CN107324894A - 一种有机高钙驱虫疏松培育基质及其制备方法 - Google Patents

一种有机高钙驱虫疏松培育基质及其制备方法 Download PDF

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CN107324894A
CN107324894A CN201710621034.6A CN201710621034A CN107324894A CN 107324894 A CN107324894 A CN 107324894A CN 201710621034 A CN201710621034 A CN 201710621034A CN 107324894 A CN107324894 A CN 107324894A
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种有机高钙驱虫疏松培育基质及其制备方法,由以下重量份的原料制成:花椒木叶,其他植物组织鲜料、80%~90%石油醚水溶液、β‑环糊精、蓖麻秸秆、过磷酸钙、石灰石颗粒、猪骨粉、氨基酸粉、高钙黏土、贝壳粉、硼砂、褐煤粉、鸭粪、酵素剂和适量的水。采用蓖麻秸秆作为培育基质的结构架,然后添加各种富含钙质的生活废弃料,制成一种高钙培育基质,其中富含钙质的物料在发酵的同时,钙离子与加入的氨基酸粉及其他发酵产生的生物酸类物质络合,形成有机钙,更利于作物的吸收利用,其中蓖麻秸秆通过浸泡和晾晒可以去除部分的叶肉成分,使秸秆更加多空和亲水,完成后的培育基质疏松、透气且具有一定的防止虫害的效果。

Description

一种有机高钙驱虫疏松培育基质及其制备方法
技术领域
本发明属于种植的工艺技术领域,具体涉及到一种有机高钙驱虫疏松培育基质及其制备方法。
背景技术
现代的农业种植是各国的一大重要经济战略方针,但是随之而来的农作物上的病虫害的发生率也越来越高,伴随着农药的不合理使用,不仅土壤、湖泊和空气遭到了不同程度的影响,各种危害农作物的害虫也起到了相当的抗药性,使化学药物应用于农作物的难度越来越高,农药的使用或多或少在农作物的产品中会有残留,危害人体健康,随着人们对健康的看重,如何使病虫害的发生率降低,同时减少化学药物的使用,成为当今不可回避的重要问题。
在病虫害发生以前,从根本上杜绝害虫的发生,经过研究显示胡椒木的精油对害虫具有极好的趋避效果,胡椒木是芸香科花椒属植物,因胡椒木全株具浓烈胡椒香味,自身少有病虫害(目前仅偶见炭疽病及蚜虫),且周边植物也少有病虫害。但是将其运用于农业方面,效果一般,一方面提取物效果单一,只能针对性的对一些害虫有作用,其次量较少并且没有一个系统的方案将植物的精油提取物应用于害虫的防治,所以发明想添加另外集中害虫趋避植物提取物和胡椒木配合使用,同时利用保护剂延长提取物的作用时间和效果。
经过对胡椒木叶片的提取研究,发现精油含有大量的驱虫、杀虫、杀菌成分,其中最有效成分是柠檬烯(0.18%)和肉桂酸甲酯(85%以上)。柠檬烯和α-蒎烯具有强大的抗菌活性,可抑制多种病原菌的生长、繁殖。柠檬烯对蚊虫及其他昆虫具有明显的驱避及毒杀活性,α-蒎烯对蚊虫具有毒杀活性。α-松油醇对革兰阴性菌和革兰阳性菌均具有较强抗菌活性,可以通过细胞壁和细胞膜透性变化抑制细菌核酸的合成和可溶性蛋白的表达。薄荷醇及薄荷醇类物质对白纹伊蚊具有一定的驱避效果。香茅醛的缩醛类化合物对中华按蚊、白纹伊蚊、淡色库蚊表现出较理想的趋避活性。
发明内容
为了提高栽培基质的抗虫害效果,发明以农作物的秸秆为载体,在秸秆的表面喷涂植物提取的抗虫害作用的精油成分,再以环糊精等类似物包裹,起到天然防护减少病虫害发生的效果,具体是通过以下的方法实现的:
一种有机高钙驱虫疏松培育基质,由以下重量份的原料制成:花椒木叶45~65,其他植物组织鲜料20~30、80%~90%石油醚水溶液30~50、β-环糊精10~20、蓖麻秸秆60~100、过磷酸钙2~6、石灰石颗粒10~25、猪骨粉3~9、氨基酸粉2~6、高钙黏土30~45、贝壳粉10~25、硼砂3~7、褐煤粉5~10、鸭粪55~80、酵素剂2~3和适量的水;
所述其他植物组织鲜料由以下重量份的原料制成:桉树叶10~15、薇甘菊5~10、苦楝叶20~30、橘皮15~25和菠萝蜜果渣10~20。
有机高钙驱虫疏松培育基质的制备方法,该方法包含以下几个步骤,
(1)混合花椒木叶和其他植物鲜料,通过低压冻干的方式干燥所述物料,研磨过100~140目筛,按料液比1:4~6的比例分批加入至80%~90%石油醚水溶液中,通过超声波细胞破碎仪作用5~10min,然后恒温45~65℃静置提取2~3h,提取完成后减压蒸馏回收石油醚溶剂,得到粗制精油提取物。
(2)将β-环糊精与足量的水混合搅拌至饱和,加入(1)所述的粗制精油提取物混合,将蓖麻秸秆碾压粉碎,放水中浸泡30~40h,完成后捞出秸秆晾晒干燥,放入前述的混合液中,低温5~10℃放置15~25h进行包被,完成后捞出蓖麻秸秆,于60~80℃条件下烘干。
(3)混合过磷酸钙、石灰石颗粒、猪骨粉及其它以下未涉及的剩余成分,添加酵素剂保温密封发酵20~35天,完成后高温蒸汽灭菌并球磨成浆料,加入石灰石颗粒搅拌使匀浆包裹在颗粒上。
(4)最后将(2)所述蓖麻秸秆与(3)所得发酵浆料混合,保持含水量20~30%即可。
通过试验和筛选,以胡椒木叶为主料,附带加入了一些富含抗虫性的植物组织辅料:桉树叶、薇甘菊、苦楝叶、橘皮和菠萝蜜果渣组成,通过低温低压冻干,研磨过80~120目筛的粉末,物料的粒度越小,越容易提取过程的进行,然后将研磨的粉末与有机溶剂80%~90%的石油醚水溶液按料液比1:4~6的比例混合后,于超声波细胞破碎仪中作用5~10min,恒温45~65℃静置提取2~3h,提取完成后利用旋转蒸发仪减压蒸馏回收石油醚,石油醚溶剂可重复使用。溶剂在萃取植物精油的同时,其他的植物活性成分也会被一定程度的萃取,其他物质包括一些萜类化合物、脂肪酸衍生物、生物碱、黄酮类化合物及含氮化合物吲哚等,在经过超声波破碎的同时,细胞释放内容物,更好的进行萃取步骤的进行。这样得到的提取物不仅含有本发明重点提取的精油,还包含各种新鲜植物组织的细胞提取物,提高作物对害虫的趋避效果,同时有利于植物的生长。
以上萃取的植物源提取物对害虫虽然具有很好的驱避效果,但是毕竟属于有机物的范畴,自身属于结构类的物质,一旦结构被破坏,其应有的效果也会受到影响,特别是一旦暴露在自然的环境中,很容易被恶劣的环境中和,最主要的是这种提取物是一种以趋避达到防虫害效果的,如果其作用效果在自然环境下有效时间过短,将起不到很好的预计效果,所以发明将其以农作物的秸秆为载体,制成一种种植的基质,而非肥料那样直接施肥的方式抛洒在大田里。
让提取物与种植的基质混为一体,其本身作为一个单位一同释放到大田或者苗圃或者菜畦的制备,由于事先植物提取物与基质就已经混合,属于统一体制的结合,所以不太会受到环境太大的影响。发明以β-环糊精作为包被剂包被提取的精油灯植物活性提取物,可以更好的发挥其作用时间和效果。
采用秸秆作为精油提取液和β-环糊精混合吸附固定的对象,一方面秸秆属于有机质,在作为种植基质的时候不会造成污染,同时秸秆结构疏松,潮湿状态下的蓄水量高,在吸足精油提取液及β-环糊精混合液之后,干燥处理正好固定精油提取物,最后秸秆可以作为基质的结构架,保持基质透气,防止板结,对于基质防止病菌及病虫害也大有裨益。
本发明的有益效果:采用蓖麻秸秆作为培育基质的结构架,然后添加各种富含钙质的生活废弃料,制成一种高钙培育基质,其中富含钙质的物料在发酵的同时,钙离子与加入的氨基酸粉及其他发酵产生的生物酸类物质络合,形成有机钙,更利于作物的吸收利用,其中蓖麻秸秆通过浸泡和晾晒可以去除部分的叶肉成分,使秸秆更加多空和亲水,完成后的培育基质疏松、透气且具有一定的防止虫害的效果。
具体实施方式
实施例1
一种有机高钙驱虫疏松培育基质,其特征在于:由以下重量(Kg)的原料制成:花椒木叶50,其他植物组织鲜料25、80%~90%石油醚水溶液35、β-环糊精12、蓖麻秸秆130、过磷酸钙4、石灰石颗粒18、猪骨粉5、氨基酸粉4、高钙黏土40、贝壳粉20、硼砂5、褐煤粉8、鸭粪70、酵素剂3和适量的水;
所述其他植物组织鲜料由以下重量(Kg)的原料制成:桉树叶14、薇甘菊8、苦楝叶14、橘皮18和菠萝蜜果渣16。
有机高钙驱虫疏松培育基质的制备方法,该方法包含以下几个步骤,
(1)混合花椒木叶和其他植物鲜料,通过低压冻干的方式干燥所述物料,研磨过120目筛,按料液比1:5的比例分批加入至80%~90%石油醚水溶液中,通过超声波细胞破碎仪作用6min,然后恒温55℃静置提取2h,提取完成后减压蒸馏回收石油醚溶剂,得到粗制精油提取物。
(2)将β-环糊精与足量的水混合搅拌至饱和,加入(1)所述的粗制精油提取物混合,将蓖麻秸秆碾压粉碎,放水中浸泡32h,完成后捞出秸秆晾晒干燥,放入前述的混合液中,低温8℃放置20h进行包被,完成后捞出蓖麻秸秆,于65℃条件下烘干。
(3)混合过磷酸钙、石灰石颗粒、猪骨粉及其它以下未涉及的剩余成分,添加酵素剂保温密封发酵28天,完成后高温蒸汽灭菌并球磨成浆料,加入石灰石颗粒搅拌使匀浆包裹在颗粒上。
(4)最后将(2)所述蓖麻秸秆与(3)所得发酵浆料混合,保持含水量20~30%即可。
设置试验组,将本发明的有机高钙驱虫疏松培育基质用于荠菜苗圃的制备,将基质平铺在菜畦表土上,厚度5~10cm。
设置对照组,使用的种植基质中,添加的秸秆未固定粗制的精油提取物,其他成分和制备方法均和本发明的基质一致,后期对于荠菜的管理均相同。
结果:试验组种植的荠菜病虫害发生率低,持续性好,检验种植荠菜苗圃的钙质含量,试验组的苗圃钙质含量高出对照组2倍以上,试验组的养分更好,未检测到农药残留,更健康。

Claims (2)

1.一种有机高钙驱虫疏松培育基质,其特征在于:由以下重量份的原料制成:花椒木叶45~65,其他植物组织鲜料20~30、80%~90%石油醚水溶液30~50、β-环糊精10~20、蓖麻秸秆60~100、过磷酸钙2~6、石灰石颗粒10~25、猪骨粉3~9、氨基酸粉2~6、高钙黏土30~45、贝壳粉10~25、硼砂3~7、褐煤粉5~10、鸭粪55~80、酵素剂2~3和适量的水;
所述其他植物组织鲜料由以下重量份的原料制成:桉树叶10~15、薇甘菊5~10、苦楝叶20~30、橘皮15~25和菠萝蜜果渣10~20。
2.根据权利要求1所述有机高钙驱虫疏松培育基质的制备方法,其特征在于:该方法包含以下几个步骤,
(1)混合花椒木叶和其他植物鲜料,通过低压冻干的方式干燥所述物料,研磨过100~140目筛,按料液比1:4~6的比例分批加入至80%~90%石油醚水溶液中,通过超声波细胞破碎仪作用5~10min,然后恒温45~65℃静置提取2~3h,提取完成后减压蒸馏回收石油醚溶剂,得到粗制精油提取物;
(2)将β-环糊精与足量的水混合搅拌至饱和,加入(1)所述的粗制精油提取物混合,将蓖麻秸秆碾压粉碎,放水中浸泡30~40h,完成后捞出秸秆晾晒干燥,放入前述的混合液中,低温5~10℃放置15~25h进行包被,完成后捞出蓖麻秸秆,于60~80℃条件下烘干;
(3)混合过磷酸钙、石灰石颗粒、猪骨粉及其它以下未涉及的剩余成分,添加酵素剂保温密封发酵20~35天,完成后高温蒸汽灭菌并球磨成浆料,加入石灰石颗粒搅拌使匀浆包裹在颗粒上;
(4)最后将(2)所述蓖麻秸秆与(3)所得发酵浆料混合,保持含水量20~30%即可。
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