CN107261837A - 一种引用高温烟气进行尿素热解制氨的脱硝装置及工艺 - Google Patents
一种引用高温烟气进行尿素热解制氨的脱硝装置及工艺 Download PDFInfo
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- CN107261837A CN107261837A CN201710622046.0A CN201710622046A CN107261837A CN 107261837 A CN107261837 A CN 107261837A CN 201710622046 A CN201710622046 A CN 201710622046A CN 107261837 A CN107261837 A CN 107261837A
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- pyrolysis
- urea
- flue gas
- boiler
- ductwork
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- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N urea Chemical compound 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NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 238
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 119
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 119
- 239000003546 flue gas Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 106
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon monoxide Chemical compound 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- 229910052813 nitrogen oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 30
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- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/46—Removing components of defined structure
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- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/74—General processes for purification of waste gases; Apparatus or devices specially adapted therefor
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- C01C1/08—Preparation of ammonia from nitrogenous organic substances
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种引用高温烟气进行尿素热解制氨的脱硝装置及工艺，其中，引用锅炉尾部烟道的部分高温烟气到热解器中热解雾化的尿素溶液，雾化的尿素溶液热解后生成氨气；将热解后的气体与锅炉尾部烟道排出的烟气进行充分混合；将混合气体包含的氮氧化物和氨气在催化剂的作用下进行还原反应生成N2和H2O，从而去除锅炉尾部烟道烟气的氮氧化物。有益效果：在达到相同的脱硝效果的同时，无需额外的电加热器和蒸汽加热，最大程度的节约能量消耗，降低成本，且能使尿素热解充分，防止尿素在催化剂和空气预热器上结晶，防止尿素直喷导致的锅炉尾部烟道受热面和换热面被尿素腐蚀。
Description
一种引用高温烟气进行尿素热解制氨的脱硝装置及工艺
技术领域
[0001] 本发明涉及烟气净化技术领域，尤其是涉及一种引用高温烟气进行尿素热解制氨 的脱硝装置及工艺。
背景技术
[0002] 燃煤锅炉是我国能源生产的重要手段，伴随着国民经济发展，能源消耗逐年递增， 伴随而来的大气污染问题渐渐凸显并成为人们关注的焦点。其中氮氧化物(N〇x)作为三大 主要大气污染物之一，已受到越来越多的关注，烟气脱硝已成为国家污染控制的重点领域。
[0003] 目前，在我国己实际应用在电厂的烟气脱硝技术主要有选择性催化还原（SCR)技 术、选择性非催化还原(SNCR)技术和选择性催化还原-选择性非催化还原的联用技术。在这 三种烟气脱硝技术中选择性催化还原(SCR)技术以脱硝效率高、选择性好、运行稳定可靠、 几乎无二次污染等优点，成为应用最为广泛的脱硝技术。 t〇〇〇4] SCR脱硝工艺的还原剂主要有液氨、氨水、尿素三种，三者各有优缺点。液氨和氨水 具有腐蚀性，在运输、卸料、储存、运行、检修等各个环节均存在安全隐患，其使用的安全等 级要求较高，且初始投资成本较高。以尿素为还原剂的SCR脱硝工艺因无安全等级要求，尿 素储存和运输方便、且初始投资成本少等优点，在中小型电厂和一些人口较为集中、靠近市 区的大型电厂得到广泛应用。
[0005]在国际上，以尿素作为还原剂的SCR脱硝工艺主要是:热解和水解。尿素热解法是 将50%质量浓度的尿素溶液通过喷枪喷入到尿素热解炉中，然后采用电加热的方式使尿素 溶液完成分解成氨气和二氧化碳。分解后的气体送入到SCR系统的喷氨格栅。尿素水解工艺 原理主要是尿素溶液在高温高压下发生分解反应，一般是将尿素溶液输入至水解反应器 (类似于换热器），在反应器中通过蒸汽盘管对尿素溶液进行加热，一般加热至180度左右， 尿素溶液发生分解释放出氨气和二氧化碳。目前国外热解和水解的专利技术都需要单独的 系统来产生氨气，并且都需要消耗大量热源，能耗较高，运行成本较高，在一定程度上制约 了尿素热解和水解技术的工程应用。
[0006]在国内，为了减少能耗，降低运行成本，许多脱硝工艺采用尿素直喷技术。尿素直 喷技术是通过喷枪将稀释后的尿素溶液喷向锅炉尾部烟道，尿素在锅炉内尾部烟道完成分 解的过程。尿素直喷技术也有较大的缺点:受到锅炉尾部空间不足的影响，尿素还未完全分 解就喷到了锅炉受热面上，时间长了尿素液滴会对受热面造成腐蚀等影响;受到烟道内部 受热和换热设备影响，尿素直喷到锅炉尾部烟道，与烟气不能均匀混合，且尿素在烟道内不 能完全分解，容易在催化剂和空预器上结晶，导致催化剂、空预器堵塞和催化剂失效。
发明内容
[0007]本发明的目的在于克服上述技术不足，提出一种引用高温烟气进行尿素热解制氨 的脱硝装置及工艺，解决现有技术中的上述技术问题。
[0008]为达到上述技术目的，本发明的技术方案提供一种引用高温烟气进行尿素热解制 氨的脱硝装置，包括:锅炉尾部烟道、若干热解器、一混合器、一反应器;所述热解器设有热 解器进口和热解器出口，所述热解器进口连通锅炉尾部烟道高温区，所述热解器出口连接 锅炉尾部烟道低温区，所述热解器进口设置有入口烟气挡板，所述热解器出口设置有烟气 温度检测装置、烟气压力检测装置;所述热解器上设置有若干尿素喷枪，所述尿素喷枪的喷 头伸入所述热解器内部，所述尿素喷枪向所述热解器内部喷出雾化的尿素溶液;所述锅炉 尾部烟道末端连接所述混合器，所述混合器连接所述反应器。 t〇〇〇9] 本发明还提供一种引用高温烟气进行尿素热解制氨的脱硝工艺，包括：
[0010] S1、引用锅炉尾部烟道的部分高温烟气到一热解器中热解雾化的尿素溶液，所述 雾化的尿素溶液热解后生成氨气，所述雾化的尿素溶液的平均粒径在l〇um〜l〇〇um，所述锅 炉尾部烟道的烟气含有氮氧化物，引用的所述锅炉尾部烟道的高温烟气温度在550〜700 °C；
[0011] S2、将所述热解器排出的气体与所述锅炉尾部烟道排出的烟气进行充分混合；
[0012] S3、将S2的混合气体包含的氮氧化物和氨气在催化剂的作用下进行还原反应生成 N2和H20，从而去除所述锅炉尾部烟道烟气的氮氧化物。
[0013] 与现有技术相比，本发明的有益效果包括:本发明的引用高温烟气进行尿素热解 制氨的脱硝装置及工艺，引用高温热烟气在热解器中热解尿素，在达到相同的脱硝效果的 同时，无需额外的电加热器和蒸汽加热，最大程度的节约能量消耗，降低运行成本，且能使 尿素热解充分，防止尿素由于热解不充分在催化剂和空气预热器上结晶，防止采用尿素直 喷技术导致的锅炉尾部烟道受热面和换热面被尿素腐蚀;尿素热解产生的气体和锅炉尾部 烟道烟气在混合器中可充分混合，可提升在反应器中的还原反应效果。
附图说明
[0014] 图1是本发明提供的一种引用高温烟气进行尿素热解制氨的脱硝装置结构图；
[0015] 图2是本发明提供的一种引用高温烟气进行尿素热解制氨的脱硝工艺流程图。 [0016]附图中：1、锅炉尾部烟道，2、热解器，3、混合器，4、反应器，21、热解器进口，22、热 解器出口，23、尿素喷枪，24、入口烟气挡板，25、烟气温度检测装置，26、烟气压力检测装置。
具体实施方式
[0017]为了使本发明的目的、技术方案及优点更加清楚明白，以下结合附图及实施例，对 本发明进行进一步详细说明。应当理解，此处所描述的具体实施例仅仅用以解释本发明，并 不用于限定本发明。
[0018]本发明提供了一种引用高温烟气进行尿素热解制氨的脱硝装置，包括:锅炉尾部 烟道1、若干热解器2、一混合器3、一反应器4;热解器2均设有热解器进口 21和热解器出口 22,热解器进口 21均连通锅炉尾部烟道1高温区，热解器出口 22均连接锅炉尾部烟道1低温 区；锅炉尾部烟道1末端连接混合器3，混合器3连接反应器4;热解器2顶部或侧面上设置有 若干尿素喷枪23,尿素喷枪23的喷头伸入热解器2内部，尿素喷枪23内引入压缩空气，由于 压缩空气的带来的压力使得尿素喷枪23中的尿素溶液从尿素喷枪23的喷头以雾化的形式 喷到热解器2内部。
[0019]如图1所示，本发明所述的引用高温烟气进行尿素热解制氨的脱硝装置，锅炉尾部 烟道1从上至下为高温区至低温区，锅炉尾部烟道1内有高温热烟气，锅炉高温热烟气含有 NOx (氮氧化物），在锅炉尾部烟道1内部高温热烟气从高温区流向低温区；高温热烟气(550 〜700°C)从热解器进口21进入热解器2并从热解器出口22流出，雾化尿素溶液在热解器2中 热解，完全分解为氨气与二氧化碳，含有氨气的热解器2中的气体从热解器出口 22流出后到 达锅炉尾部烟道1低温区并在锅炉尾部烟道1低温区与锅炉尾部烟道1的烟气进行交汇；之 后，热解器2中的气体、锅炉尾部烟道1的烟气进入混合器3进行充分混合，混合后形成混合 气体;混合气体再进入与混合器3连接的反应器4,混合气体的NOx、氨气在催化剂作用下发 生还原反应，生成N2和H20,达到去除烟气中氮氧化物的目的。
[0020] 本发明所述的引用高温烟气进行尿素热解制氨的脱硝装置，热解器2内部设置防 磨和导流部件，锅炉烟气中往往夹杂一些颗粒状物质，在热解器2内部设置防磨部件，例如 在热解器2内部设置防磨层，可以防止烟气的颗粒状物质对热解器2内部造成划伤、损伤，延 长热解器2使用寿命;在热解器2内部设置导流部件，例如在热解器2内部的拐角处设置导流 板或导流片，使得热解器2内部的拐角变得圆滑，提高热解器2内部的气体流动的流畅性。 [0021] 本发明所述的引用高温烟气进行尿素热解制氨的脱硝装置，锅炉烟气和尿素溶液 热解后产生的气体在混合器3进行混合，可选的，混合器3为s型通道，可以增加气体的混合 时间，让锅炉烟气和尿素溶液热解后产生的气体混合更加充分;从混合器3中出来的混合气 体进入反应器4并经过多层反应层，反应层中设有催化剂，混合气体在催化剂作用下发生还 原反应，生成N2和H20,达到去除烟气中氮氧化物的目的。
[0022]本发明所述的引用高温烟气进行尿素热解制氨的脱硝装置，热解器进口 21设置有 入口烟气挡板24，入口烟气挡板24为可开合的电控挡板，入口烟气挡板24用于调节进入热 解器2的高温烟气的量。
[0023]本发明所述的引用高温烟气进行尿素热解制氨的脱硝装置，热解器出口 22设置有 烟气温度检测装置25、烟气压力检测装置26,优选的，热解器出口 22还设置一流量传感器， 烟气温度检测装置25、烟气压力检测装置26、流量传感器分别用于检测从热解器出口 22排 出气体的温度、压力、流量。
[0024]本发明还提供一种引用高温烟气进行尿素热解制氨的脱硝工艺，包括：
[0025] S1、引用锅炉尾部烟道1的部分高温烟气热解雾化的尿素溶液，雾化的尿素溶液热 解后生成氨气，雾化的尿素溶液的平均粒径在l〇um〜100um，锅炉尾部烟道1的烟气含有氮 氧化物，引用的锅炉尾部烟道1的高温烟气温度在550〜700°C;
[0026] S2、将热解后的气体与锅炉尾部烟道1排出的烟气进行充分混合；
[0027] S3、将S2的混合气体包含的氮氧化物和氨气在催化剂的作用下进行还原反应生成 N2和H20,从而去除锅炉尾部烟道烟气的氮氧化物。
[0028]本发明所述的引用高温烟气进行尿素热解制氨的脱硝工艺，步骤S1中引用的用来 热解雾化的尿素溶液的高温烟气总量占锅炉尾部烟道1中烟气总量的1%〜10%。
[0029] 本发明所述的引用高温烟气进行尿素热解制氨的脱硝工艺，步骤S1中尿素溶液的 质量浓度为5 %〜50 %。
[0030] 本发明所述的引用高温烟气进行尿素热解制氨的脱硝工艺，具体的，引用锅炉尾 部烟道1的部分高温烟气到一个热解器2中，在热解器2中喷洒雾化的尿素溶液，利用高温烟 气的热量热解雾化的尿素溶液，雾化的尿素溶液热解后生成氨气，锅炉尾部烟道1的烟气含 有氮氧化物，将热解器2中的气体与锅炉尾部烟道1排出的烟气进行充分混合，充分混合完 毕后，将混合气体包含的氮氧化物和氨气在催化剂的作用下进行还原反应生成N2和H20,从 而去除锅炉尾部烟道1烟气的氮氧化物。
[0031] 实施例1:
[0032] S1、引用锅炉尾部烟道1的部分高温烟气热解雾化的尿素溶液，雾化的尿素溶液热 解后生成氨气，雾化的尿素溶液的平均粒径在l〇um，尿素溶液的质量浓度为5%，锅炉尾部 烟道1的烟气含有氮氧化物，引用的锅炉尾部烟道1的高温烟气温度在550°C，引用的用来热 解雾化的尿素溶液的高温烟气总量占锅炉尾部烟道1中烟气总量的1%;
[0033] S2、将热解后的气体与锅炉尾部烟道1排出的烟气进行充分混合；
[0034] S3、将S2的混合气体包含的氮氧化物和氨气在催化剂的作用下进行还原反应生成 N2和H20,从而去除锅炉尾部烟道1烟气的氮氧化物。
[0035] 实施例2:
[0036] S1、引用锅炉尾部烟道1的部分高温烟气热解雾化的尿素溶液，雾化的尿素溶液热 解后生成氨气，雾化的尿素溶液的平均粒径在50um，尿素溶液的质量浓度为28%，锅炉尾部 烟道1的烟气含有氮氧化物，引用的锅炉尾部烟道1的高温烟气温度在620°C，引用的用来热 解雾化的尿素溶液的高温烟气总量占锅炉尾部烟道1中烟气总量的5%;
[0037] S2、将热解后的气体与锅炉尾部烟道1排出的烟气进行充分混合；
[0038] S3、将S2的混合气体包含的氮氧化物和氨气在催化剂的作用下进行还原反应生成 N2和H20，从而去除锅炉尾部烟道1烟气的氮氧化物。
[0039] 实施例3:
[0040] S1、引用锅炉尾部烟道1的部分高温烟气热解雾化的尿素溶液，雾化的尿素溶液热 解后生成氨气，雾化的尿素溶液的平均粒径在lOOum，尿素溶液的质量浓度为50%，锅炉尾 部烟道的烟气含有氮氧化物，引用的锅炉尾部烟道的高温烟气温度在7〇〇°C，引用的用来热 解雾化的尿素溶液的高温烟气总量占锅炉尾部烟道中烟气总量的10%;
[0041] S2、将热解后的气体与锅炉尾部烟道1排出的烟气进行充分混合；
[0042] S3、将S2的混合气体包含的氮氧化物和氨气在催化剂的作用下进行还原反应生成 N2和H20,从而去除锅炉尾部烟道1烟气的氮氧化物。
[0043]与现有技术相比，本发明的有益效果包括:本发明的引用高温烟气进行尿素热解 制氨的脱硝装置及工艺，引用高温热烟气在热解器中热解尿素，在达到相同的脱硝效果的 同时，无需额外的电加热器和蒸汽加热，最大程度的节约能量消耗，降低运行成本，且能使 尿素热解充分，防止尿素由于热解不充分在催化剂和空气预热器上结晶，防止采用尿素直 喷技术导致的锅炉尾部烟道受热面和换热面被尿素腐蚀;尿素热解产生的气体和锅炉尾部 烟道烟气在混合器中可充分混合，可提升在反应器中的还原反应效果。
[0044]以上所述本发明的具体实施方式，并不构成对本发明保护范围的限定。任何根据 本发明的技术构思所做出的各种其他相应的改变与变形，均应包含在本发明权利要求的保 护范围内。
Claims (8)
1. 一种引用高温烟气进行尿素热解制氨的脱硝装置，其特征在于，包括：锅炉尾部烟 道、若干热解器、一混合器、一反应器;所述热解器设有热解器进口和热解器出口，所述热解 器进口连通锅炉尾部烟道高温区，所述热解器出口连接锅炉尾部烟道低温区，所述热解器 进口设置有入口烟气挡板，所述热解器出口设置有烟气温度检测装置、烟气压力检测装置； 所述热解器上设置有若干尿素喷枪，所述尿素喷枪的喷头伸入所述热解器内部，所述尿素 喷枪向所述热解器内部喷出雾化的尿素溶液;所述锅炉尾部烟道末端连接所述混合器，所 述混合器连接所述反应器。
2. 如权利要求1所述的引用高温烟气进行尿素热解制氨的脱硝装置，其特征在于，所述 尿素喷枪设置在所述热解器的顶面或者侧面。
3. 如权利要求1所述的引用高温烟气进行尿素热解制氨的脱硝装置，其特征在于，所述 热解器内部设置防磨和导流部件。
4. 如权利要求1所述的引用高温烟气进行尿素热解制氨的脱硝装置，其特征在于，所述 反应器中设有多个反应层，所述反应层中设有催化剂。
5. 如权利要求1所述的引用高温烟气进行尿素热解制氨的脱硝装置，其特征在于，所述 入口烟气挡板为可开合的电控挡板。
6. —种引用高温烟气进行尿素热解制氨的脱硝工艺，其特征在于，包括： 51、 引用锅炉尾部烟道的部分高温烟气到一热解器中热解雾化的尿素溶液，所述雾化 的尿素溶液热解后生成氨气，所述雾化的尿素溶液的平均粒径在10um〜lOOum，所述锅炉尾 部烟道的烟气含有氮氧化物，引用的所述锅炉尾部烟道的高温烟气温度在550〜700°C ; 52、 将所述热解器排出的气体与所述锅炉尾部烟道排出的烟气进行充分混合； 53、 将S2的混合气体包含的氮氧化物和氨气在催化剂的作用下进行还原反应生成N2和 H20,从而去除所述锅炉尾部烟道烟气的氮氧化物。
7.如权利要求6所述的引用高温烟气进行尿素热解制氨的脱硝工艺，其特征在于，步骤 S1中引用的用来热解所述雾化的尿素溶液的高温烟气总量占所述锅炉尾部烟道中烟气总 量的1%〜10%。
8.如权利要求6所述的引用高温烟气进行尿素热解制氨的脱硝工艺，其特征在于，步骤 S1中尿素溶液的质量浓度为5 %〜50 %。
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