly through a protecting electrode connecting wire and a protected electrode connecting wire, and the unprotected electrode is connected with an external excitation power supply through an unprotected electrode connecting wire. The method is that a measuring electrode is inserted into a tested biological tissue, an unprotected electrode is connected with an alternating current excitation power supply with known frequency, and the protected electrode are grounded; measuring the voltage between the unprotected electrode and ground, and measuring the current flowing through the protected electrode; thereby obtaining the electrical impedance, the capacitance, the conductivity and the relative dielectric constant of the tested biological tissue. The invention can measure the electrical impedance of the biological tissue with smaller volume, and realizes the in vivo measurement of the living body.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a minimally invasive biological tissue measuring electrode. In particular to a minimally invasive biological tissue conductivity/dielectric constant measuring electrode and a measuring method.
Background
The electrical properties of biological tissue mainly include electrical conductivity and permittivity.
At present, the measurement methods of the biological dielectric electrical characteristics mainly comprise a lumped circuit method, a transmission line method and a resonant cavity method, the transmission line method and the resonant cavity method have high measurement accuracy, but the measurement methods have high requirements on the shape and the size of a measured material and are suitable for measurement during the excitation of high-frequency electromagnetic waves.
The lumped circuit method is a method for calculating the dielectric constant of a material by measuring electrical parameters, generally adopts a four-electrode measuring method, and generally comprises a measuring device consisting of four metal needles which are arranged in a row along a straight line in a tissue, excitation voltage is input from electrodes at two ends, and current is measured from a pair of electrodes at the inner side; the excitation electrode inputs constant voltage, the measuring electrode measures current in a current path, the electrical impedance of the measured tissue is calculated by ohm's law, and then the electrical conductivity and the dielectric constant of the measured biological tissue are calculated by using the electrode constant of the measuring electrode. The measuring method has simple principle and is suitable for measuring in low-frequency electromagnetic excitation; however, since the biological tissue is three-dimensional, the electric field formed by the excitation electrode in the tissue is not a parallel electric field, the path through which the current measured by the measurement electrode flows not only connects the excitation electrode, but also flows through other paths, i.e. the accurate geometry of the tissue through which the current flows cannot be obtained, and the calculated tissue electrical impedance value has a large error.
Therefore, there is a need for a measuring electrode and a measuring method that can reduce or eliminate the influence of non-parallel electric fields and can be used for in vivo measurement of electrical impedance characteristics of biological tissues.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problem of providing a minimally invasive biological tissue conductivity/dielectric constant measuring electrode and a measuring method which can reduce or eliminate the influence of a non-parallel electric field.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows: a minimally invasive biological tissue conductivity/permittivity measurement electrode, comprising: the U-shaped electrode support is parallelly embedded into the U-shaped electrode support and is provided with an unprotected electrode and a protected electrode which are arranged at set intervals, the protected electrode is of an annular structure and is of a disc structure, a protected electrode which is embedded into the U-shaped electrode support and is of a disc structure is arranged in a ring of the protected electrode, the outer periphery of the protected electrode is separated from the inner periphery of the protected electrode by a set distance, the protected electrode and the protected electrode are respectively and correspondingly connected with an external ground through a protected electrode connecting line and a protected electrode connecting line which are embedded into the U-shaped electrode support, the unprotected electrode is connected with an external excitation power supply through the unprotected electrode connecting line which is embedded into the U-shaped electrode support, or the protected electrode and the protected electrode are respectively and correspondingly connected with the external excitation power supply through a protected electrode connecting line and a protected electrode connecting line which are embedded into the U-shaped electrode support, the unprotected electrode is connected with an external ground through an unprotected electrode connecting wire embedded in the U-shaped electrode bracket.
U type electrode holder by last backup pad, bottom suspension fagging and body coupling be in go up the electrode base of one side between backup pad and the bottom suspension fagging and constitute, protected electrode and guard electrode embedding are in on the medial surface of the last backup pad of U type electrode holder, unprotected electrode embedding is in on the medial surface of the bottom suspension fagging of U type electrode holder, unprotected electrode, guard electrode and protected electrode are located the same axis.
The U-shaped electrode support is characterized in that one ends of an upper supporting plate and a lower supporting plate of the U-shaped electrode support, which are far away from an electrode base, are of wedge-shaped structures which facilitate the insertion of biological tissues, and the front side surface of the electrode base, which is in contact with the biological tissues, is an arc surface.
A method for acquiring the electrical impedance characteristics of biological tissues by using minimally invasive biological tissue conductivity/permittivity measuring electrodes comprises the following steps:
1) inserting the measuring electrode into the measured biological tissue to set depth, connecting the unprotected electrode with an alternating current excitation power supply with known frequency, and grounding the protected electrode and the protected electrode;
2) measuring the voltage U between the unprotected electrode and ground, and measuring the current I flowing through the protected electrode;
3) and (3) dividing the measured voltage U by the current I to obtain the electrical impedance Z, thereby obtaining the electrical impedance Z of the measured biological tissue:
wherein, Z is the module value of the impedance of the tested biological tissue, theta is the impedance angle of the tested biological tissue, and the value of the impedance angle reflects the dielectric property of the tissue;
4) the capacitance C of the measured biological tissue is obtained by the following formula:
wherein f is the frequency of the AC excitation power supply;
5) the electrical conductivity σ of the measured biological tissue is obtained by the following formula:
wherein r is 5 × 10-4m, is the radius of the protected electrode; d is 1 × 10-3m, which is the distance between the protected electrode and the unprotected electrode;
6) the relative dielectric constant epsilon of the tested biological tissue is obtained by the following formular：
Wherein epsilon0＝8.85×10-12F/m is the dielectric constant of vacuum.
5. A method for measuring the electrical impedance characteristics of biological tissue by using the minimally invasive biological tissue conductivity/permittivity measuring electrode of claim 1, comprising the steps of:
1) inserting the measuring electrode into the measured biological tissue to set depth, connecting the protected electrode and the protecting electrode with an alternating current excitation power supply with known frequency, and grounding the unprotected electrode;
2) measuring a voltage U between the protected electrode and ground, and measuring a current I flowing through the protected electrode;
3) and (3) dividing the measured voltage U by the current I to obtain the electrical impedance Z, thereby obtaining the electrical impedance Z of the measured biological tissue:
wherein, Z is the module value of the impedance of the tested biological tissue, theta is the impedance angle of the tested biological tissue, and the value of the impedance angle reflects the dielectric property of the tissue;
4) the capacitance C of the measured biological tissue is obtained by the following formula:
wherein f is the frequency of the AC excitation power supply;
5) the electrical conductivity σ of the measured biological tissue is obtained by the following formula:
wherein r is 5 × 10-4m, is the radius of the protected electrode; d is 1 × 10-3m, which is the distance between the protected electrode and the unprotected electrode;
6) the relative dielectric constant epsilon of the tested biological tissue is obtained by the following formular：
Wherein epsilon0＝8.85×10-12F/m is the dielectric constant of vacuum.
The invention relates to a minimally invasive biological tissue conductivity/dielectric constant measuring electrode and a measuring method, firstly, the electrode has small size, and the effective contact volume with the tissue is 0.78mm3The impedance of the biological tissue with smaller volume can be measured, and the in-vivo measurement of the living body is realized; secondly, the unprotected electrode and the protected electrode are coaxially and parallelly arranged and are respectively connected with a high potential and a low potential, so that a relatively uniform parallel electric field is established between the unprotected electrode and the protected electrode; thirdly, the protective electrode surrounds the protected electrode and is insulated from the protected electrode, so that the protected electrode is used as the bottom, the electric field in the measured tissue with the height of 1mm, which is clamped between the protective electrode and the unprotected electrode, is a parallel electric field, only the current flowing through the parallel electric field area is measured, and the current outside the parallel electric field area is shielded by the protective electrode, so that the electrical impedance characteristic of the biological tissue in the parallel electric field area can be accurately calculated according to the measured voltage value and current value, and the method can be used for measuring the in vivo biological electrical impedance characteristic; finally, the electrode has small size and simple measurement principle, and an electrode plate for connecting with an external circuit is reserved, thereby facilitating integration and peripheral circuitsThe design of (3).
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of a minimally invasive biological tissue conductivity/permittivity measurement electrode according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the overall structure of a minimally invasive biological tissue conductivity/permittivity measurement electrode of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a guard electrode, an unprotected electrode and a protected electrode in the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of the U-shaped electrode holder according to the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a U-shaped electrode holder according to the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of a measurement method of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a graph showing the simulation effect of measuring electrical impedance using the measuring method of the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a graph of the measured effect of measuring the electrical impedance of a muscle using the electrodes of the present invention;
FIG. 9 is a graph showing the effect of simulation of measuring the impedance angle using the measurement method of the present invention;
fig. 10 is a graph of the measured effect of measuring the muscle impedance angle using the electrode of the present invention.
In the drawings
1: u-shaped electrode holder 11: upper supporting plate
12: lower support plate 13: electrode base
2: unprotected electrode 3: protective electrode
4: protected electrode 5: unprotected electrode connecting wire
6: protective electrode wiring 7: protected electrode connecting wire
Detailed Description
The following provides a detailed description of a minimally invasive biological tissue conductivity/permittivity measurement electrode and a measurement method according to the present invention with reference to the following embodiments and accompanying drawings.
As shown in fig. 1, fig. 2 and fig. 3, the minimally invasive biological tissue conductivity/permittivity measuring electrode of the present invention includes: the U-shaped electrode holder 1 is embedded into the U-shaped electrode holder 1 in parallel and is provided with an unprotected electrode 2 and a protected electrode 3 which are arranged at set intervals, the protected electrode 3 is in a ring structure, the unprotected electrode 2 is in a disc structure, a protected electrode 4 which is embedded into the U-shaped electrode holder 1 and is in a disc structure is arranged in the ring of the protected electrode 3, the outer periphery of the protected electrode 4 is separated from the inner periphery of the protected electrode 3 by a set distance, a parallel electric field area is established between the unprotected electrode 2 and the protected electrode 4, the protected electrode 3 and the protected electrode 4 are respectively and correspondingly connected with an external ground through a protected electrode connecting line 6 and a protected electrode connecting line 7 which are embedded into the U-shaped electrode holder 1, the unprotected electrode 2 is connected with an external excitation power supply through an unprotected electrode connecting line 5 which is embedded into the U-shaped electrode holder 1, the exciting current flows out from the unprotected electrode 2, the current flowing through the parallel electric field area and the exciting voltage of the unprotected electrode 2 are measured through the protected electrode 4, and therefore the conductivity and the dielectric constant of the biological tissue can be measured more accurately.
Or, the protective electrode 3 and the protected electrode 4 are respectively connected with an external excitation power supply through a protective electrode connecting wire 6 and a protected electrode connecting wire 7 embedded in the U-shaped electrode bracket 1, and the unprotected electrode 2 is connected with an external ground through an unprotected electrode connecting wire 5 embedded in the U-shaped electrode bracket 1. The exciting current flows out from the protected electrode 4, the current flowing through the parallel electric field area and the exciting voltage of the protected electrode 4 are measured through the unprotected electrode 2, and therefore the conductivity and the dielectric constant of the biological tissue can be measured more accurately.
As shown in fig. 3, 4 and 5, the U-shaped electrode holder 1 is composed of an upper support plate 11, a lower support plate 12 and an electrode base 13 integrally connected to one side between the upper support plate 11 and the lower support plate 12, wherein one ends of the upper support plate 11 and the lower support plate 12 of the U-shaped electrode holder 1, which are far away from the electrode base 13, are wedge-shaped structures for facilitating insertion of biological tissues, and a front side surface of the electrode base 13, which is in contact with the biological tissues, is a circular arc surface. The protected electrode 4 and the protected electrode 3 are embedded on the inner side surface of an upper supporting plate 11 of the U-shaped electrode support 1, the unprotected electrode 2 is embedded on the inner side surface of a lower supporting plate 12 of the U-shaped electrode support 1, and the unprotected electrode 2, the protected electrode 3 and the protected electrode 4 are located on the same axis.
In the embodiment of the minimally invasive biological tissue conductivity/dielectric constant measuring electrode, the U-shaped electrode support 1 is made of silicon dioxide or teflon, the silicon dioxide or teflon has good insulating property, and the accuracy of measuring current can be better ensured. The protected electrode, the protected electrode and the unprotected electrode are made of gold, and have good biological tissue affinity and good conductivity. When the size of the tested biological tissue and the protective electrode exceeds two times or more than two sides of the protected electrode and the distance between the protected electrode and the protective electrode is small, the cylindrical area between the protected electrode and the unprotected electrode is a parallel electric field area. The radius of the protected electrode 4 is 500 μm, the thickness is 300 μm, the radius of the unprotected electrode 2 is 1000 μm, the thickness is 100 μm, the outer diameter of the protected electrode is 1000 μm, the inner diameter is 600 μm, the thickness is 50 μm, the inner diameter of the protected electrode is 100 μm away from the outer diameter of the protected electrode, and the contact surfaces of the protected electrode and the biological tissue are on the same plane. The distance between the protected electrode and the protecting electrode is d equal to 1 mm.
When the electrode is inserted into a biological tissue, the measured tissue can be ensured to be positioned in a measuring area between a protected electrode and an unprotected electrode as far as possible, and surrounding tissues can leave the measuring area along a cylindrical surface, so that the influence of the surrounding tissues is eliminated as far as possible. The measured tissue is clamped in the measuring area by the unprotected electrode and the protected electrode.
The method for acquiring the electrical impedance characteristics of the biological tissue by using the minimally invasive biological tissue conductivity/dielectric constant measuring electrode comprises the following steps of:
1) as shown in fig. 2, the measuring electrode is inserted into the measured biological tissue to a set depth, the unprotected electrode is connected with an alternating current excitation power supply with known frequency, and the protected electrode are grounded;
the electric field distribution between the electrodes is shown in fig. 6, the electric field distribution is non-uniform inside the tissue to be measured, the electric field intensity is high at the edges of the electrodes, and the electric field distribution is uniform and parallel in the region between the protected electrode and the unprotected electrode.
2) Measuring the voltage U between the unprotected electrode and ground, and measuring the current I flowing through the protected electrode;
3) and (3) dividing the measured voltage U by the current I to obtain the electrical impedance Z, thereby obtaining the electrical impedance Z of the measured biological tissue:
wherein, Z is the module value of the impedance of the tested biological tissue, theta is the impedance angle of the tested biological tissue, and the value of the impedance angle reflects the dielectric property of the tissue;
4) the capacitance C of the measured biological tissue is obtained by the following formula:
wherein f is the frequency of the AC excitation power supply;
5) the electrical conductivity σ of the measured biological tissue is obtained by the following formula:
wherein r is 5 × 10-4m, is the radius of the protected electrode; d is 1 × 10-3m, which is the distance between the protected electrode and the unprotected electrode;
6) the relative dielectric constant epsilon of the tested biological tissue is obtained by the following formular：
Wherein epsilon0＝8.85×10-12F/m is the dielectric constant of vacuum.
The method for acquiring the electrical impedance characteristics of the biological tissue by using the minimally invasive biological tissue conductivity/dielectric constant measuring electrode can also comprise the following steps:
1) inserting the measuring electrode into the measured biological tissue to set depth, connecting the protected electrode and the protecting electrode with an alternating current excitation power supply with known frequency, and grounding the unprotected electrode;
2) measuring a voltage U between the protected electrode and ground, and measuring a current I flowing through the protected electrode;
3) and (3) dividing the measured voltage U by the current I to obtain the electrical impedance Z, thereby obtaining the electrical impedance Z of the measured biological tissue:
wherein, Z is the module value of the impedance of the tested biological tissue, theta is the impedance angle of the tested biological tissue, and the value of the impedance angle reflects the dielectric property of the tissue;
4) the capacitance C of the measured biological tissue is obtained by the following formula:
wherein f is the frequency of the AC excitation power supply;
5) the electrical conductivity σ of the measured biological tissue is obtained by the following formula:
wherein r is 5 × 10-4m, is the radius of the protected electrode; d is 1 × 10-3m, which is the distance between the protected electrode and the unprotected electrode;
6) the relative dielectric constant epsilon of the tested biological tissue is obtained by the following formular：
Wherein epsilon0＝8.85×10-12F/m is the dielectric constant of vacuum.
FIG. 7 is a graph showing the simulation effect of measuring the electrical impedance by using the measuring method of the present invention, and FIG. 8 is a graph showing the actually measured effect of measuring the electrical impedance of the muscle by using the electrode of the present invention; the two graphs are compared to obtain the trend of the impedance angle changing along with the frequency obtained by actual measurement, and the trend of the impedance angle changing obtained by simulation of the measurement method is consistent.
Fig. 9 is a graph showing the simulation effect of measuring the impedance angle by using the measuring method of the present invention, and fig. 10 is a graph showing the actual measurement effect of measuring the muscle impedance angle by using the electrode of the present invention. The two graphs are compared to obtain that the trend of the impedance obtained by actual measurement along with the change of the frequency is consistent with the change trend of the impedance obtained by simulation of the measurement method.
Claims (3)
1. A minimally invasive biological tissue conductivity/permittivity measurement electrode is characterized by comprising: the U-shaped electrode support (1) is parallelly embedded into the U-shaped electrode support (1) and is provided with an unprotected electrode (2) and a protected electrode (3) which are arranged at set intervals, the protected electrode (3) is of an annular structure, the unprotected electrode (2) is of a disc structure, a protected electrode (4) which is embedded into the U-shaped electrode support (1) and is of a disc structure is arranged in a ring of the protected electrode (3), the outer periphery of the protected electrode (4) is separated from the inner periphery of the protected electrode (3) by a set distance, the protected electrode (3) and the protected electrode (4) are respectively and correspondingly connected with an external ground through a protected electrode connecting wire (6) and a protected electrode connecting wire (7) which are embedded into the U-shaped electrode support (1), the unprotected electrode (2) is connected with an external excitation power supply through an unprotected electrode connecting wire (5) which is embedded into the U-shaped electrode support (1), or the protective electrode (3) and the protected electrode (4) are respectively connected with an external excitation power supply through a protective electrode connecting wire (6) and a protected electrode connecting wire (7) which are embedded in the U-shaped electrode bracket (1), and the unprotected electrode (2) is connected with an external ground through an unprotected electrode connecting wire (5) which is embedded in the U-shaped electrode bracket (1).
2. The minimally invasive biological tissue conductivity/dielectric constant measuring electrode according to claim 1, wherein the U-shaped electrode holder (1) is composed of an upper support plate (11), a lower support plate (12) and an electrode base (13) integrally connected to one side between the upper support plate (11) and the lower support plate (12), the protected electrode (4) and the protected electrode (3) are embedded on the inner side surface of the upper support plate (11) of the U-shaped electrode holder (1), the unprotected electrode (2) is embedded on the inner side surface of the lower support plate (12) of the U-shaped electrode holder (1), and the unprotected electrode (2), the protected electrode (3) and the protected electrode (4) are located on the same axis.
3. The minimally invasive biological tissue conductivity/permittivity measuring electrode according to claim 2, wherein the ends, away from the electrode base (13), of the upper support plate (11) and the lower support plate (12) of the U-shaped electrode support (1) are of a wedge-shaped structure for facilitating insertion of biological tissue, and the front side surface, in contact with the biological tissue, of the electrode base (13) is a circular arc surface.
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| CN108888269A (en) * | 2018-04-19 | 2018-11-27 | 南京邮电大学 | A kind of electrical impedance imaging electrode physical model device |
| CN113884549A (en) * | 2020-07-02 | 2022-01-04 | 浙江大学 | Biological tissue dielectric spectrum measuring electrode clamp |
| CN113273989B (en) * | 2021-04-07 | 2022-10-14 | 广东工业大学 | Bioelectrical impedance measuring device and method |
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