CN107127848A - 一种阻燃抑烟木材的制备方法 - Google Patents
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- ZTFZSHLWORMEHO-UHFFFAOYSA-A pentaaluminum;[oxido(phosphonatooxy)phosphoryl] phosphate Chemical compound [Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[O-]P([O-])(=O)OP([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])(=O)OP([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])(=O)OP([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=O ZTFZSHLWORMEHO-UHFFFAOYSA-A 0.000 description 1
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- B27K—PROCESSES, APPARATUS OR SELECTION OF SUBSTANCES FOR IMPREGNATING, STAINING, DYEING, BLEACHING OF WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIALS, OR TREATING OF WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIALS WITH PERMEANT LIQUIDS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL TREATMENT OF CORK, CANE, REED, STRAW OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
- B27K3/00—Impregnating wood, e.g. impregnation pretreatment, for example puncturing; Wood impregnation aids not directly involved in the impregnation process
- B27K3/02—Processes; Apparatus
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B27—WORKING OR PRESERVING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; NAILING OR STAPLING MACHINES IN GENERAL
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- B27K3/00—Impregnating wood, e.g. impregnation pretreatment, for example puncturing; Wood impregnation aids not directly involved in the impregnation process
- B27K3/52—Impregnating agents containing mixtures of inorganic and organic compounds
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B27—WORKING OR PRESERVING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; NAILING OR STAPLING MACHINES IN GENERAL
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- B27K5/0065—Ultrasonic treatment
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- B27K5/00—Treating of wood not provided for in groups B27K1/00, B27K3/00
- B27K5/04—Combined bleaching or impregnating and drying of wood
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B27—WORKING OR PRESERVING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; NAILING OR STAPLING MACHINES IN GENERAL
- B27K—PROCESSES, APPARATUS OR SELECTION OF SUBSTANCES FOR IMPREGNATING, STAINING, DYEING, BLEACHING OF WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIALS, OR TREATING OF WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIALS WITH PERMEANT LIQUIDS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL TREATMENT OF CORK, CANE, REED, STRAW OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
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Abstract
本发明属于防火材料制备技术领域,具体涉及一种阻燃抑烟木材的制备方法。本发明将硅烷偶联剂的羟基与聚磷酸铵表面的羟基反应改性,制得阻燃效果好的改性聚磷酸铵,再以硝酸镁、硝酸铝为原料,掺杂稀土和多壁碳纳米管,通过共沉淀法制得层状结构的镁铝氢氧化物,并与改性聚磷酸铵等配置成浸渍液,再利用微波处理木材改变木材内部的微观构造,在木材内形成新的流体通道,从而提高木材的渗透性,最后利用超声波分散法将浸渍液渗透入木材内部,制得阻燃抑烟木材。本发明阻燃抑烟木材阻燃效果好,在燃烧过程中产生的烟气少,且低毒,总烟释放量降低了61.6~64.3%,一氧化碳释放量降低了53.9~60.2%,具有高效阻燃抑烟性能。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于防火材料制备技术领域,具体涉及一种阻燃抑烟木材的制备方法。
背景技术
木材具有无毒无害、绿色环保和可再生等许多独有的特点而广泛应用于建筑、家具和室内装饰,与我们的生活密切相关。但是未经阻燃处理的木材易燃,燃烧时会释放出大量的热能,加速了火的蔓延和火灾强度。因而,近年来世界各国都对木材的阻燃处理给予极大的重视。
目前,是通过在木材中添加阻燃改性剂进行阻燃处理,但阻燃处理往往导致材料在火灾中释放更多的烟雾毒气。在火灾中释放的这些气体不但降低现场的能见度,增加人的心理恐惧感,更会妨碍消防人员的快速及时扑救。与此同时,燃烧产生的毒性气体比烧伤更为严重(如CO中毒)。CO中毒是火灾中导致人员伤亡的主要原因,这是由于阻燃剂作用会使木材及其热解产物不完全燃烧所致。因而,木材阻燃过程中的抑烟和减毒日益引起了科研人员的关注。针对这些问题,人们研究出了一种阻燃抑烟改性剂添加至木材中,以降低木材燃烧过程中的烟气,阻燃抑烟改性剂是由尿素、四羟甲基硫酸磷、三聚磷酸铝、硅溶胶、水等制得,但还存在木材在燃烧过程中产生的烟气较多、毒气较重的缺陷,不但降低现场的能见度,还易导致一氧化碳中毒。
因此,亟待开发一种在燃烧过程中产生的烟气少、低毒的抑烟木材,对相关领域具有必要的意义。
发明内容
本发明所要解决的技术问题:针对目前阻燃抑烟处理后,木材在燃烧过程中产生的烟气较多、毒气较重,不但降低现场的能见度,还易导致一氧化碳中毒的问题,本发明提供了一种阻燃抑烟木材的制备方法。
为解决技术问题,本发明采用的技术方案是:
(1)按体积比1:2~1:8将硅烷偶联剂加入质量分数为90~95%乙醇溶液中,在50~55℃下,水解25~30min,得水解液,将水解液与聚磷酸铵、无水乙醇混合,在60~65℃下搅拌反应50~60min,蒸干后得改性聚磷酸铵;
(2)取硝酸镁、硝酸铝加入去离子水中,在25~30℃下搅拌30~40min,再加入多壁碳纳米管、硝酸镧,搅拌1~2h得混合液,用氢氧化钠溶液调节混合液pH至11.0~11.5,并在70~80℃下静置6~10h,过滤得滤渣,将滤渣水洗干燥得改性水滑石;
(3)取杨木板干燥至含水率为30~40%,并以微波加热膨化处理20~30s,再将杨木板干燥至含水率为10~15%,得膨化处理杨木板;
(4)将改性聚磷酸铵、改性水滑石与去离子水混合均匀,得浸渍液,将膨化处理杨木板浸泡在浸渍液中,在30~35℃下,超声浸渍处理3~5min,再将浸渍后的杨木板干燥,得阻燃抑烟木材。
步骤(1)所述的硅烷偶联剂为硅烷偶联剂KH-550,硅烷偶联剂A-1100,硅烷偶联剂KBM-903中的一种。
步骤(1)所述的聚磷酸铵分子量为1000~2000的低聚合度聚磷酸铵,其与水解液、无水乙醇的重量份为0.4~1.0份水解液,16~18份聚磷酸铵,50~70份无水乙醇。
步骤(2)所述的硝酸镁、硝酸铝、多壁碳纳米管、硝酸镧的重量份为8~12份硝酸镁,4~6份硝酸铝,0.5~1.0份多壁碳纳米管,0.05~0.15份硝酸镧。
步骤(3)所述的微波加热为以200W微波加热至140~150℃。
步骤(4)所述的改性聚磷酸铵、改性水滑石与去离子水的重量份为3.0~4.5份改性聚磷酸铵,1.6~1.8份改性水滑石,7.0~10.5份去离子水。
本发明的有益技术效果是:本发明利用硅烷偶联剂的羟基与聚磷酸铵表面的羟基反应改性,制得阻燃效果好的改性聚磷酸铵,再以硝酸镁、硝酸铝为原料,掺杂稀土和多壁碳纳米管,通过共沉淀法制得层状结构的镁铝氢氧化物,利用碳纳米管桥接层状结构,起到封堵作用,使燃烧过程中形成的炭层表面孔洞减少,发挥更好的阻隔效应,阻碍可燃气体和氧气进一步的进入和释放,同时协同稀土元素,起到有效的抑烟效果,并与改性聚磷酸铵等配置成浸渍液,再利用微波处理木材改变木材内部的微观构造,在木材内形成新的流体通道,从而提高木材的渗透性,最后利用超声波分散法将浸渍液渗透入木材内部,制备阻燃抑烟木材;本发明制备的阻燃抑烟木材阻燃效果好,耐热性高,耐热性可达378~446℃,且燃烧过程短,燃烧100~120s后熄灭,其总热释放量下降了90~95%,在燃烧过程中产生的烟气少,且低毒,总烟释放量降低了61.6~64.3%,一氧化碳释放量降低了53.9~60.2%,具有高效阻燃抑烟性能。
具体实施方式
为便于理解本发明,本发明列举实施例如下。本领域技术人员应该明了,所述实施例仅仅是帮助理解本发明,不应视为对本发明的具体限制。
量取1~2mL硅烷偶联剂KH-550,加入4~8mL质量分数为90%乙醇溶液中,在50~55℃恒温水浴下,以300~400r/min搅拌水解25~30min,得水解液,将水解液与160~180g低聚合度聚磷酸铵,600~800mL无水乙醇混合,在60~65℃恒温水浴下,继续搅拌50~60min,随后减压蒸馏至干,得改性聚磷酸铵;称取88.8~106.6g硝酸镁,42.6~51.2g硝酸铝,加入300~360mL去离子水中,在25~30℃恒温水浴下,以300~400r/min搅拌30~40min,再加入5~10g多壁碳纳米管,0.5~1.5g硝酸镧,继续搅拌1~2h,得混合液,随后滴加质量分数为20%氢氧化钠溶液调节混合液pH为11.0~11.5,滴加完毕后保温反应1~2h,再在70~80℃恒温水浴下静置8~10h,冷却至室温后过滤,用去离子水洗涤滤渣3~5次,再将滤渣置于干燥箱中,在60~70℃下干燥2~3h,得改性水滑石;取30cm×30cm×1cm杨木板,置于干燥箱中,在105~110℃下干燥至杨木板含水率为30~40%,再以200W微波加热至140~150℃,膨化处理20~30s,随后置于干燥箱中,在105~110℃下干燥至杨木板含水率为10~12%,得膨化处理杨木板;称取30~45g改性聚磷酸铵,加入70~105mL去离子水中,搅拌混合均匀后加入16~18g改性水滑石,以300W超声波超声分散1~2h,得浸渍液,将浸渍液与膨化处理杨木板装入超声波浸渍设备中,在30~35℃下,以200W超声波浸渍处理3~5min,随后取出杨木板,并置于鼓风干燥箱中,在105~110℃下干燥至恒重,得阻燃抑烟木材。
实例1
量取1mL硅烷偶联剂KH-550,加入4mL质量分数为90%乙醇溶液中,在50℃恒温水浴下,以300r/min搅拌水解25min,得水解液,将水解液与160g低聚合度聚磷酸铵,600mL无水乙醇混合,在60℃恒温水浴下,继续搅拌50min,随后减压蒸馏至干,得改性聚磷酸铵;称取88.8g硝酸镁,42.6g硝酸铝,加入300mL去离子水中,在25℃恒温水浴下,以300r/min搅拌30min,再加入5g多壁碳纳米管,0.5g硝酸镧,继续搅拌1h,得混合液,随后滴加质量分数为20%氢氧化钠溶液调节混合液pH为11.0,滴加完毕后保温反应1h,再在70℃恒温水浴下静置8h,冷却至室温后过滤,用去离子水洗涤滤渣3次,再将滤渣置于干燥箱中,在60℃下干燥2h,得改性水滑石;取30cm×30cm×1cm杨木板,置于干燥箱中,在105℃下干燥至杨木板含水率为30%,再以200W微波加热至140℃,膨化处理20s,随后置于干燥箱中,在105℃下干燥至杨木板含水率为10%,得膨化处理杨木板;称取30g改性聚磷酸铵,加入70mL去离子水中,搅拌混合均匀后加入16g改性水滑石,以300W超声波超声分散1h,得浸渍液,将浸渍液与膨化处理杨木板装入超声波浸渍设备中,在30℃下,以200W超声波浸渍处理3min,随后取出杨木板,并置于鼓风干燥箱中,在105℃下干燥至恒重,得阻燃抑烟木材;经检测,本发明制备的阻燃抑烟木材阻燃效果好,耐热性高,耐热性可达378℃,且燃烧120s后熄灭,其总热释放量下降了90%,总烟释放量降低了61.6%,一氧化碳释放量降低了53.9%,具有高效阻燃抑烟性能。
实例2
量取2mL硅烷偶联剂KH-550,加入6mL质量分数为90%乙醇溶液中,在53℃恒温水浴下,以350r/min搅拌水解28min,得水解液,将水解液与170g低聚合度聚磷酸铵,700mL无水乙醇混合,在63℃恒温水浴下,继续搅拌55min,随后减压蒸馏至干,得改性聚磷酸铵;称取98.6g硝酸镁,46.4g硝酸铝,加入330mL去离子水中,在28℃恒温水浴下,以350r/min搅拌35min,再加入8g多壁碳纳米管,1.0g硝酸镧,继续搅拌2h,得混合液,随后滴加质量分数为20%氢氧化钠溶液调节混合液pH为11.3,滴加完毕后保温反应2h,再在75℃恒温水浴下静置9h,冷却至室温后过滤,用去离子水洗涤滤渣4次,再将滤渣置于干燥箱中,在65℃下干燥3h,得改性水滑石;取30cm×30cm×1cm杨木板,置于干燥箱中,在108℃下干燥至杨木板含水率为35%,再以200W微波加热至145℃,膨化处理25s,随后置于干燥箱中,在108℃下干燥至杨木板含水率为11%,得膨化处理杨木板;称取38g改性聚磷酸铵,加入88mL去离子水中,搅拌混合均匀后加入17g改性水滑石,以300W超声波超声分散2h,得浸渍液,将浸渍液与膨化处理杨木板装入超声波浸渍设备中,在33℃下,以200W超声波浸渍处理4min,随后取出杨木板,并置于鼓风干燥箱中,在108℃下干燥至恒重,得阻燃抑烟木材;经检测,本发明制备的阻燃抑烟木材阻燃效果好,耐热性高,耐热性可达412℃,且燃烧110s后熄灭,其总热释放量下降了92%,总烟释放量降低了63.6%,一氧化碳释放量降低了57.2%,具有高效阻燃抑烟性能。
实例3
量取2mL硅烷偶联剂KH-550,加入8mL质量分数为90%乙醇溶液中,在55℃恒温水浴下,以400r/min搅拌水解30min,得水解液,将水解液与180g低聚合度聚磷酸铵,800mL无水乙醇混合,在65℃恒温水浴下,继续搅拌60min,随后减压蒸馏至干,得改性聚磷酸铵;称取106.6g硝酸镁,51.2g硝酸铝,加入360mL去离子水中,在30℃恒温水浴下,以400r/min搅拌40min,再加入10g多壁碳纳米管,1.5g硝酸镧,继续搅拌2h,得混合液,随后滴加质量分数为20%氢氧化钠溶液调节混合液pH为11.5,滴加完毕后保温反应2h,再在80℃恒温水浴下静置10h,冷却至室温后过滤,用去离子水洗涤滤渣5次,再将滤渣置于干燥箱中,在70℃下干燥3h,得改性水滑石;取30cm×30cm×1cm杨木板,置于干燥箱中,在110℃下干燥至杨木板含水率为40%,再以200W微波加热至150℃,膨化处理30s,随后置于干燥箱中,在110℃下干燥至杨木板含水率为12%,得膨化处理杨木板;称取45g改性聚磷酸铵,加入105mL去离子水中,搅拌混合均匀后加入18g改性水滑石,以300W超声波超声分散2h,得浸渍液,将浸渍液与膨化处理杨木板装入超声波浸渍设备中,在35℃下,以200W超声波浸渍处理5min,随后取出杨木板,并置于鼓风干燥箱中,在110℃下干燥至恒重,得阻燃抑烟木材;经检测,本发明制备的阻燃抑烟木材阻燃效果好,耐热性高,耐热性可达446℃,且燃烧100s后熄灭,其总热释放量下降了95%,总烟释放量降低了64.3%,一氧化碳释放量降低了60.2%,具有高效阻燃抑烟性能。
Claims (6)
1.一种阻燃抑烟木材的制备方法,其特征在于具体制备步骤为:
(1)按体积比1:2~1:8将硅烷偶联剂加入质量分数为90~95%乙醇溶液中,在50~55℃下,水解25~30min,得水解液,将水解液与聚磷酸铵、无水乙醇混合,在60~65℃下搅拌反应50~60min,蒸干后得改性聚磷酸铵;
(2)取硝酸镁、硝酸铝加入去离子水中,在25~30℃下搅拌30~40min,再加入多壁碳纳米管、硝酸镧,搅拌1~2h得混合液,用氢氧化钠溶液调节混合液pH至11.0~11.5,并在70~80℃下静置6~10h,过滤得滤渣,将滤渣水洗干燥得改性水滑石;
(3)取杨木板干燥至含水率为30~40%,并以微波加热膨化处理20~30s,再将杨木板干燥至含水率为10~15%,得膨化处理杨木板;
(4)将改性聚磷酸铵、改性水滑石与去离子水混合均匀,得浸渍液,将膨化处理杨木板浸泡在浸渍液中,在30~35℃下,超声浸渍处理3~5min,再将浸渍后的杨木板干燥,得阻燃抑烟木材。
2.如权利要求1所述的一种阻燃抑烟木材的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)所述的硅烷偶联剂为硅烷偶联剂KH-550,硅烷偶联剂A-1100,硅烷偶联剂KBM-903中的一种。
3.如权利要求1所述的一种阻燃抑烟木材的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)所述的聚磷酸铵分子量为1000~2000的低聚合度聚磷酸铵,其与水解液、无水乙醇的重量份为0.4~1.0份水解液,16~18份聚磷酸铵,50~70份无水乙醇。
4.如权利要求1所述的一种阻燃抑烟木材的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)所述的硝酸镁、硝酸铝、多壁碳纳米管、硝酸镧的重量份为8~12份硝酸镁,4~6份硝酸铝,0.5~1.0份多壁碳纳米管,0.05~0.15份硝酸镧。
5.如权利要求1所述的一种阻燃抑烟木材的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(3)所述的微波加热为以200W微波加热至140~150℃。
6.如权利要求1所述的一种阻燃抑烟木材的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(4)所述的改性聚磷酸铵、改性水滑石与去离子水的重量份为3.0~4.5份改性聚磷酸铵,1.6~1.8份改性水滑石,7.0~10.5份去离子水。
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CN114800756A (zh) * | 2022-05-12 | 2022-07-29 | 潘春娟 | 一种阻燃防霉复合地板及其制备方法 |
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