CN1072846C - 改良的碱性原电池 - Google Patents

改良的碱性原电池 Download PDF

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CN1072846C
CN1072846C CN94101043A CN94101043A CN1072846C CN 1072846 C CN1072846 C CN 1072846C CN 94101043 A CN94101043 A CN 94101043A CN 94101043 A CN94101043 A CN 94101043A CN 1072846 C CN1072846 C CN 1072846C
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G·H·纽曼
S·G·凯尔西
D·C·麦格努森
J·S·米勒
B·K·帕特尔
A·卡夏瑙茨
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Abstract

本发明为一种改良的碱性电池,其中阳极及阴极的电容量,每立方厘米内部电池体积各至少为0.48及以上,较佳至少为0.5安培小时。这是采用锌密度为每立方厘米阳极体积至少1.4克锌,以及MnO2密度为每立方厘米阳极体积至少2.7克MnO2所获。

Description

改良的碱性原电池
本发明是关于一种具有锌阳极及二氧化锰阴极的改良碱性电化学原电池。本发明尤指一种最佳的电池,其在通常的放电测试,电池性能增加达10%。
具有锌阳极及含二氧化锰阴极的碱性电池,供商用已20多年了,因此,此等电池可视为一种成熟产品,因为在本发明之前,各大碱性电池制造厂家竞相提供“最耐久”电池,已使此类电池的性能特性达于最大极限。所有电池制造厂商均在相同的约束条件下操作,因为常规的电池型号,亦即AAA,AA,C,D及9V,业已在国际间标准化。因此,在此等电池大小内包装有效材料的体积为固定。任何给定电池大小所可供给的能量,有一由内部电池体积以及所采用的电池有效组份实际密度所限定的理论上限。
虽然受限于电池有效材料所可予包装的相同内部体积,但在有效材料及电解质的量上,每家电池制造厂商较之其他电池制造厂商使用略微不同的比例。因此,在所有电池制造厂家所使用的锌量,二氧化锰,石墨,镁密度,阴极密度及电解质,其高低极限间可能几乎有无限数的置换。申请人发现可使锌量,镁密度,MnO2量,MnO2密度,及电解质量保持平衡,以此方式而较之最佳性能的常规碱性电池提供至少10%性能改进。此为一项重大成就,并且就一种在过去20年期间由于市上的竞争,性能已达最佳的产品而言,为出人意外。
在碱性电池的锌阳极,放电反应可如下所示:
在Mn2O2阴极的放电反应可如下所示:
此三反应相加,得到净电池反应:
因此可看出,反应消耗水。本领域专业人员将会料到,如果增加电池内有效材料的量,则必须按比例增加KOH电解质的量,以便有足够水防止电池干燥。如果碱性电池由于水份耗尽而变为太干燥,电池的性能便会降低。但申请人发现可增加有效材料的量,而不用高于常规电池中所用的含水KOH电解质的量。换言之,可增加Zn/KOH的比例(假设固定的摩尔浓度)超过常规比例,而不影响电池性能。此将在下文更详细讨论。
常规的碱性电池包含一种胶凝锌阳极混合物。该混合物包含单个的锌金属微粒,一种胶凝剂,适量碱性电解质,及少量其他添加物诸如放气抑制剂。一种常用的胶凝剂为羧甲基纤维素型,诸Carbopol 940。放气抑制剂的非限制性实例包括无机添加剂,诸如铟、铋、锡及铅,以及有机抑制剂,诸如磷酸酯如RA600(GAF所产制)以及阴离子及非离子表面活化剂。关于此项技艺上所知的各种阳极混合物,其实例请例如参阅美国专利5,168,018号;4,939,048号;4,500,614号;3,963,520号;4,963,447号;4,455,385号;及4,195,120号。
与电池制造厂家所采用的特殊阳极混合物无关,给定电池型号的锌金属量(以及本文中所讨论的其他诸参数)均在特定范围以内。就常规的AAA号电池而言,可在1.3至1.6克或1.07至1.31安培-小时的范围(依据每克0.82安培-小时)。同样,AAA号电池中的锌阳极,其体积电容量(以密封电池的总内部体积除锌的电容量所测定)可在每立方厘米总内部电池体积0.385至0.492安培-小时的范围。如果锌为有限电极(对阴极),上述值代表电池所可供给的最大电容量及体积量。同样,其他型号的一般市售电池为本文中所讨论的其他诸参数的不同范围以内。
本发明基于发现每一电极的电容量可增加至每立方厘米内部电池体积至少0.48及以上,较佳增加到至少0.5安培小时,而不增加电解质的量。此系采用锌密度为每立方厘米阳极体积至少1.4克锌,及MnO2密度为每立方厘米阳极体积至少2.5克MnO2所获。
现将参照附图说明本发明的诸特点及优点,在附图中:
图1为通过一根据本发明所制成的碱性电池的剖面图。
圆柱形电池10包含外壳12,在其开口端被密封构件14所封闭,其予以卷边在定位。阴极16为如图示的环形结构,其中该阴极的外表面接触外壳的内表面,与其作成电接触。阴极16为如图示将阴极片层叠所形成。每一阴极片系由MnO2,导电剂,及电解质的混合物制成。
电池10另包含将环形阴极16的内表面加衬的分隔片18。分隔片18可为任何熟知的分隔片材料,诸如纤维素或人造丝。
阳极混合物20位于分隔片衬里的腔内。所分散的阳极混合物20包含锌粒,碱性电解质,一种胶凝剂,以及一种或多种诸如上述的放气抑制剂。通常以混合物的重量计,锌及碱性电解质最多约共占96%,更佳最多约占98%。以混合物的重量计,胶凝剂最多约占3%,更佳最多约占1%,及以混合物的重量计,放气抑制剂最多约占1%。
阳极集电极22如图示通过密封构件14,并进入阳极混合物20。阳极集电极22的上端如图示连接至负端盖24,该端盖用作电池10的负外端子。另外,将适量的碱性电解质加至电池,分布于整个阳极,阴极,及分隔片。
本发明基于发现,相对于锌的量采用较少的KOH电解质,而仍获得足够放电(这与电池业界所久已认为的如果使用较多有效材料便无法减低电解质量相反)。因此,可增加阳极结构中锌的密度。较佳为,锌对KOH的重量比至少为2.8∶1,更佳至少为3∶1。此种增加的Zn/KOH重量比,产生阳极体积中的锌密度,每立方厘米阳极体积至少为1.4,更佳至少为1.6,最佳至少为1.7克。较之常规电池有更多锌加至阳极,不论电池型号,均可有锌阳极电容量对电池内部体积比例至少高达每立方厘米0.48安培小时,更佳至少为每立方厘米0.5安培小时。
由更密的阳极所获得的锌阳极放电效率的改进,导致进一步发现先前认为阴极效率低为总体电池性能的主要因素,并不正确。常规碱性电池中所提供导电剂的量(在有些电池型号,以重量计多达12%),以及阴极结构中的MnO2的密度(约为每立方厘米阴极体积2.3至2.75克)有助改进阴极效率。因此,根据本发明,在阴极提供较少的导电剂,从而可增加MnO2的量。因此,可使MnO2电容量与增加的锌电容量保持相对平。较佳为,MnO2电容量对锌电容量的比为在0.95∶1至1.1∶1之间,更佳为在1∶1与1.1∶1之间。较之常规电池有更多MnO2加至阴极,不论电池型号,均可有MnO2阴极电容量对电池内部体积比例至少高达每立方厘米0.48安培-小时,更佳至少为每立方厘米0.5安培-小时。MnO2的密度也高于常用的,较佳为每立方厘米阴极体积至少2.7克MnO2,更佳为至少2.8克。
有些电池制造厂家曾用与发明的阳极相似的高密度阳极,但其未曾也对应减低电解质的量,减低阴极中导电剂的量,及增加MnO2的量。因此,所附权利要求的范围所包含的电池诸参数的特定组合,先前并未曾有人加以组合,因而本发明所实现的电池性能大为超过市售现有碱性电池所可获得的电池性能。
现将在下列实例论证本发明的诸多特点及优点。
                  实例1
此实例证明与常规的AAA号电池比较,根据本发明所制成的AAA号电池的改进性能。
常规的AAA号碱性电池,内部体积为2.84立方厘米。锌阳极在每立方厘米阳极体积1.24克的密度包含1.5克锌。锌阳极的体积电容量为每立方厘米内部电池体积0.435安培-小时。MnO2阴极在每立方厘米阴极体积2.58克的密度包含3.6克MnO2。MnO2阴极的体积电容量为每立方厘米内部电池体积0.474安培小时。电解质包含0.66克KOH,因而锌对KOH的重量比为2.3∶1。
根据本发明所制成的AAA碱性电池,内部体积为2.84立方厘米。锌阳极在每立方厘米1.74克的密度包含1.7克锌,锌阳极的体积电容量为每立方厘米内部电池体积0.49安培小时。MnO2阴极在每立方厘米阴极体积2.00克的密度包含4.2克MnO2。MnO2阴极的体积电容量为每立方厘米内部电池体积0.548安培小时。电解质包含0.54克KOH,因而锌对KOH的重量比为3.2∶1。
每一类型电池在下列测试予以放电。一种“无线电”模拟测试包含电池跨接75欧姆每日放电4小时。测量总小时数至0..9伏。如上述制成的常规AAA电池提供64小时的有效放电,而如上述根据本发明的AAA电池则提供71小时,增加11%。一种“照相闪光灯”模拟测试为电池跨接3.6欧姆每分钟放电15秒。测量总小时数至0.9伏。常规的AAA电池提供6.12小时的有效放电,而根据本发明的AAA电池提供6.47小时,增加6%。
                      实例2
此实例证明与常规的AA号电池比较,根据本发明所制成AA号电池的改进性能。
常规的AA号碱性电池,内部体积为6立方厘米。锌阳极在每立方厘米阳极体积1.4克的密度包含3.5克锌。锌阳极的体积电容量为每立方厘米内部电池体积0.476安培小时。MnO2阴极在每立方厘米阴极体积2.55克的密度包含8.31克MnO2。MnO2阴极的体积电容量为每立方厘米内部电池体积0.507安培小时。电解质包含1.4克KOH,因而锌对KOH的重量比为2.5∶1。
根据本发明所制成的AA碱性电池,内部体积为6立方厘米。锌阳极在每立方厘米1.8克的密度包含3.9克锌,锌阳极的体积电容量为每立方厘米内部电池体积0.533安培小时。MnO2阴极在每立方厘米阴极体积2.9克的密度包含93克MnO2。MnO2阴极的体积电容量为每立方厘米内部电池体积0.57安培小时。电解质包含1.25克KOH,因而锌对KOH的重量比为3.1∶1。
每一类型电池在下列测试予以放电。一种“照相闪光灯”模拟测试为电池跨接1.8欧姆每分钟放电15秒。测量总小时数至0.9伏。常规的AA电池提供9.2小时的有效放电,而根据本发明的AA电池则提供11.6小时,增加26%。
                         实例3
此实例证明与常规的C号电池比较,根据本发明所制成的C号电池的改进性能。
常规的C号碱性电池,内部体积为18.8立方厘米。锌阳极在每立方厘米阳极体积1.4克的密度包含10.4克锌。锌阳极的体积电容量为每立方厘米内部电池体积0.45安培小时。MnO2阴极在每立方厘米阴极体积2.6克的密度包含225克MnO2。MnO2阴极的体积电容量为每立方厘米内部电池体积0.49安培小时。电解质包含4.3克KOH,因而锌对KOH的重量比为2.4∶1。
根据本发明所制成的C号碱性电池,内部体积为18.8立方厘米。锌阳极在每立方厘米1.6克的密度包含12克锌。锌阳极的体积电容量为每立方厘米内部电池体积0.53安培小时。MnO2阴极在每立方厘米阴极体积2.8克的密度包含27克MnO2。MnO2阴极的体积电容量为每立方厘米内部电池体积0.53安培小时。电解质包含4.2克KOH,因而锌对KOH的重量比为2.9∶1。
每一类型电池在下列测试予以放电。一种“照相闪光灯”模拟测试为电池跨接3.9欧姆8小时放电4分钟。测量总小时数至0.9伏。如上述制成的常规C电池,提供18.5小时的有效放电,而如上述根据本发明制成的C电池提供20.7小时,增加12%。
                      实例4
此实例证明与常规的D号电池比较,根据本发明所制成的D号电池的改进性能。
常规的D号碱性电池,内部体积为41立方厘米。锌阳极在每立方厘米阳极体积1.5克的密度包含23克锌。锌阳极的体积电容量为每立方厘米内部电池体积0.41安培小时。MnO2阴极在每立方厘米阴极体积2.6克的密度包含53克MnO2。MnO2阴极的体积电容量为每立方厘米内部电池体积0.47安培小时。电解质包含9.1克KOH,因而锌对KOH的重量比为2.4∶1。
根据本发明所制成的D号碱性电池,内部体积为41立方厘米。锌阳极在每立方厘米1.6克的密度包含25克锌,锌阳极的体积电容量为每立方厘米内部电池体积0.5安培小时。MnO2阴极在每立方厘米阴极体积2.8克的密度包含57克MnO2。MnO2阴极的体积电容量为每立方厘米内部电池体积0.51安培小时。电解质包含8.9克KOH,因而锌对KOH的重量比为2.9∶1。
每一类型电池在下列测试予以放电。一种“照相闪光灯”模拟测试为电池跨接3.2欧姆每八小时放电4分钟。测量总小时数至0.9伏。如上述制成的常规D电池提供20.9小时的有效放电,而如上述根据本发明的D电池提供22.3小时,增加7%。
虽然先前实例提出根据本发明所制成的碱性电池的诸多特色,但其仅意在作为本发明的实例。对电池构造及诸组成部分可作成各种变化,而仍然在要求保护的本发明范围以内。在权利要求书中,任何论及“锌电容量”,为依据每克锌0.82安培小时,而任何论及“MnO2电容量”,亦依据每克MnO2 0.37安培小时。

Claims (4)

1.一种碱性原电池,有一含锌的阳极,一含二氧化锰的阴极,及一种碱性电解质,全部运作是在一有开口端被密封构件所封闭的圆柱形外壳内发生联系;其中该密封构件及外壳的内表面界定电池的内部体积;其中每一阳极及阴极的总电容量对电池内部体积比分别超过每立方厘米内部体积0.48安培小时,以及阳极中的锌密度至少为每立方厘米阳极体积1.6克,及二氧化锰密度至少为每立方厘米阴极体积2.7克,
其中电解质包含氢氧化钾,并且锌量对氢氧化钾量之比至少为每克氢氧化钾2.8克锌。
2.根据权利要求1的碱性原电池,其中电解质包含氢氧化钾,并且锌量对氢氧化钾量之比至少为每克氢氧化钾3克锌。
3.根据权利要求1的碱性原电池,其中二氧化锰体积电容量对锌体积电容量之比为1∶1-1.1∶1。
4.根据权利要求1的碱性原电池,其中锌阳极的体积电容量,以0.82安培小时/克计,及二氧化锰体积电容量,以0.31安培小时/克计,各超过每立方厘米内部体积0.50安培小时,以及阳极中的锌密度至少为每立方厘米阳极体积1.7克及二氧化锰密度至少为每立方厘米阴极体积2.9克。
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