CN107162116A - 具有非均相光电催化性能的Ru掺杂二氧化钛电极材料 - Google Patents
具有非均相光电催化性能的Ru掺杂二氧化钛电极材料 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明属于TiO2电极材料制备领域,具体涉及一种具有非均相光电催化性能的Ru掺杂二氧化钛电极材料。所述的电极材料为Ti/RuxTi1‑ xO2,0.0625≤x≤0.1875。通过将钛板进行预处理后,将氯化钌和三氯化钛的混合溶液涂刷在预处理后的钛板上,经红外光照固化、热氧化、退火,获得具有非均相光电催化活性的RuO2掺杂Ti/TiO2电极材料。通过控制合适的Ru掺杂量,不仅能有效提高电极的导电性,还能有效提高其光催化活性。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于TiO2电极材料制备领域,具体涉及一种具有非均相光电催化性能的Ru掺杂二氧化钛电极材料。
背景技术
对于光催化材料TiO2的掺杂改性,掺杂元素的种类、数量和掺入晶格中的位置均对TiO2的化学计量比和氧空位的浓度有影响,目前对其光催化的研究成果非常多。RuO2的工作电位宽,在1.2V 的电势范围内存在三个不同的氧化价态,具有金属导电性、质子导电性、良好的热稳定性、高倍率特性、高比电容特性以及长循环寿命等性能优点。RuO2在电化学、光化学、高电荷存储设备等方面有很好的催化性。光催化和电催化氧化主要依赖于电子和空穴的产量。目前对Ru-Ti二元电极的研究主要集中在对电催化活性的研究上,贵金属氧化物Ru含量要高达30%,而较少关注低Ru掺杂对TiO2的非均相光电催化活性的影响。
本申请先利用第一性原理计算分析其氧化物的物理性能,然后采用热分解法制备系列以Ti/RuO2-TiO2为主体的电极。在此基础上,还可以掺杂其它过渡金属氧化物以及活性炭、碳纳米管、石墨烯等,进一步提高其非均相光电催化性能。
本发明与形稳阳极最根本的区别在于贵金属Ru量低和研究的出发点。对于形稳阳极,添加非贵金属氧化物的目的是降低贵金属用量,一般贵金属用量仍然要高达30%以上(贵金属摩尔比),每平方厘米钛上贵金属量最少0.8mg。这样才能保证活性和耐蚀性。另外形稳阳极是应用于电解、电冶金等电化学领域和能源领域。而本发明的贵金属Ru量控制在每平方厘米上重量为0.1~0.6mg就可以有光电催化效果,而且Ru的掺杂量仅需0.625%。应用领域是废水处理。当然,贵金属Ru量高于0.6mg/cm2光电催化效果更好,但制造价格显著升高,不利于应用开发。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于针对现有技术的不足,提供一种具有非均相光电催化性能的Ru掺杂二氧化钛电极材料。通过控制合适的Ru掺杂量,能有效提高电极材料的光催化活性和导电性。
为实现本发明的目的,采用如下技术方案:
一种具有非均相光电催化性能的Ru掺杂二氧化钛电极材料,所述的电极材料为Ti/RuxTi1-xO2,0.0625≤x≤0.1875;优选的,所述的电极材料为Ti/Ru0.0625Ti0.9375O2。
一种制备如上所述的具有非均相光电催化性能的Ru掺杂二氧化钛电极材料的方法,包括以下步骤:
1)将钛板经去脂、喷砂、20wt%沸腾硫酸溶液刻蚀40 min后,水洗,备用(为了使活性涂层和钛板基体牢固地结合在一起,增加电极的表面面积,减缓基体表面钝化,需要对其预处理,除去表面的油,清洁表面存在的氧化物);
2)将氯化钌和三氯化钛溶液按金属离子摩尔比溶解于无水乙醇中,超声振荡使之溶解均匀,放置48h后,将混合溶液单面涂刷于经步骤1)处理后的钛板上,控制金属Ru在钛上的载量为0.1~0.6mg/cm2,每次涂覆后经红外光照至干,放在500℃的箱式电阻炉中热氧化10min,出炉冷却;涂敷-固化-热氧化-冷却过程重复3~5次,最后一次热氧化后在500℃退火1h,出炉空冷,获得具有非均相光电催化活性的RuO2掺杂Ti/TiO2电极材料。
本发明与现有技术比较具有以下优点:
本发明在Ru-Ti电极材料中仅掺杂6.25mol%~18.75mol%的Ru,通过控制合适的Ru掺杂量,不仅能有效提高电极的导电性,还可以引入杂质能级,使禁带的带隙变窄,吸收光谱红移,提高了光子的利用率,光响应范围增大;此外,杂能级能够捕获导带上的光生电子和价带上的光生空穴,降低光生电子-空穴对的复合几率。从而使降解过程中TiO2表面在光辐射作用下产生更多的-OH,提高光电催化活性。
附图说明
图1是Ti/RuxTi1-xO2电极涂层的紫外漫反射光谱,(a) 0 mol%、(b) 6.25 mol%、(c)12.5 mol%、(d) 18.75 mol%、(e) 25 mol%;
图2为Ti/RuxTi1-xO2电极催化降解甲基橙溶液150min后的紫外吸光光谱,(a) 0 mol%、(b) 6.25 mol%、(c) 12.5 mol%、d) 18.75 mol%和e) 25 mol%;
图3 是Ti/Ru x Ti1-x O2电极降解甲基橙的动力学曲线。
具体实施方式
为进一步公开而不是限制本发明,以下结合实例对本发明作进一步的详细说明。
实施例1
一种具有非均相光电催化性能的Ru掺杂二氧化钛电极材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
1)将1 mm厚的工业TA1钛板经去脂、喷砂、20wt%沸腾硫酸溶液刻蚀40 min后,水洗,备用;
2)将氯化钌和三氯化钛溶液按金属离子摩尔比1:15溶解于无水乙醇中,超声振荡使之溶解均匀,放置48h后,将混合溶液单面涂刷于钛基体上,控制金属Ru在钛上的载量为0.2mg/cm2,每次涂覆后经红外光照至干,放在500℃的箱式电阻炉中热氧化10min,出炉冷却;涂敷-固化-热氧化-冷却过程重复4次,最后一次热氧化后在500℃退火1h,出炉空冷,获得具有非均相光电催化活性的Ti/Ru0.0625Ti0.9375O2电极。
实施例2
一种具有非均相光电催化性能的Ru掺杂二氧化钛电极材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
1)将1 mm厚的工业TA1钛板经去脂、喷砂、20wt%沸腾硫酸溶液刻蚀40 min后,水洗,备用;
2)将氯化钌和三氯化钛溶液按金属离子摩尔比1:7溶解于无水乙醇中,超声振荡使之溶解均匀,放置48h后,将混合溶液单面涂刷于钛基体上,控制金属Ru在钛上的载量为0.2mg/cm2,每次涂覆后经红外光照至干,放在500℃的箱式电阻炉中热氧化10min,出炉冷却;涂敷-固化-热氧化-冷却过程重复5次,最后一次热氧化后在500℃退火1h,出炉空冷,获得具有非均相光电催化活性的Ti/Ru0.125Ti0.875O2电极。
实施例3
一种具有非均相光电催化性能的Ru掺杂二氧化钛电极材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
1)将1 mm厚的工业TA1钛板经去脂、喷砂、20wt%沸腾硫酸溶液刻蚀40 min后,水洗,备用;
2)将氯化钌和三氯化钛溶液按金属离子摩尔比3:13溶解于无水乙醇中,超声振荡使之溶解均匀,放置48h后,将混合溶液单面涂刷于钛基体上,控制金属Ru在钛上的载量为0.5mg/cm2,每次涂覆后经红外光照至干,放在500℃的箱式电阻炉中热氧化10min,出炉冷却;涂敷-固化-热氧化-冷却过程重复3次,最后一次热氧化后在500℃退火1h,出炉空冷,获得具有非均相光电催化活性的Ti/Ru0.1875Ti0.8125O2电极。
电极材料中Ru掺杂量的研究
随着Ru掺杂量逐渐增加(分别为0%、6.25%、12.5%、18.75%、25%),能带间隙逐渐减小(分别为1.70eV、0.72eV、0.42eV、0.23eV、0.13eV)。添加Ru后,在金红石型TiO2晶胞中形成了Ru离子取代掺杂,出现杂质能级,使得电子转移有了中转站更容易跃迁成功,因而提高了材料的导电性。从右侧态密度图可以看出,杂质能级主要由Ru 3d 贡献,且随着Ru原子掺杂量的增加,禁带宽度减小,Ru的d轨道电子态位于费米能级处下方的态密度尖峰峰值连续变大,Ru的d轨道电子态、Ti的p轨道电子态和O的p轨道电子态的杂化程度得到了增强。这与能带分析相吻合。当Ru掺杂量为25%时,禁带消失,杂质能级连接价带和能带,峰型变的尖锐。说明其中起主要贡献的Ru 3d电子态具有很强的局域特征,同时也表明费米能级附近可填充的电子数有所增加,这将使得电子跃迁至导带更容易,因此使得电极的导电性增强。
Ru具有良好的导电和催化性能,掺杂Ru不仅能有效提高电极的导电性,还可以引入杂质能级,使禁带的带隙变窄,吸收光谱红移,提高了光子的利用率,光响应范围增大。此外,杂能级能够捕获导带上的光生电子和价带上的光生空穴,降低光生电子-空穴对的复合几率。从而使降解过程中TiO2表面在光辐射作用下产生更多的-OH,提高催化活性。
但掺杂量不可过大,如果掺杂量过大,过多的俘获阱易造成受激载流子在迁移程中的失活,此外,掺杂过量Ru也会使禁带变窄,禁带过窄使光生电子-空穴对复合的概率增加,进而减小光生载流子的产量。
图1是Ti/RuxTi1-xO2电极涂层的紫外漫反射光谱。纯TiO2的禁带宽度为3.307eV。在掺杂Ru后,TiO2的禁带宽度随着Ru含量的增大而减小,分别为0.846eV、0.803eV、0.705eV、0.495eV。这与理论计算结果相符合。
图2为Ti/RuxTi1-xO2电极催化降解甲基橙溶液150min后的紫外吸光度。甲基橙在462nm处的吸收峰是甲基橙的-N—N-偶氮显色基团产生的吸收峰,在277nm处的吸收峰是由苯环共轭体系产生的吸收峰。由图可知,电极在Ru掺杂量为6.25%时吸光度最小,说明其催化降解甲基橙的效果最好。
图3为Ti/RuxTi1-xO2电极在甲基橙溶液的回归曲线。在光催化降解下,不同掺杂Ru含量的电极其回归曲线均基本符合一级动力学规律。从图3可看出,k随Ru含量的增大先增大后减小。在半导体TiO2掺杂贵金属Ru主要有以下几个作用:首先,掺杂后在晶体中形成一定的晶格缺陷,晶格缺陷有利于促进电子-空穴的分离,但是掺杂过量反而会使多余的Ru离子在晶体表面堆积,成为电子-空穴的复合中心;其次,掺杂金属Ru后TiO2的禁带宽度减小,这有利于波长较长的光电子也能激发阶带中的电子,增加光谱的利用范围,进而提高光量子的产量。但是当掺杂过量后,禁带宽度减小,光生电子与空穴的氧化还原能力减弱。最后,掺杂的金属Ru不仅具有一定的导电性,而且其还具有一定的催化活性。此外,在紫外照射下,掺杂后的Ru4+容易捕获光电子生成Ru3+,促进电子-空穴分离。而Ru3+的电子结构属于半充满状态(d5),非常稳定。当这些离子俘获到电子后,半充满状态的电子结构被打破,其稳定性降低。捕获的电子很容易转移到催化剂表面吸附在O2上,而离子本身回到初始稳定的半充满状态。这种浅俘获电子可能会促进电荷转移和电子-空穴的有效分离。
在没有掺杂Ru时,半导体TiO2的禁带较宽,电极以光催化为主,光量子产量较低,所以催化降解效果较差。而当掺杂一定量的Ru(6.25%)后,不仅半导体TiO2的禁带宽度减小,导电性增强,而且在禁带中形成杂质能级,这有利于电子跃迁,大大提高电流效率。此时,电极不仅具有光催化作用,而且具有电催化转化,所以降解效果明显。当Ru含量进一步提高时,虽然导电性增强,但是禁带减小导致电子与空穴复合快,光生量子产量低,且禁带减小导致光生电子与空穴的氧化还原能力减弱,所以其催化效果反而减小。光电催化降解150分钟后,在462nm的吸收峰随Ru掺杂量先增加后降低,Ru 6.25%的吸收峰最低,说明在Ru掺杂量为6.25%时紫外吸光度最小,即在Ru掺杂量为6.25%时电极具有最好的光电催化效果。
另外,由于锐钛矿型与金红石型TiO2的单位晶胞的八面体畸变程度和八面体问相互联接的方式不同,锐钛矿型二氧化钛表面态活性中心较多,所以锐钛矿型二氧化钛光催化活性更高。而且当锐钛型与金红石TiO2同时存在(非简单混合)时具有更高的光催化活性,所以当掺杂6.25%Ru时,电极具有最好的催化降解效果。
以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例,凡依本发明申请专利范围所做的均等变化与修饰,皆应属本发明的涵盖范围。
Claims (3)
1.一种具有非均相光电催化性能的Ru掺杂二氧化钛电极材料,其特征在于:所述的电极材料为Ti/RuxTi1-xO2,0.0625≤x≤0.1875。
2.根据权利要求1所述的具有非均相光电催化性能的Ru掺杂二氧化钛电极材料,其特征在于:所述的电极材料为Ti/Ru0.0625Ti0.9375O2。
3.一种制备如权利要求1或2所述的具有非均相光电催化性能的Ru掺杂二氧化钛电极材料的方法,其特征在于:包括以下步骤:
1)将1 mm厚的钛板经去脂、喷砂、20wt%沸腾硫酸溶液刻蚀40 min后,水洗,备用;
2)将氯化钌和三氯化钛溶液按金属离子摩尔比溶解于无水乙醇中,超声振荡使之溶解均匀,放置48h后,将混合溶液涂刷于经步骤1)处理后的钛板上,控制金属Ru在钛上的载量为0.1~0.6mg/cm2,每次涂覆后经红外光照至干,放在500℃的箱式电阻炉中热氧化10min,出炉冷却;涂敷-固化-热氧化-冷却过程重复3~5次,最后一次热氧化后在500℃退火1h,出炉空冷,获得具有非均相光电催化活性的RuO2掺杂Ti/TiO2电极材料。
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CN109847743A (zh) * | 2019-03-29 | 2019-06-07 | 福州大学 | 一种Ru掺杂ZnO/Ti复合氧化物电极的制备及其在光电催化降解有机物中的应用 |
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