CN107312158A - 聚氨酯泡沫外墙保温材料及其制备方法 - Google Patents

聚氨酯泡沫外墙保温材料及其制备方法 Download PDF

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CN107312158A
CN107312158A CN201710586006.5A CN201710586006A CN107312158A CN 107312158 A CN107312158 A CN 107312158A CN 201710586006 A CN201710586006 A CN 201710586006A CN 107312158 A CN107312158 A CN 107312158A
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刘涛
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Hefei Guangneng New Material Technology Co Ltd
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Abstract

本发明提出了一种聚氨酯泡沫外墙保温材料及其制备方法，由A组分和B组分组成，按照重量份数计算，A组分由酚醛树脂1～4份、溴化环氧树脂4～16份、聚醚多元醇60～80份、改性膨胀珍珠岩5～10份、催化剂1～4份、复合阻燃剂15～30份、稳定剂1～3份以及发泡剂12～28份组成，B组分为多苯基多亚甲基多异氰酸酯，所述改性膨胀珍珠岩主要由膨胀珍珠岩、氧化石墨烯与黏土制备而成，所述复合阻燃剂由氢氧化镁、纳米硅藻土、硅烷偶联剂与直链饱和脂肪酸制备而成。该保温材料提高阻燃性同时保持其优异的力学性能。

Description

聚氨酯泡沫外墙保温材料及其制备方法
技术领域
本发明属于外墙体保温材料技术领域，具体涉及一种聚氨酯泡沫外墙保温材料及其制备方法。
背景技术
我国正在制定一系列强制性的建筑节能措施，这无疑给PU泡沫塑料在建筑节能中大规模使用创造了一个发展机遇。然而聚氨酯硬泡是一种容易燃烧的有机材料，它在燃烧时释放出大量有毒烟雾，可使人在短时间内中毒和窒息。在我国PU泡沫塑料的实际使用中，火灾事故不断发生。因此如果不能有效、切实地解决其防火安全性的问题，找不到一个具有充分科学根据的途径来解决其使用过程中的防火安全性问题，那么PU泡沫塑料就无法在我国建筑节能中获得大规模推广应用。所以聚氨酯泡沫塑料的耐燃、防火等问题成为迫切需要解决的重要课题，这个问题是硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料今后能否继续发展的关键因素之一。
公开号为CN101435254A、CN100363578C和CN100443683C等文献都报道了聚氨酯硬质泡沫外墙保温系统，基本上都包括基体墙面、防潮层、聚氨酯硬质泡沫保温层、界面层和修饰层，其关键技术都是变换界面层材料，以增强修饰层在聚氨酯硬质泡沫外表面的附着力。
专利ZL200610043347.X、提出了一种聚氨酯硬泡外墙外保温系统材料，包括聚氨酯防潮底漆、聚氨酯硬体材料、界面剂、内含玻璃纤维网格布的抗裂聚合物水泥砂浆和饰面涂料。其特点是解决了外墙保温墙面裂缝的产生，提高了表面平整度和装饰性。但是该专利对材料的防火阻燃性没有提及，保温体系也没有防火阻燃的相关措施。另外的相关专利ZL200810204580.0提出了一种喷涂型聚氨酯外墙保温系统及其施工方法，聚氨酯直接喷涂于涂有防潮底漆的基层墙面上，聚氨酯硬泡外设有找平层，找平层和聚氨酯硬泡间设有界面砂浆，找平层外设有耐碱网格布，网格布外是抹面砂浆。此保温系统的特点是结构简单施工快捷，可有效的防止墙面空鼓、开裂、渗水等缺陷。该专利提出系统具有阻火功能，其阻火功能的实现是通过界面砂浆和抹面聚合物砂浆阻隔作用来实现的，对聚氨酯硬泡材料本身的防火阻燃没有提及，而聚氨酯硬泡本身的防火阻燃性不好，将影响了整个体系的防火阻燃效果。专利CN200810105000.2公开了一种聚氨酯/酚醛泡沫保温材料的制备方法，采用异氰酸酯与聚醚多元醇的预聚物对酚醛树脂进行改性，添加表面活性剂、发泡剂，在室温下自由发泡，制备聚氨酯/酚醛泡沫保温材料，所得泡沫保温材料具有表面粉化小、韧性好、耐火性能好等优点。然而该体系从本质上说是一种用聚氨酯增加柔韧性的酚醛树脂发泡体系，其力学性能和粘接性能同聚氨酯体系是无法相比的。
发明内容
针对目前国内外结合聚氨酯硬泡保温系统的存在的主要问题，结合目前聚氨酯硬泡防火阻燃技术的研究进展，聚氨酯保温材料达到国标B1级或更高的防火等级，单一的添加复合阻燃剂技术不能解决问题，并且存在聚氨酯硬泡保温材料防火阻燃性能与力学性能相互矛盾的问题，本发明提出一种聚氨酯泡沫外墙保温材料，该保温材料提高阻燃性同时保持其优异的力学性能。
本发明的技术方案是这样实现的：
一种聚氨酯泡沫外墙保温材料，由A组分和B组分组成，按照重量份数计算，A组分由酚醛树脂1～4份、溴化环氧树脂4～16份、聚醚多元醇60～80份、改性膨胀珍珠岩5～10份、催化剂1～4份、复合阻燃剂15～30份、稳定剂1～3份以及发泡剂12～28份组成，B组分为多苯基多亚甲基多异氰酸酯，所述改性膨胀珍珠岩主要由膨胀珍珠岩、氧化石墨烯与黏土制备而成，所述复合阻燃剂由氢氧化镁、纳米硅藻土、硅烷偶联剂与直链饱和脂肪酸制备而成。
进一步，所述复合阻燃剂的制备方法：
先将氢氧化镁与纳米硅藻土混合后，再加热至90～110℃后加入硅烷偶联剂，边搅拌，反应时间为10～15min，然后冷却至45～55℃，加入直链饱和脂肪酸后搅拌均匀，冷却至室温即可。
进一步，所述硅烷偶联剂为KH570、KH792或者DL602。
进一步，所述改性膨胀珍珠岩的制备方法：
将氧化石墨烯与膨胀珍珠岩混合的混合物，向混合物中加入混合物重量5～10倍的水，搅拌均匀后，加入占混合物重量15～30％的黏土，继续搅拌，然后捞取漂浮在水上的膨胀珍珠岩并且于105℃～120℃的条件下烘至恒重，然后冷却到室温，即得到改性膨胀珍珠岩。
进一步，所述发泡剂选自五氟丙烷、五氟丁烷与二氯乙烷中的一种或者多种。
进一步，所述催化剂为月桂酸二丁基锡、辛酸亚锡、醋酸锡、二乙酸二丁基锡或二乙酸二辛基锡。
进一步，稳定剂为聚醚改性有机硅氧烷。
本发明的另一个目的是提供一种聚氨酯泡沫外墙保温材料的制备方法，包括以下步骤：
将酚醛树脂、溴化环氧树脂与聚醚多元醇预混合，同时加入改性膨胀珍珠岩、稳定剂、催化剂、复合阻燃剂和发泡剂得到A组分，将多苯基多亚甲基多异氰酸酯作为B组分，将A组分与B组分混合发泡，异氰酸酯指数为1.05～1.15，得到聚氨酯泡沫外墙保温材料。
进一步，A组分与B组分的混合重量比为1∶1～1.8。
本发明中采用酚醛树脂最突出的特点是阻燃、低烟、抗高温歧变，具有质量轻、绝热性好、耐热性能好、尺寸稳定性好等特点，是唯一一种不用添加复合阻燃剂能够达到难燃级别(防火B1级)的有机材料，氧指数高达45。酚醛树脂阻燃性能好的根本原因是其高残炭率和酚羟基的自由基捕获作用，在本发明中将酚醛树脂和聚氨酯结合，优势互补，可以明显提高聚氨酯硬泡的阻燃性能。
本发明采用环氧树脂改性聚氨酯硬泡的主要目的为环氧基团与异氰酸酯反应生成高耐热的聚噁唑酮化合物，因此引入不同的环氧树脂可以得到不同耐热性的聚氨酯泡沫塑料；如果采用普通的环氧树脂会降低聚氨酯硬泡的阻燃性能，因此本发明采用已经市场化的阻燃性环氧树脂溴化环氧树脂，即提高聚氨酯硬泡的耐热性又提高其阻燃性。
本发明的有益效果：
1、本发明的复合阻燃剂采用由氢氧化镁、纳米硅藻土、硅烷偶联剂与直链饱和脂肪酸制备而成的复合阻燃剂，其不仅提高了氢氧化镁在聚氨酯中的分散性以及其与聚氨酯高分子链间的亲和性，对氢氧化镁的阻燃效果起到增效作用，同时降低由于无机填料过多对保温材料力学性能降低带来的危害。使得产品同时具有较高的阻燃性能和优异的力学性能。
2、本发明的膨胀珍珠岩经过氧化石墨烯与黏土的改性，泡沫起发快，泡沫成长动力能够有效克服膨胀珍珠岩的重力阻力，聚氨酯形成的泡沫结构理想，而且能够与阻燃剂实现良好复合，保持了优异的压缩性能与绝热性能，导热系数导热系数0.028～0.032W/m·K。
具体实施方式
实施例1
复合阻燃剂的制备方法：先将氢氧化镁与纳米硅藻土混合后，再加热至90℃后加入KH570，边搅拌，反应时间为15min，然后冷却至55℃，加入直链饱和脂肪酸后搅拌均匀，冷却至室温即可。
改性膨胀珍珠岩的制备方法：
将氧化石墨烯与膨胀珍珠岩混合的混合物，向混合物中加入混合物重量8倍的水，搅拌均匀后，加入占混合物重量20％的黏土，继续搅拌，然后捞取漂浮在水上的膨胀珍珠岩并且于110℃的条件下烘至恒重，然后冷却到室温，即得到改性膨胀珍珠岩。
实施例2
复合阻燃剂的制备方法：先将氢氧化镁与纳米硅藻土混合后，再加热至110℃后加入DL602，边搅拌，反应时间为15min，然后冷却至50℃，加入直链饱和脂肪酸后搅拌均匀，冷却至室温即可。
改性膨胀珍珠岩的制备方法：
将氧化石墨烯与膨胀珍珠岩混合的混合物，向混合物中加入混合物重量5倍的水，搅拌均匀后，加入占混合物重量15％的黏土，继续搅拌，然后捞取漂浮在水上的膨胀珍珠岩并且于105℃的条件下烘至恒重，然后冷却到室温，即得到改性膨胀珍珠岩。
实施例3
复合阻燃剂的制备方法：先将氢氧化镁与纳米硅藻土混合后，再加热至100℃后加入KH792，边搅拌，反应时间为10min，然后冷却至45℃，加入直链饱和脂肪酸后搅拌均匀，冷却至室温即可。
改性膨胀珍珠岩的制备方法：
将氧化石墨烯与膨胀珍珠岩混合的混合物，向混合物中加入混合物重量10倍的水，搅拌均匀后，加入占混合物重量30％的黏土，继续搅拌，然后捞取漂浮在水上的膨胀珍珠岩并且于120℃的条件下烘至恒重，然后冷却到室温，即得到改性膨胀珍珠岩。
实施例4
一种聚氨酯泡沫外墙保温材料，由A组分和B组分组成，按照重量份数计算，A组分由酚醛树脂2份、溴化环氧树脂12份、聚醚多元醇70份、实施例1的改性膨胀珍珠岩7份、月桂酸二丁基锡2份、实施例1的复合阻燃剂24份、聚醚改性有机硅氧烷2份以及五氟环戊烷20份组成，B组分为多苯基多亚甲基多异氰酸酯，A组分与B组分的混合重量比为1∶1。
制备方法：
将酚醛树脂、溴化环氧树脂、聚醚多元醇预混合，同时加入实施例1的改性膨胀珍珠岩、聚醚改性有机硅氧烷、月桂酸二丁基锡、实施例1的复合阻燃剂和五氟环戊烷得到A组分，将多苯基多亚甲基多异氰酸酯作为B组分，将A组分与B组分混合发泡，异氰酸酯指数为1.05，得到聚氨酯泡沫外墙保温材料。
实施例5
一种聚氨酯泡沫外墙保温材料，由A组分和B组分组成，按照重量份数计算，A组分由酚醛树脂1份、溴化环氧树脂4份、聚醚多元醇80份、实施例2的改性膨胀珍珠岩5份、辛酸亚锡1份、实施例2的复合阻燃剂15份、聚醚改性有机硅氧烷1～3份以及环戊烷12份组成，B组分为多苯基多亚甲基多异氰酸酯，A组分与B组分的混合重量比为1∶1.4。
制备方法：
将酚醛树脂、溴化环氧树脂、聚醚多元醇预混合，同时加入实施例2的改性膨胀珍珠岩、聚醚改性有机硅氧烷、辛酸亚锡、实施例2的复合阻燃剂和环戊烷得到A组分，将多苯基多亚甲基多异氰酸酯作为B组分，将A组分与B组分混合发泡，异氰酸酯指数为1.1，得到聚氨酯泡沫外墙保温材料。
实施例6
一种聚氨酯泡沫外墙保温材料，由A组分和B组分组成，按照重量份数计算，A组分由酚醛树脂4份、溴化环氧树脂16份、聚醚多元醇60份、实施例3的改性膨胀珍珠岩10份、二乙酸二辛基锡4份、实施例3的复合阻燃剂30份、聚醚改性有机硅氧烷3份以及二氯乙烷28份组成，B组分为多苯基多亚甲基多异氰酸酯，A组分与B组分的混合重量比为1∶1.8。
制备方法：
将酚醛树脂、溴化环氧树脂、聚醚多元醇预混合，同时加入实施例3的改性膨胀珍珠岩、聚醚改性有机硅氧烷、二乙酸二辛基锡、实施例3的复合阻燃剂和环戊烷得到A组分，将多苯基多亚甲基多异氰酸酯作为B组分，将A组分与B组分混合发泡，异氰酸酯指数为1.15，得到聚氨酯泡沫外墙保温材料。
试验例
将实施例4-6制备得到的聚氨酯泡沫外墙保温材料进行抗压强度以及氧化指数等性能测定，结果见表1。
表1实施例4-6保温材料性能参数
以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例而已，并不用以限制本发明，凡在本发明的精神和原则之内，所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等，均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。

Claims (9)

1.一种聚氨酯泡沫外墙保温材料，其特征在于，由A组分和B组分组成，按照重量份数计算，A组分由酚醛树脂1～4份、溴化环氧树脂4～16份、聚醚多元醇60～80份、改性膨胀珍珠岩5～10份、催化剂1～4份、复合阻燃剂15～30份、稳定剂1～3份以及发泡剂12～28份组成，B组分为多苯基多亚甲基多异氰酸酯，所述改性膨胀珍珠岩主要由膨胀珍珠岩、氧化石墨烯与黏土制备而成，所述复合阻燃剂由氢氧化镁、纳米硅藻土、硅烷偶联剂与直链饱和脂肪酸制备而成。
2.根据权利要求1所述的聚氨酯泡沫外墙保温材料，其特征在于，所述复合阻燃剂的制备方法：
先将氢氧化镁与纳米硅藻土混合后，再加热至90～110℃后加入硅烷偶联剂，边搅拌，反应时间为10～15min，然后冷却至45～55℃，加入直链饱和脂肪酸后搅拌均匀，冷却至室温即可。
3.根据权利要求2所述的聚氨酯泡沫外墙保温材料，其特征在于，所述硅烷偶联剂为KH570、KH792或者DL602。
4.根据权利要求1所述的聚氨酯泡沫外墙保温材料，其特征在于，所述改性膨胀珍珠岩的制备方法：
将氧化石墨烯与膨胀珍珠岩混合的混合物，向混合物中加入混合物重量5～10倍的水，搅拌均匀后，加入占混合物重量15～30％的黏土，继续搅拌，然后捞取漂浮在水上的膨胀珍珠岩并且于105℃～120℃的条件下烘至恒重，然后冷却到室温，即得到改性膨胀珍珠岩。
5.根据权利要求1所述的聚氨酯泡沫外墙保温材料，其特征在于，稳定剂为聚醚改性有机硅氧烷。
6.根据权利要求1所述的聚氨酯泡沫外墙保温材料，其特征在于，所述发泡剂选自五氟丙烷、五氟丁烷与二氯乙烷中的一种或者多种。
7.根据权利要求1所述的聚氨酯泡沫外墙保温材料，其特征在于，所述催化剂为月桂酸二丁基锡、辛酸亚锡、醋酸锡、二乙酸二丁基锡或二乙酸二辛基锡。
8.如权利要求1所述的聚氨酯泡沫外墙保温材料的方法，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：
将酚醛树脂、溴化环氧树脂与聚醚多元醇预混合，同时加入改性膨胀珍珠岩、稳定剂、催化剂、复合阻燃剂和发泡剂得到A组分，将多苯基多亚甲基多异氰酸酯作为B组分，将A组分与B组分混合发泡，异氰酸酯指数为1.05～1.15，得到聚氨酯泡沫外墙保温材料。
9.根据权利要求8所述的聚氨酯泡沫外墙保温材料的制备方法，其特征在于，A组分与B组分的混合重量比为1∶1～1.8。
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