CN1072795C - 防弹安全头盔 - Google Patents

防弹安全头盔 Download PDF

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CN1072795C
CN1072795C CN96193160A CN96193160A CN1072795C CN 1072795 C CN1072795 C CN 1072795C CN 96193160 A CN96193160 A CN 96193160A CN 96193160 A CN96193160 A CN 96193160A CN 1072795 C CN1072795 C CN 1072795C
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helmet
multiaxis
knit goods
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CN1181132A (zh
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D·H·P·舒斯特
A·G·费尔斯
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Akzo Nobel NV
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
    • F41H1/00—Personal protection gear
    • F41H1/04—Protection helmets
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A42—HEADWEAR
    • A42B—HATS; HEAD COVERINGS
    • A42B3/00—Helmets; Helmet covers ; Other protective head coverings
    • A42B3/04—Parts, details or accessories of helmets
    • A42B3/06—Impact-absorbing shells, e.g. of crash helmets
    • A42B3/062—Impact-absorbing shells, e.g. of crash helmets with reinforcing means
    • A42B3/063—Impact-absorbing shells, e.g. of crash helmets with reinforcing means using layered structures
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
    • B32B5/22—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed
    • B32B5/24—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer
    • B32B5/26—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer another layer next to it also being fibrous or filamentary
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
    • B32B5/02—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer
    • B32B5/026—Knitted fabric
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
    • B32B5/22—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed
    • B32B5/24—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer
    • B32B5/28—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer impregnated with or embedded in a plastic substance
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
    • F41H1/00—Personal protection gear
    • F41H1/04—Protection helmets
    • F41H1/08—Protection helmets of plastics; Plastic head-shields
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
    • F41H5/00—Armour; Armour plates
    • F41H5/02—Plate construction
    • F41H5/04—Plate construction composed of more than one layer
    • F41H5/0471—Layered armour containing fibre- or fabric-reinforced layers
    • F41H5/0485—Layered armour containing fibre- or fabric-reinforced layers all the layers being only fibre- or fabric-reinforced layers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2260/00—Layered product comprising an impregnated, embedded, or bonded layer wherein the layer comprises an impregnation, embedding, or binder material
    • B32B2260/02—Composition of the impregnated, bonded or embedded layer
    • B32B2260/021—Fibrous or filamentary layer
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2260/00—Layered product comprising an impregnated, embedded, or bonded layer wherein the layer comprises an impregnation, embedding, or binder material
    • B32B2260/04—Impregnation, embedding, or binder material
    • B32B2260/046—Synthetic resin
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2305/00—Condition, form or state of the layers or laminate
    • B32B2305/10—Fibres of continuous length
    • B32B2305/18—Fabrics, textiles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2437/00—Clothing
    • B32B2437/04—Caps, helmets
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2571/00—Protective equipment
    • B32B2571/02—Protective equipment defensive, e.g. armour plates, anti-ballistic clothing

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Helmets And Other Head Coverings (AREA)
  • Moulding By Coating Moulds (AREA)
  • Knitting Of Fabric (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Gloves (AREA)
  • Reinforced Plastic Materials (AREA)

Abstract

一种头盔，特别是一种防弹头盔，含有由防弹纤维制造的纺织织物作为防护层。各层的排列为：远离戴盔者的面层由多轴向针织织物制造，而面向戴盔者的面层由机织织物制造。多轴向针织织物层占全部增强层的比例优选为60-80%。防弹纤维为芳酰胺纤维、由凝胶纺丝法纺出的聚乙烯纤维、玻璃纤维、金属纤维或它们的混纺物。芳酰胺纤维较好。

Description

防弹安全头盔
本发明涉及一种头盔，特别是一种防弹安全头盔，它由嵌入在基体中并通过此基体使各层相互结合的多层纺织织物层组成。
用于军警部队的头盔通常是防弹的，即这些头盔具有阻止子弹和碎片的作用，从而防止戴头盔者因发射体冲击而头部受伤。
这种头盔的防护层通常包括由防弹纤维制成的机织织物，例如芳酰胺纤维。常见的用作保护头部的防弹头盔含有15层用酚醛树脂浸渍的芳酰胺织物，并在将其剪切成适于制造头盔的形状后加压结合。
通常，这种头盔的防护层是机织织物，但在本情况中也已提出使用针织织物。例如，在DE-A3806204中提及使用“具有网眼结构的机织和针织织物”制造头盔。同样，US-A4343047提到针织或机织纺织织物用于制造头盔。
最后，在一家芳酰胺纤维制造厂的杂志的一篇文章(杜邦杂志，1988,No.1,pp.10-13)中，“由Kevlar针织的帽子”被引用为头盔的前体(Kevlar为此厂的一种芳酰胺纤维的商标)。
所有这些出版物都将针织织物看作机织织物的替换物，即可从这些出版物引出论点：一种防弹头盔的增强层将由机织或针织织物制造均可。在头盔中同时使用机织和针织织物的可能性未提及，从这些材料中亦未推理出何类针织织物最适用于头盔。
推行包括头盔在内的防弹安全服装，致力于改进对发射体、碎片等冲击的防护作用，这是从事开发这种服装者的一项持续的任务，因为每前进一步都涉及保存人们生命和防止受伤。这促进了进一步开发防弹头盔防护作用的任务。
本发明的目的是提供一种新的头盔，它具有安全防护领域中所要求的更好防弹性能，是对防弹头盔领域的贡献。
本发明的目的可由一种头盔来得到解决，特别是一种防弹安全头盔，它由嵌入在基体树脂中并通过此基体使各层相互结合的多层纺织织物层组成，其特征为远离戴盔者的面层含有由防弹纤维制造的多轴向针织织物。
出人意料地，发现了若头盔的外层防护层(即戴盔者远侧的纺织织物防护层，因而也是首先暴露于射击的一侧)由防弹纤维制造的多轴向针织织物制成，此项任务特别成功。
纺织织物应理解为所有由纤维材料制造的织物，诸如机织织物、针织织物、非织造织物、纱线复合材料等。对于本发明的头盔，特别重要的是针织和机织织物。
防弹纤维包括所有的纤维材料，它们以纺织织物的形式阻止或明显减缓以高速运动的较小物体，例如发射体、碎片等。
防弹纤维的实例为芳酰胺纤维、用凝胶纺丝法纺丝的聚乙烯纤维、玻璃纤维和金属纤维。芳酰胺纤维较适于制造本发明的头盔。
芳酰胺纤维亦称为芳族聚酰胺纤维，通常在纺织工业中以制造防护服装著称。其在商业上例如以Twaron这样的品名提供。
芳酰胺纤维可存在于多轴向针织织物和机织织物中，或单独使用或与其它纤维混纺。为了得到良好的防弹效果，当使用混纺物时，较好为将芳酰胺纤维与其它防弹纤维混纺。
用于制造多轴向针织织物或机织织物的纱可以是长丝纱或短纤维纱。长丝纱因所达到的强度高而较好。有关所使用的纱的纤度并无限制，例如，可在500至4000dtex之间。
多轴向针织织物是具有多个轴的纱线复合物，至少具有两个纱线系统并在针织过程中通过成圈纱线或缝编经线互相结合。通常认为多轴向针织织物为针织织物。但是，其结构处于针织织物和纱线复合物之间。因而多轴向针织织物也被部分地称为针织多轴向纱线复合物。
原则上亦可使用单轴向结构，例如常规的经纱针织织物，以制造本发明的头盔。但是多轴向结构证明是更适合的。
在制造多轴向针织织物中，在技术上已知的机器中可使用高达八个纱线系统。对于制造本发明的头盔，一种具有三至四个纱线系统的多轴向针织织物是较好的。但是，本发明并不限于特定类型的多轴向针织织物或规定数目的纱线系统，而是包括了此类材料的所有变动。
除了纱线系统数目的可能变动外，多轴向针织织物对各系统的排列方式提供了另一可能性，其特征为规定一个角度。基线为0度，它形成织物生产方向中的纵向轴。因此将此0度线理解为通过网的中心与两边缘等距的轴。
对其它纱线系统的排列以相对于此纵轴或0度线的角度给出，此处常规上以正角表示面向织物运动方向时0度线右边的纱线系统，并以负角表示位于左边的纱线系统。30至60角是可能的。另外的纱线系统可垂直于纵向轴，从而形成90度角，从而加以标记。
以此方式产生的纱线复合物的增强作用是由所谓的针织纱线实现的，针织纱线通常沿0度轴运动。若在制造多轴向针织织物期间，使用防弹和非防弹纤维的混纺材料，实用上使用非防弹纤维材料于针织纱线，而防弹纤维更适用于其它纱线系统。
多轴向织物的制造是在纺织技术现有的机器上进行的，这通常指具有多轴向纬纱插入系统的经纱针织机。
多轴向针织织物的单位面积重量应为200至600g/m2，较好为300至500g/m2。
多轴向针织织物用于头盔外部各层，即远离带盔者一侧的各层。在这些层中，多轴向针织织物如以下实施例所示，其优点十分显著。
例如，一种头盔含有总共15层由防弹纤维制成的纺织织物。这些层由外层至内层计，例如，层1-10或1-12可由多轴向针织织物制造，而层11-15或13-15由机织织物制造。两种纺织织物都由防弹纤维例如芳酰胺纤维制造。多轴向针织织物在增强层中的总重量百分比为50-90％，较好为60-80％。
头盔的增强层的比例也可小于50％，但如多轴向针织织物层的重量百分比超过机织织物层的重量百分比，则得到了更佳结果。
机织织物层和多轴向针织织物层用在头盔中形成基体的聚合物处理。例如，聚合物可以是酚醛树脂。应用的基体材料的用量相对于处理前的纺织织物干重通常为10-30％，较好为10-20％。例如，对于单位面积重量为410g/m2的多轴向针织织物可应用55g/m2的酚醛树脂，相当于应用量13.4％。
除了酚醛树脂，对于防弹头盔，可用其它聚合物作为基体材料。硬质体、弹性体和热塑性塑料类型中的许多聚合物都是适合的。可用产品的实例为乙烯基酯、环氧树脂、丙烯酸树脂、不饱和聚酯和醇酸树脂。酚醛树脂较好，因为它们很适于防弹制品，并不易燃烧。
如实施例所示，当多轴向针织织物与常用的机织织物在头盔中联合使用时，即当头盔的外层为多轴向针织织物而内层为机织织物时，多轴向针织织物的积极效果惊人地显著。此种联合使防弹效果明显优于单独使用多轴向针织织物或机织织物的头盔，两者都由防弹纤维制造。
本发明嵌入基体中的和通过基体相互结合的纺织织物层的排列显示出当头盔受碎片冲击下的特别良好的防弹效果。除了头盔外，无论如何，其它的防弹器材，诸如载重车甲板、阻止发射体的移动障碍物等都可以同样的方式制造，此处每种情况的多轴向针织织物都设在将接受发射体或碎片的一面。
迄今，对本发明头盔的十分惊人的防弹作用尚无充分的解释。一个可能的理由是在外层含有多轴向针织织物的头盔受到冲击期间，由纺织织物接受的传送能量的变形波由于纱线层的定向，可特别无干扰地传播。这对于机织织物，由于其纱线系统互相缠结而产生的结构，是不可能的。
如更详细地在实施例中所示，本发明的头盔与常用头盔相比，可得到明显的改进，因而对增进戴此头盔者的安全具有重要贡献。
实施例
实施例1
本实施例描述试验中使用的机织织物的制造。在此情况中，将一种具有3360dtex纤度的芳酰胺纤维长丝纱织成纱线经纬密度各为6.2/cm的平纹组织的织物。所得织物单位面积的重量为412g/m2。
此织物用酚醛树脂浸渍。应用12％的树脂，即干燥后经浸渍的机织织物的单位面积重量为461g/m2。
实施例2
此实施例描述多轴向针织织物的制造。在具有称为Liba系统的多轴向纬纱插入系统的经纱针织机上，将纤度为3360dtex的芳酰胺纤维长丝纱加工成为多轴向针织织物。使用成+45、-45和90度角的三种纱线系统。所有三种系统和针织纱线都由相同的纱制造。所得织物单位面积的重量为409g/m2。
所得的多轴向针织织物用酚醛树脂浸渍。应用12％的树脂，即干燥后经浸渍的多轴向针织织物的单位面积重量为458g/m2。
实施例3
将实施例1的机织织物和实施例2的多轴向针织织物一起加工成头盔。适于头盔结构的裁片由11层多轴向针织织物和4层机织织物制成。对于每一层，制备所谓玫瑰图案。这基于头盔的形状而形成，具有一个圆形或卵形的中部和多个侧面部分，例如具有接近梯形的形状。
将各个枚瑰图案插入头盔的模具中，使各边缘部分的原边缘并不直接叠置，而是上层的边缘部分轻微覆盖其下层的原边缘，从而搭接邻近裁片。然后将各层压在一起，由应用于纺织织物的聚合物形成基体。此法用于制造防弹头盔通常在头盔工业中是众所周知的。
排列各层，使头盔从外层到内层含有11层如实施例2所生产的多轴向针织织物和4层如实施例1所生产的机织织物。
此头盔按标准化协定2920接受碎片射击。射击用1.1g碎片。所得的V50值为720m/sec。此值意谓着在给定的射击速度下穿透可能性为50％。
实施例4
重复实施例3，使用10层如实施例2所生产的多轴向针织织物和5层如实施例1所生产的机织织物。如实施例3所述制造头盔，因而，从外层到内层，有10层多轴向针织织物和5层机织织物。
头盔按标准化协定2920接受碎片射击。射击用1.1g碎片。所得的V50值为710m/sec。
实施例5
重复实施例3，使用12层如实施例2所生产的多轴向针织织物和3层如实施例1所生产的机织织物。如实施例3所述制造头盔，因而，从外层到内层，有12层多轴向针织织物和3层机织织物。
头盔按标准化协定2920接受碎片射击。射击用1.1g碎片。所得的V50值为710m/sec。
对比例1
使用实施例3所述方法，头盔用15层如实施例1所述的机织织物生产。
头盔按标准化协定2920接受碎片射击。射击用1.1g碎片。所得的V50值为640m/sec。
对比本例与实施例3-5的结果，表明头盔按照实施例3-5由机织和多轴向针织织物的复合物构成较单独只用机织织物制造具有明显优良的防弹效果。
实施例2A
使用实施例3所述方法，头盔用15层如实施例2所生产的多轴向针织织物加工。
此头盔按标准化协定2920接受碎片射击。射击用1.1g碎片。所得的V50值为675m/sec。
对比本例与实施例3-5和对比例1的结果，表明头盔按照实施例3-5由机织和多轴向针织织物的复合物生产较单独只用机织织物制造具有明显优良的防弹效果，而且也较单独只用多轴向针织织物制造具有更优良的防弹效果。
对比例3
将纤度为3360dtex的芳酰胺纤维长丝纱在针织机上加工成为单位面积重量为458g/m2的针织织物。然后织物用酚醛树脂浸渍。在此处理并接着干燥后，针织织物单位面积的重量为513g/m2。
使用实施例3所述方法，头盔用总共为13层的针织织物生产。比较实施例3和对比例1和实施例2A，层数有所减少，因为使用15层会导至总重过高而不可能进行比较。
所得头盔按标准化协定2920接受碎片射击。射击用1.1g碎片。所得的V50值为465m/sec。
对比例4
将纤度为3360dtex的芳酰胺纤维长丝纱在经纱针织机上加工成为具有单轴向结构的经纱针织织物，其单位面积重量为462g/m2。然后织物用酚醛树脂浸渍。在此处理并接着干燥后，织物单位面积的重量为517g/m2。
使用实施例3所述方法，头盔用总共为1 3层的经纱针织织物生产。如同在对比例3中那样，层数与实施例3和对比例1和实施例2A比较有所减少，因为使用15层会导至总重过高。
所得头盔按标准化协定2920接受碎片射击。射击用1.1g碎片。所得的V50值为630m/sec。
对比例3和4表明，用其它类型的针织织物，如此处用针织或经纱针织织物，不能达到用多轴向针织织物所得到的良好结果(实施例2A)。
下表总结了实施例和对比例中所得的结果：
              头盔      V50
              m/sec
              层
实施例3       11MA+     720
              4W
实施例4       10MA+    710
              5W
实施例5       12MA+    710
              3W
对比例1
              15W      640
实施例2A      15MA     675
对比例3       13K      465
对比例4       13WK     630
符号：MA=按实施例2生产的多轴向针织织物，W=按实施例1生产的机织织物，K=按对比例3描述的针织织物，WK=按对比例4描述的经纱针织织物。

Claims (5)

1．头盔，特别是一种防弹安全头盔，它由嵌入在基体树脂中并通过此基体使各层相互结合的多层纺织织物层组成，其特征为远离戴盔者的面层含有由防弹纤维制造的多轴向针织织物。
2．按照权利要求1的头盔，其特征为面向戴盔者的面层含有由防弹纤维制造的机织织物。
3．按照权利要求1或2的头盔，其特征为多轴向针织织物层占全部增强层重量的50-90％。
4．按照权利要求1或2的头盔，其特征为多轴向针织织物层占全部增强层重量的60-80％。
5．按照权利要求1或2的头盔，其特征为防弹纤维为芳酰胺纤维、由凝胶纺丝法纺出的聚乙烯纤维、玻璃纤维、金属纤维或它们的混纺物。
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