CN107217472B - 一种低污染型蚕丝膨化的方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种低污染型蚕丝膨化的方法，其特征在于，包括以下方面：（1）氨化处理，向蒸锅中加入尿素，将蚕丝放置于蒸馏层进行氨化处理；（2）清洗烘干：将蚕丝低温烘干至水分含量为13%‑17%；（3）洗涤膨化，将蚕丝放入滚筒洗涤机中，加入膨化剂进行洗涤膨化处理；（4）平衡溶液，将蚕丝浸入清水中加入氢氧化钠溶液调整溶液至pH6.5‑7；（5）填充膨化，向浸入蚕丝的溶液中分别加入氯化锌、氢氧化钠和硅酸钠，进行填充膨化处理。本发明方法所膨化的蚕丝，其膨化率提高4.78%，膨化效果好，收缩率低，单位面积质量增加0.411g，具有良好的膨松性和下垂性。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于蚕丝加工技术领域，具体涉及一种低污染型蚕丝膨化的方法。
背景技术
蚕丝是由丝胶和丝素组成，其中丝胶包裹在丝素外部，占到总质量20%-25%，对丝素起到粘连和保护作用，而其中丝素就是蚕丝加工的主要成分，其性质功能直接决定蚕丝的优劣，丝素微观下成并性排列纤维状，并且蚕丝纤维存在微孔，会对水分子等小分子物质进行吸附。丝素蚕丝的膨化性，直接影响到蚕丝加工制品的柔软性和舒适性；膨松丝是由低温药煮、低张力缫制或者其他化学方法处理而得的新型丝，其丝质比普通真丝更加膨松、柔软，其纺织产品既柔软又挺括，既膨松、丰满又富有骨和回弹性等风格，所织布料轻质柔软、挺拔性能好、不易褶皱，具有优良的加工和穿着性。蚕丝的膨化处理目前主要采取加热蒸煮方法和药剂浸泡方法，其中加热蒸煮方法，是将蚕丝进行加热处理通过蚕丝受热膨胀产生蚕丝膨化，但是当温度下降后蚕丝会收缩，膨化效果下降；而使用药剂浸泡方法，通过向加热溶剂中加入膨化剂、表面活性剂等成分，蚕丝内部结构受力情况发生变化，结构出现疏松，并且通过其它成分的添加，使蚕丝膨化后空隙处填充添加成分 ，减少了蚕丝的收缩性；但是，所使用药剂中包括膨化剂、稳定剂、乳化剂、活性剂等大量的化合物成分，造成药剂溶液成分复杂，而且多为有机化合物，难以降解处理、污染程度高。
发明内容
本发明针对现有的问题：蚕丝膨化性能，经膨化处理后蚕丝膨松柔软，织布料轻质柔软、挺拔性能好、不易褶皱，具有优良的加工和穿着性，可以较大程度上提高蚕丝的加工性能。加热蒸煮方法，是将蚕丝进行加热处理通过蚕丝受热膨胀产生蚕丝膨化，但是当温度下降后蚕丝会收缩，膨化效果下降；药剂浸泡方法，通过向加热溶剂中加入膨化剂、表面活性剂等成分，蚕丝内部结构受力情况发生变化，结构出现疏松，并且通过其它成分的添加，使蚕丝膨化后空隙处填充添加成分 ，减少了蚕丝的收缩性；但是，所使用药剂中包括膨化剂、稳定剂、乳化剂、活性剂等大量的化合物成分，造成药剂溶液成分复杂，而且多为有机化合物，难以降解处理、污染程度高。为解决上述问题，本发明提供了一种低污染型蚕丝膨化的方法。
本发明是通过以下技术方案实现的：
一种低污染型蚕丝膨化的方法，包括以下步骤：
（1）氨化处理：将脱胶蚕丝放置于蒸锅蒸馏层，向蒸锅水中加入水质量13%-15%的尿素，蒸煮中产生氨气，氨气在水蒸气中溶解产生铵根离子和氢氧根离子，氢氧根离子可破坏蚕丝内部作用力的平衡，减弱蚕丝内部相互作用力，增加膨松效果，关闭锅盖，先将蒸锅加热至66-69℃蒸煮20-24min，再将温度提升至93-97℃蒸煮30-35min，冷却降温速度为5℃/3min，制得氨化蚕丝；
（2）清洗烘干：将氨化蚕丝低温烘干，至蚕丝中水分含量为13%-17%；
（3）洗涤膨化：将烘干后蚕丝放入滚筒洗涤机中，滚筒洗涤机对蚕丝产生的轻揉搓力，可使蚕丝、膨松剂和滚筒在旋转中相互作用和融合，促进了膨松剂对蚕丝的渗透作用，向滚筒洗涤机中加入蚕丝质量17%-20%的膨化剂，其中单宁酸可对蚕丝进行膨化作用，氯化钙作为填充物质填充至蚕丝纤维内部间隙，提高膨松状态，并且提高蚕丝的干燥性能，而醋酸锌和醋酸可起到调节酸碱平衡和填充的作用，进行洗涤膨化处理，洗涤温度为44-47℃，洗涤转速35-38转/min，时间40-50min,其中温度上升速度为4℃/5min，转速提高速度为5转/3min，可防止快速提高温度和转速对蚕丝产生的伤害，制得洗涤膨化蚕丝；
（4）平衡溶液：将洗涤膨化蚕丝浸入清水中加入氢氧化钠溶液，调整溶液至pH6.5-7，降低溶液中酸性，为后续处理提供中性溶液环境；
（5）填充膨化：将平衡调节后蚕丝浸入23-27℃反应釜水中，向反应釜中加入其水质量4%-6%的氯化锌，搅拌反应46-52min，氯化锌加热后进入蚕丝的纤维间隙中，再向反应釜中加入2%-3%的氢氧化钠溶液，反应釜温度提升至65-69℃，保持25-30min，与氯化锌反应产生氢氧化锌沉淀，在蚕丝纤维间隙中形成填充物，提高蚕丝的膨松性，减少蚕丝收缩，然后向反应釜中加入1.5%-2%的硅酸钠，反应釜温度调整至52-55℃，保持32-36min，硅酸钠水解后会产生硅酸，硅酸与氢氧化锌发生反应形成更为稳定的化合物硅酸锌，从而达到更好的填充蚕丝纤维的作用，保持良好的膨松状态，并且提高了蚕丝重量，具有更好防皱性能；将蚕丝经清水洗涤、烘干后制得膨化蚕丝。
步骤（2）所述的低温烘干，其温度为51-54℃，时间为34-38min。
步骤（3）所述的膨化剂，其配制方法为:
按照质量计份称取水34-39份、单宁酸14-18份、氯化钙7-10份、醋酸锌6-8份、醋酸6-8份，将水加热至47-52℃加入单宁酸和氯化钙，搅拌混合3-5min，然后将温度降至35-38℃加入醋酸锌和醋酸，搅拌混合后制得膨化剂。
步骤（4）所述的氢氧化钠溶液，其质量浓度为1%。
步骤（5）所述的氢氧化钠溶液，其质量浓度为1%；所述的硅酸钠，其质量浓度为4%-5%。
本发明相比现有技术具有以下优点：氨化处理，通过对尿素蒸煮使其分解产生氨气，氨气在水蒸气中溶解产生铵根离子和氢氧根离子，其中产生的氢氧根离子通过蒸汽渗透作用与蚕丝中的氢键发生作用，而蚕丝通过范德华力和氢键等作用力保持其紧密性，降低了蚕丝内部的作用力，对蚕丝起到初步膨化作用，降低蚕丝内部相互作用力，提高膨化程度。洗涤膨化，将蚕丝放入滚筒洗涤机中，滚筒洗涤机对蚕丝产生的轻揉搓力，可使蚕丝、膨松剂和滚筒在旋转中相互作用和融合，促进了膨松剂对蚕丝的渗透作用；其中膨松剂中单宁酸对蚕丝具有膨化作用，氯化钙可对膨松后蚕丝间隙进行部分填充，而醋酸锌和醋酸作为缓冲剂调节酸碱平衡，并对蚕丝起到膨化和填充作用。填充膨化，蚕丝纤维在微观下具有一定间隙，可对环境中小分子物质进行吸附，而经过初步膨化和洗涤膨化后蚕丝，其蚕丝纤维内部间隙增大，通过向水中加入氯化锌，在加热作用下进入蚕丝纤维内部，并与加入的氢氧化钠反应形成氢氧化锌沉淀，在蚕丝纤维内部形成填充物，而加入的硅酸钠在水中水解中产生硅酸与氢氧化锌进一步反应，产生性质更为稳定的硅酸锌，提高了蚕丝中填充物的稳定性，并且通过填充物的填充作用降低了蚕丝的收缩，能够长时间保持膨松状态，并且增加了蚕丝的增重了，可提高蚕丝及蚕丝制品的下垂状态。本发明方法中所用化学试剂均为无机试剂，其成分简单、污染性小，可以对使用后溶液进行有效的处理，将对环境的污染降至最低限度。
具体实施方式
实施例1：
一种低污染型蚕丝膨化的方法，包括以下步骤：
（1）氨化处理：将脱胶蚕丝放置于蒸锅蒸馏层，向蒸锅水中加入水质量13.5%的尿素，蒸煮中产生氨气，氨气在水蒸气中溶解产生铵根离子和氢氧根离子，氢氧根离子可破坏蚕丝内部作用的力的平衡，减弱蚕丝相互作用力，关闭锅盖，先将蒸锅加热至67℃蒸煮21min，再将温度提升至94℃蒸煮32min，冷却降温速度为5℃/3min，制得氨化蚕丝；
（2）清洗烘干：将氨化蚕丝低温烘干，至蚕丝中水分含量为14%；
（3）洗涤膨化：将烘干后蚕丝放入滚筒洗涤机中，滚筒洗涤机对蚕丝产生的轻揉搓力，可使蚕丝、膨松剂和滚筒在旋转中相互作用和融合，促进了膨松剂对蚕丝的渗透作用，向滚筒洗涤机中加入蚕丝质量18%的膨化剂，其中单宁酸可对蚕丝进行膨化作用，氯化钙作为填充物质填充至蚕丝纤维内部间隙，提高膨松状态，并且提高蚕丝的干燥性能，进行洗涤膨化处理，洗涤温度为45℃，洗涤转速36转/min，时间42min,其中温度上升速度为4℃/5min，转速提高速度为5转/3min，可防止快速提高温度和转速对蚕丝产生的伤害，制得洗涤膨化蚕丝；
（4）平衡溶液：将洗涤膨化蚕丝浸入清水中加入氢氧化钠溶液，调整溶液至pH6.5-7，降低溶液中酸性，为后续处理提供中性溶液环境；
（5）填充膨化：将平衡调节后蚕丝浸入24℃反应釜水中，向反应釜中加入其水质量4.5%的氯化锌，搅拌反应48min，进入蚕丝的纤维间隙中，再向反应釜中加入2.2%的氢氧化钠溶液，反应釜温度提升至66℃，保持27min，与氯化锌反应产生氢氧化锌沉淀，在蚕丝纤维间隙中形成填充物，提高蚕丝的膨松状态，减少收缩，然后向反应釜中加入1.7%的硅酸钠，反应釜温度调整至53℃，保持34min，硅酸钠水解后会产生硅酸，硅酸与氢氧化锌发生反应形成更为稳定的化合物硅酸锌，从而达到更好的填充蚕丝纤维的作用，保持良好的膨松状态，并且提高了蚕丝重量，具有更好防皱性能；将蚕丝经清水洗涤、烘干后制得膨化蚕丝。
步骤（2）所述的低温烘干，其温度为52℃，时间为35min。
步骤（3）所述的膨化剂，其配制方法为:
按照质量计份称取水36份、单宁酸15份、氯化钙8份、醋酸锌6.5份、醋酸6.5份，将水加热至49℃加入单宁酸和氯化钙，搅拌混合3.5min，然后将温度降至36℃加入醋酸锌和醋酸，搅拌混合后制得膨化剂。
步骤（4）所述的氢氧化钠溶液，其质量浓度为1%。
步骤（5）所述的氢氧化钠溶液，其质量浓度为1%；所述的硅酸钠，其质量浓度为4.2%。
实施例2：
一种低污染型蚕丝膨化的方法，包括以下步骤：
（1）氨化处理：将脱胶蚕丝放置于蒸锅蒸馏层，向蒸锅水中加入水质量14.5%的尿素，蒸煮中产生氨气，氨气在水蒸气中溶解产生铵根离子和氢氧根离子，氢氧根离子可破坏蚕丝内部作用的力的平衡，减弱蚕丝相互作用力，关闭锅盖，先将蒸锅加热至68℃蒸煮23min，再将温度提升至96℃蒸煮34min，冷却降温速度为5℃/3min，制得氨化蚕丝；
（2）清洗烘干：将氨化蚕丝低温烘干，至蚕丝中水分含量为16%；
（3）洗涤膨化：将烘干后蚕丝放入滚筒洗涤机中，滚筒洗涤机对蚕丝产生的轻揉搓力，可使蚕丝、膨松剂和滚筒在旋转中相互作用和融合，促进了膨松剂对蚕丝的渗透作用，向滚筒洗涤机中加入蚕丝质量19%的膨化剂，其中单宁酸可对蚕丝进行膨化作用，氯化钙作为填充物质填充至蚕丝纤维内部间隙，提高膨松状态，并且提高蚕丝的干燥性能，进行洗涤膨化处理，洗涤温度为46℃，洗涤转速37转/min，时间48min,其中温度上升速度为4℃/5min，转速提高速度为5转/3min，可防止快速提高温度和转速对蚕丝产生的伤害，制得洗涤膨化蚕丝；
（4）平衡溶液：将洗涤膨化蚕丝浸入清水中加入氢氧化钠溶液，调整溶液至pH6.5-7，降低溶液中酸性，为后续处理提供中性溶液环境；
（5）填充膨化：将平衡调节后蚕丝浸入26℃反应釜水中，向反应釜中加入其水质量5.4%的氯化锌，搅拌反应51min，进入蚕丝的纤维间隙中，再向反应釜中加入2.8%的氢氧化钠溶液，反应釜温度提升至68℃，保持29min，与氯化锌反应产生氢氧化锌沉淀，在蚕丝纤维间隙中形成填充物，提高蚕丝的膨松状态，减少收缩，然后向反应釜中加入1.8%的硅酸钠，反应釜温度调整至54℃，保持35min，硅酸钠水解后会产生硅酸，硅酸与氢氧化锌发生反应形成更为稳定的化合物硅酸锌，从而达到更好的填充蚕丝纤维的作用，保持良好的膨松状态，并且提高了蚕丝重量，具有更好防皱性能；将蚕丝经清水洗涤、烘干后制得膨化蚕丝。
步骤（2）所述的低温烘干，其温度为53℃，时间为37min。
步骤（3）所述的膨化剂，其配制方法为:
按照质量计份称取水37份、单宁酸16份、氯化钙9份、醋酸锌7.2份、醋酸7.2份，将水加热至51℃加入单宁酸和氯化钙，搅拌混合4min，然后将温度降至37℃加入醋酸锌和醋酸，搅拌混合后制得膨化剂。
步骤（4）所述的氢氧化钠溶液，其质量浓度为1%。
步骤（5）所述的氢氧化钠溶液，其质量浓度为1%；所述的硅酸钠，其质量浓度为4.8%。
对比1：
本对比1与实施例1比较，未进行步骤（1）氨化处理，其他步骤与实施例1相同。
对比2：
本对比2与实施例2比较，未进行步骤（3）洗涤膨化，其他步骤与实施例2相同。
对比3：
本对比3与实施例2比较，未进行步骤（3）中膨松剂的使用，其他步骤与实施例2相同。
对比4：
本对比4与实施例1比较，未进行步骤（5）填充膨化，其他步骤与实施例1相同。
对照组：
对照组对蚕丝使用药剂浸泡膨化方法，未使用氨化处理、洗涤膨化和填充膨化。
对实施例1、实施例2、对比1、对比2、对比3、对比4及对照组实验方案，统计蚕丝的压缩率、压缩恢复率、膨化率及单位面积质量。
压缩恢复率：为膨化后蚕丝制成蚕丝被，进行下压后20min内恢复原状的比例。
膨化率：膨化率=（膨化后纤维直径-膨化前纤维直径）/膨化前纤维直径。
单位面积质量：使用相同工艺将蚕丝纺织成相同布料，其每平方厘米面积的质量。
实验数据：
| 项目 | 压缩率% | 压缩恢复率% | 膨化率% | 单位面积质量g |
| 实施例1 | 17.35% | 84.73% | 19.45% | 3.2745 |
| 实施例2 | 17.14% | 84.29% | 19.16% | 3.3612 |
| 对比1 | 16.22% | 81.86% | 18.37% | 3.1704 |
| 对比2 | 15.67% | 81.03% | 17.84% | 3.2397 |
| 对比3 | 16.29% | 82.75% | 18.59% | 3.3036 |
| 对比4 | 14.81% | 79.28% | 17.30% | 3.0667 |
| 对照组 | 11.98% | 72.68% | 14.67% | 2.8635 |
综合结果：本发明方法所膨化的蚕丝，其膨化率提高4.78%，膨化效果好，收缩率低，单位面积质量增加0.411g，具有良好的膨松性和下垂性。通过使用氨化处理方法，压缩率提高1.13%，压缩恢复率提高2.87%，膨化率提高1.08%，单位面积质量提高0.1041g；而使用洗涤膨化和膨松剂，压缩率提高1.47%、0.85%，压缩恢复率提高3.26%、1.54%，膨化率提高1.32%、0.57%，单位面积质量提高0.1215g、0.0576g；使用填充膨化方法，压缩率提高2.54%，压缩恢复率提高5.45%，膨化率提高2.15%，单位面积质量提高0.2078g。
Claims (4)
1.一种低污染型蚕丝膨化的方法，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：
（1）氨化处理：将脱胶蚕丝放置于蒸锅蒸馏层，向蒸锅水中加入水质量13%-15%的尿素，关闭锅盖，先将蒸锅加热至66-69℃蒸煮20-24min，再将温度提升至93-97℃蒸煮30-35min，冷却降温速度为5℃/3min，制得氨化蚕丝；
（2）清洗烘干：将氨化蚕丝低温烘干，至蚕丝中水分含量为13%-17%；
（3）洗涤膨化：将烘干后蚕丝放入滚筒洗涤机中，向滚筒洗涤机中加入蚕丝质量17%-20%的膨化剂，进行洗涤膨化处理，洗涤温度为44-47℃，洗涤转速35-38转/min，时间40-50min,其中温度上升速度为4℃/5min，转速提高速度为5转/3min，制得洗涤膨化蚕丝；
（4）平衡溶液：将洗涤膨化蚕丝浸入清水中加入氢氧化钠溶液，调整溶液至pH6.5-7；
（5）填充膨化：将平衡调节后蚕丝浸入23-27℃反应釜水中，向反应釜中加入其水质量4%-6%的氯化锌，搅拌反应46-52min，再向反应釜中加入2%-3%的氢氧化钠溶液，反应釜温度提升至65-69℃，保持25-30min，然后向反应釜中加入1.5%-2%的硅酸钠，反应釜温度调整至52-55℃，保持32-36min；将蚕丝经清水洗涤、烘干后制得膨化蚕丝；
步骤（3）所述的膨化剂，其配制方法为:
按照质量计份称取水34-39份、单宁酸14-18份、氯化钙7-10份、醋酸锌6-8份、醋酸6-8份，将水加热至47-52℃加入单宁酸和氯化钙，搅拌混合3-5min，然后将温度降至35-38℃加入醋酸锌和醋酸，搅拌混合后制得膨化剂。
2.如权利要求1所述低污染型蚕丝膨化的方法，其特征在于，步骤（2）所述的低温烘干，其温度为51-54℃，时间为34-38min。
3.如权利要求1所述低污染型蚕丝膨化的方法，其特征在于，步骤（4）所述的氢氧化钠溶液，其质量浓度为1%。
4.如权利要求1所述低污染型蚕丝膨化的方法，其特征在于，步骤（5）所述的氢氧化钠溶液，其质量浓度为1%；所述的硅酸钠，其质量浓度为4%-5%。
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| CN103696298A (zh) * | 2013-12-23 | 2014-04-02 | 嘉兴学院 | 一种低损伤羊毛织物砂洗整理工艺 |
| CN106049033A (zh) * | 2016-06-29 | 2016-10-26 | 广西南宁马山东龙蚕业有限责任公司 | 一种蚕丝膨化的方法 |
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| CN103696298A (zh) * | 2013-12-23 | 2014-04-02 | 嘉兴学院 | 一种低损伤羊毛织物砂洗整理工艺 |
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