CN107109962A - 用于飞机发动机的风扇壳体 - Google Patents

用于飞机发动机的风扇壳体 Download PDF

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CN107109962A
CN107109962A CN201580054176.8A CN201580054176A CN107109962A CN 107109962 A CN107109962 A CN 107109962A CN 201580054176 A CN201580054176 A CN 201580054176A CN 107109962 A CN107109962 A CN 107109962A
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layer
blower
casting
fan
deformation
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CN107109962B (zh
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W·费尔斯特
E·豪根内德尔
K·霍雷希
B·施图布纳
A·霍尔里格尔
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/02—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres in the form of fibres or filaments
    • B32B17/04—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres in the form of fibres or filaments bonded with or embedded in a plastic substance
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
    • B29C70/04—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
    • B29C70/28—Shaping operations therefor
    • B29C70/40—Shaping or impregnating by compression not applied
    • B29C70/42—Shaping or impregnating by compression not applied for producing articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles
    • B29C70/44—Shaping or impregnating by compression not applied for producing articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles using isostatic pressure, e.g. pressure difference-moulding, vacuum bag-moulding, autoclave-moulding or expanding rubber-moulding
    • B29C70/446—Moulding structures having an axis of symmetry or at least one channel, e.g. tubular structures, frames
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/066—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of foam
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10009—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets
    • B32B17/10073—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets comprising at least two glass sheets, neither of which being an outer layer
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B3/00—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form
    • B32B3/10—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by a discontinuous layer, i.e. formed of separate pieces of material
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    • B32B5/22—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed
    • B32B5/24—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer
    • B32B5/245—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer another layer next to it being a foam layer
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D11/00—Preventing or minimising internal leakage of working-fluid, e.g. between stages
    • F01D11/08—Preventing or minimising internal leakage of working-fluid, e.g. between stages for sealing space between rotor blade tips and stator
    • F01D11/12—Preventing or minimising internal leakage of working-fluid, e.g. between stages for sealing space between rotor blade tips and stator using a rubstrip, e.g. erodible. deformable or resiliently-biased part
    • F01D11/122—Preventing or minimising internal leakage of working-fluid, e.g. between stages for sealing space between rotor blade tips and stator using a rubstrip, e.g. erodible. deformable or resiliently-biased part with erodable or abradable material
    • F01D11/125—Preventing or minimising internal leakage of working-fluid, e.g. between stages for sealing space between rotor blade tips and stator using a rubstrip, e.g. erodible. deformable or resiliently-biased part with erodable or abradable material with a reinforcing structure
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D11/00—Preventing or minimising internal leakage of working-fluid, e.g. between stages
    • F01D11/08—Preventing or minimising internal leakage of working-fluid, e.g. between stages for sealing space between rotor blade tips and stator
    • F01D11/12—Preventing or minimising internal leakage of working-fluid, e.g. between stages for sealing space between rotor blade tips and stator using a rubstrip, e.g. erodible. deformable or resiliently-biased part
    • F01D11/127—Preventing or minimising internal leakage of working-fluid, e.g. between stages for sealing space between rotor blade tips and stator using a rubstrip, e.g. erodible. deformable or resiliently-biased part with a deformable or crushable structure, e.g. honeycomb
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D21/00—Shutting-down of machines or engines, e.g. in emergency; Regulating, controlling, or safety means not otherwise provided for
    • F01D21/04—Shutting-down of machines or engines, e.g. in emergency; Regulating, controlling, or safety means not otherwise provided for responsive to undesired position of rotor relative to stator or to breaking-off of a part of the rotor, e.g. indicating such position
    • F01D21/045—Shutting-down of machines or engines, e.g. in emergency; Regulating, controlling, or safety means not otherwise provided for responsive to undesired position of rotor relative to stator or to breaking-off of a part of the rotor, e.g. indicating such position special arrangements in stators or in rotors dealing with breaking-off of part of rotor
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D25/00—Component parts, details, or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart from, other groups
    • F01D25/24—Casings; Casing parts, e.g. diaphragms, casing fastenings
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
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    • F02C7/00—Features, components parts, details or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart form groups F02C1/00 - F02C6/00; Air intakes for jet-propulsion plants
    • F02C7/04—Air intakes for gas-turbine plants or jet-propulsion plants
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02K—JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
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    • F02K3/02—Plants including a gas turbine driving a compressor or a ducted fan in which part of the working fluid by-passes the turbine and combustion chamber
    • F02K3/04—Plants including a gas turbine driving a compressor or a ducted fan in which part of the working fluid by-passes the turbine and combustion chamber the plant including ducted fans, i.e. fans with high volume, low pressure outputs, for augmenting the jet thrust, e.g. of double-flow type
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02K—JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F02K3/00—Plants including a gas turbine driving a compressor or a ducted fan
    • F02K3/02—Plants including a gas turbine driving a compressor or a ducted fan in which part of the working fluid by-passes the turbine and combustion chamber
    • F02K3/04—Plants including a gas turbine driving a compressor or a ducted fan in which part of the working fluid by-passes the turbine and combustion chamber the plant including ducted fans, i.e. fans with high volume, low pressure outputs, for augmenting the jet thrust, e.g. of double-flow type
    • F02K3/06—Plants including a gas turbine driving a compressor or a ducted fan in which part of the working fluid by-passes the turbine and combustion chamber the plant including ducted fans, i.e. fans with high volume, low pressure outputs, for augmenting the jet thrust, e.g. of double-flow type with front fan
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于飞机发动机(2)的、在其风扇(3)区域中的风扇壳体(1)，其包括多个大致圆柱形设置并且彼此连接的纤维增强塑料层，在内层(4)和外层(5)之间设有由玻璃纤维增强塑料制成的增强层(6)。根据本发明，所述增强层(6)包括至少20层玻璃纤维增强塑料，在增强层(6)两侧设有变形层(7)，所述变形层(7)具有比增强层(6)更低的强度。

Description

用于飞机发动机的风扇壳体
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于飞机发动机的、在其风扇区域中的风扇壳体或者说风机壳体，包括多个大致圆柱形设置并且彼此连接的、由纤维增强塑料制成的层，在内层和外层之间设有由玻璃纤维增强塑料制成的增强层。
背景技术
飞机发动机的风扇壳体用于在风扇区域中在风扇叶片分离的损坏情况下防止发动机受到破坏并且保护飞机中的乘客免受伤害。为这种类型的风扇壳体所选择的材料必须能够吸收分离的风扇叶片的高的动能。早前主要使用金属、尤其是高延展性钢或钛合金来制造风扇壳体，近年来也为这些飞机部件使用塑料。
例如US 2012/0148392 A1描述了一种由纤维增强塑料制成的、用于飞机发动机的风扇壳体，其中，多个彼此连接的复合材料层与设置在其间的蜂窝结构组合。由制成的外罩在损坏情况下、即当风扇叶片分离并且进入发动机壳体中时提供相应保护。
US 2008/0128073 A1描述了一种用于在层结构中由不同塑料复合材料制成的、用于飞机发动机的风扇壳体，其中使用不同的纤维材料以及它们的组合。
GB 2426287 A描述了一种风扇壳体，其中设有金属结构用来满足安全要求。
EP 2096269 A2和EP 1344895 A2描述了发动机衬里，其用于优化发动机内部的气流，但在风扇叶片折断的损坏情况下不提供保护。
许多由纤维增强塑料制成的风扇壳体的结构在制造中十分复杂并且需要许多材料层，因此相对于金属风扇壳体不再具有或仅具有少量重量优势。
发明内容
因此，本发明的任务在于提供一种用于飞机发动机的风扇壳体，其尽可能轻并且同时是安全的。应避免或至少减少已知装置的缺点。
按本发明的任务通过下述方式来解决：所述增强层包括至少20层玻璃纤维增强塑料，并且在增强层两侧设有变形层，所述变形层具有比增强层更低的强度。根据本发明的风扇壳体结构的特征在于，设置至少三个层、即内层、增强层和外层，为它们使用特殊材料，以便满足本发明的任务、即在损坏情况下一方面保护飞机发动机并且另一方面保留飞机发动机用于安全着陆的特定残余刚度。在根据本发明的风扇壳体中，这两个任务被分配给两个不同的组件，由此，所述组件的材料可最佳地匹配相应任务。由玻璃纤维增强塑料制成的中间增强层主要用于防止分离的风扇叶片贯穿壳体并且承受冲撞。因此使用玻璃纤维增强塑料，其相对于风扇部分的冲撞具有最佳性能。通过设置至少20层玻璃纤维增强塑料得到通常所需的强度。对于转速特别高的飞机发动机或对于较小的商务喷气发动机而言也可能需要更多层、如35层来满足安全要求。由于在风扇壳体之内被变形层包围的增强层的安装位置，增强层也受到保护以防例如通过石子冲击的损坏并且由此可实现重量优势。相反，在损坏情况下为安全着陆所需的残余刚度则主要由风扇壳体的外层来确保。风扇壳体特别优选适合用于转速非常高(≥10000转每分钟)的飞机发动机，在这种转速下风扇分离部分的动能特别高。根据具体设计，风扇壳体的重量可相对于钢结构减少30％至50％并且相对于钛结构减少最多10％。
至少一个变形层可由蜂窝结构制成。这种蜂窝结构的特点在于重量特别低。在损坏情况下变形层相应变形并且以防风扇壳体的外层发生不允许的较大变形。
至少一个变形层也可由泡沫材料制成。通过选择相应的泡沫材料和必要时结合由蜂窝结构制成的变形层可进一步改善重量或可变形性。作为泡沫材料例如使用塑料、如丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物(ABS)、聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺(PMI)和类似物。
有利的是，在外层中集成有至少一个固定法兰。通过集成至少一个固定法兰、尤其是两个固定法兰(前部的和后部的)，一方面提高了整个风扇壳体的强度，因为在固定法兰和外层之间不需要接合点，并且另一方面简化了安装过程。
在风扇壳体的内层上可在风扇区域中设置由可变形材料制成的研磨层。通过这种类型的由可变形材料制成的研磨层还可进一步减小在飞机发动机风扇和风扇壳体内层之间的气隙，因为风扇叶片以最大直径在研磨层中铣出相应形状。
研磨层可由玻璃纤维增强树脂或填充的蜂窝芯制成。这种类型的材料已证明特别有效并且相对于通常由钛或钛合金制成的风扇叶片足够软。
当在内层和增强层之间在风扇区域中设有偏转环且该偏转环由强度高于变形层的材料制成时，可在风扇叶片折断的情况下提高安全性或在同样的安全性下减少内层和/或增强层的材料。偏转环用于侧向偏转在径向上出现的大致点状的力并且因此防止风扇壳体或发动机壳体的损坏。
偏转环优选由金属、尤其是钢制成。基于偏转环相对于整个风扇壳体的较小尺寸，由此产生的重量缺点可忽略不计。
作为替代方案，偏转环也可由芳族纤维增强塑料、如制成。这种纤维增强塑料相对于金属具有较轻的重量，但也更为昂贵。
当偏转环具有设有朝向风扇指向的斜面的楔形横截面时，在径向上出现的力——其源于风扇叶片的折断部分——可被侧向偏转和分布并且因此可减小风扇壳体或发动机壳体的损坏危险以及对飞机和乘客的危险。
风扇壳体的外层和内层优选由碳纤维增强塑料制成。尤其是风扇壳体的外层由相应多的碳纤维增强塑料层制成，以便在损坏情况下赋予飞机发动机足够的稳定性并确保飞机的安全着陆。
附图说明
下面参考一种实施例详细说明本发明。在附图中：
图1以部分剖开的视图示出包括设置在风扇区域中的风扇壳体的飞机发动机；
图2以剖面图示出根据本发明构造的风扇壳体的局部。
具体实施方式
图1以部分剖开的视图示出包括设置在风扇3区域中的风扇壳体1的飞机发动机2。通常风扇壳体1包括圆柱形外罩1，该外罩具有集成或固定在其上的固定法兰和可能的加强肋或类似物。风扇壳体1与发动机壳体的其余部分连接，发动机壳体又设置在相应的固定元件、通常为机翼上。
图2以剖面图示出根据本发明构造的风扇壳体1的局部。风扇壳体1包括根据飞机发动机2的空气动力学要求设计的内层4和外层5以及设置在内层4和外层5之间的增强层6和设置在增强层6两侧的变形层7。增强层6根据飞机发动机2由至少20层玻璃纤维增强塑料制成并且主要用于承受在损坏情况下对风扇3局部的冲撞。可由蜂窝结构或适合的泡沫材料或它们的组合制成的变形层7用于吸收源于风扇3分离部分的动能。内层4可由碳纤维增强塑料制成。外层5优选也由碳纤维增强塑料制成，外层主要用于在损坏情况下确保风扇壳体1的残余强度并在飞机发动机2损坏时实现安全着陆。
为了简化制造和安装，用于固定风扇壳体1所需的固定法兰8、9可集成于外层5中并在一个制造过程中与外层5一同制出。通过增强层6和外层5的功能分离，也可在损坏情况下尤其是在固定法兰8、9区域中防止外层5的撕裂或至少减少损坏危险。
为了减小风扇3和内层4之间的气隙，可在风扇3区域中设置由可变形材料制成的研磨层10，风扇叶片以最大外径铣入该研磨层10中，从而在风扇3和内层4或者说研磨层10之间的气隙消失。研磨层10可由玻璃纤维增强树脂或填充的蜂窝芯制成。
在风扇3区域中，可在内层4和增强层6之间设置一个由强度高于变形层7的材料制成的偏转环11，通过该偏转环11使在损坏情况下出现的径向力侧向偏转。偏转环11可由金属、尤其是钢亦或由芳纶纤维增强塑料、如制成。为了最佳偏转径向作用的力，偏转环11可如图所示具有设有朝向风扇3指向的斜面12的楔形横截面。
在风扇壳体1的后端部上可设置附件13并且其优选与内层4粘接。

Claims (11)

1.用于飞机发动机(2)的、在风扇(3)区域中的风扇壳体(1)，该风扇壳体包括多个大致圆柱形设置并且彼此连接的纤维增强塑料层，在内层(4)和外层(5)之间设有由玻璃纤维增强塑料制成的增强层(6)，其特征在于，所述增强层(6)包括至少20层玻璃纤维增强塑料，在增强层(6)两侧设有变形层(7)，所述变形层(7)具有比增强层(6)更低的强度。
2.根据权利要求1所述的风扇壳体(1)，其特征在于，至少一个变形层(7)由蜂窝结构制成。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的风扇壳体(1)，其特征在于，至少一个变形层(7)由泡沫材料制成。
4.根据权利要求1至3之一所述的风扇壳体(1)，其特征在于，在外层(5)中集成有至少一个固定法兰(8、9)。
5.根据权利要求1至4之一所述的风扇壳体，其特征在于，在内层(4)上在风扇(3)区域中设有由可变形材料制成的研磨层(10)。
6.根据权利要求5所述的风扇壳体(1)，其特征在于，所述研磨层(10)由玻璃纤维增强树脂制成。
7.根据权利要求1至6之一所述的风扇壳体(1)，其特征在于，在内层(4)和增强层(6)之间在风扇(3)区域中设有偏转环(11)，所述偏转环由强度高于变形层(7)的材料制成。
8.根据权利要求7所述的风扇壳体(1)，其特征在于，所述偏转环(11)由金属、尤其是钢制成。
9.根据权利要求7所述的风扇壳体(1)，其特征在于，所述偏转环(11)由芳纶纤维增强塑料制成。
10.根据权利要求7至9之一所述的风扇壳体(1)，其特征在于，所述偏转环(11)具有设有朝向风扇(3)指向的斜面(12)的楔形横截面。
11.根据权利要求1至10之一所述的风扇壳体(1)，其特征在于，所述外层(5)和内层(4)由碳纤维增强塑料制成。
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