CN107073394A - 烟道气脱硫废水的处理 - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种从烟道气(10)中除去硫氧化物的方法,包含以下步骤:i)使烟道气(10)与包含钙反应物的浆液(14)接触以形成含有不溶性钙化合物和可溶性钙离子的废水(28);ii)对所述废水(28)进行预处理以除去至少一部分不溶性钙化合物;ⅲ)传送所产生的预处理废水(16)通过纳米过滤(NF)膜(30);和iv)使得自步骤ⅲ)的NF废弃物流(32)的至少一部分在步骤i)中再利用。
Description
技术领域
本发明是针对进行烟道气脱硫(包括烟道气脱硫废水处理)的方法。
背景技术
大多数燃煤电厂利用了一些类型的烟道气脱硫(FGD)。一个常见的实施例是使用湿式涤气器和碱性试剂(例如石灰石、石灰等)从锅炉所产生的烟道气中吸收二氧化硫。碱性反应物与二氧化硫发生反应而形成不溶性钙化合物(例如亚硫酸钙、硫酸钙等),然后将所述不溶性钙化合物从FGD废水(“排放”)中分离(借助于澄清器-浓缩器、水力旋流器等)。其余FGD废水含有数量可变的悬浮固体和金属以及较高量的氯离子。FGD废水中的高氯化物含量限制了其再用于洗气器中。除具有腐蚀性之外,废水中的高氯化物含量还降低了脱硫效率。因此,为了使湿式涤气器中的氯离子浓度维持在可接受的水平(例如小于15,000ppm),FGD废水中的大部分必须排出。排出之前,可以对废水进行初次和二次处理,包括沉降、化学沉淀(例如凝结、絮凝)、生物学处理和蒸发。鉴于与处理和排出FGD废水有关的成本,因此期望新颖的处理方法。
发明内容
本发明包括一种对存在于FGD废水中的可溶性钙反应物进行再利用以便其可以再用作湿式涤气器中的“补充物”的方法。本发明减少了钙反应物消耗和废水处置需求。在一个优选实施例中,本发明包括一种从烟道气中除去硫氧化物的方法,所述方法包含以下步骤:i)使含有硫氧化物的烟道气与含有钙反应物的浆液接触以形成含有不溶性钙化合物、可溶性二价离子(包括钙和硫酸盐)和单价离子(包括氯离子)的废水;ii)对废水进行预处理,以除去不溶性钙化合物的至少一部分;iii)传送所得预处理废水通过纳米过滤(NF)膜,以产生:a)NF废弃物流,其含有富集浓度的二价离子(包括钙和硫酸盐)和一定浓度的单价离子(包括氯化物),和b)NF渗透液流,其含有单价离子(包括氯化物)和浓度减小的二价离子(包括钙和硫酸盐);和iv)使得自步骤iii)的NF废弃物流的至少一部分在步骤i)中再利用。
附图说明
图1是图解说明本发明的一个实施例的流程图。
具体实施方式
参照图1,本发明包括烟道气脱硫(FGD)方法,其涉及从锅炉(例如,如燃煤电厂中所用)所产生的烟道气中除去硫氧化物。在一个优选实施例中,所述方法涉及步骤(i-iv),包括步骤(i):将含有硫氧化物的烟道气(10)引入湿式涤气器(12)中且使烟道气与包含钙反应物(例如石灰、石灰石等)的浆液(14)接触以形成含有不溶性钙化合物(例如亚硫酸钙、硫酸钙等)、重金属(例如汞、砷、铬等)、可溶性二价离子(包括钙和硫酸盐)和单价离子(包括氯离子)的废水(16)。
随后在步骤(ii)中对来自步骤i)的废水(16)进行预处理(18),以除去不溶性钙化合物的至少一部分。预处理可以涉及沉降(例如沉降池(20))、离心分离(例如水力旋流器)、化学沉淀(22)和微滤或超滤(24)中的一或多种。不溶性钙化合物可以回收且处置(26)或用于各种应用(例如作为石膏来源用于生产墙板)。预处理还可以除去废水中所存在的至少一部分重金属。这可以通过提高pH(例如添加碱,如石灰)和添加化学沉淀剂(如硫化物(例如三巯基-三嗪、硫化钠等))来实现。预处理还可以包括镁沉淀(例如在升高的pH下进行的石灰软化)、二氧化硅除去(例如添加氧化镁)和必需进行的其它污垢因子除去。预处理还优选包括传送废水通过微滤膜或超滤膜(24),从而进一步减少存在于废水中的悬浮固体。微滤膜或超滤膜(24)可以包括多种多样的基础模块(例如螺旋形缠绕、中空纤维、毛细管、扁平圆盘和管状膜模块或“元件”)。代表性半透膜包括由以下材料制成的半透膜:各种陶瓷、金属、纤维素、聚砜、聚醚砜、聚偏二氟乙烯、聚酰胺、聚丙烯腈、聚烯烃等。为了优先除去悬浮固体,可以选择所用膜的平均孔径,例如微滤范围(即,0.1到5微米)内的平均孔径。在一个优选实施例中,膜平均孔径是在超滤范围(即0.01至0.10微米)内。适合膜的代表性实例包括可获自陶氏化学公司的UF膜模块SFx 2660和SFx 2680(x=P、R、D等)。
所产生的预处理废水(28)在步骤(iii)中如下进一步处理:传送预处理废水通过纳米过滤(NF)膜(30),以产生:(a)NF废弃物流(32),所述NF废弃物流包含富集浓度的可溶性二价离子(包括钙和硫酸盐)(例如比存在于废水中的钙离子优选多至少10%、25%且甚至50%)以及一定浓度的单价离子(包括氯化物);和(b)NF渗透液流(34),所述NF渗透液流包含单价离子(包括氯化物)和浓度减小的二价离子(钙和硫酸盐)。重要的是,可溶性二价离子与单价离子的比率大于废水(和NF渗透液流)中的比率。纳米过滤膜可以是螺旋形缠绕元件、盘式管或中空纤维模块。
得自步骤iii)的NF废弃物流的至少一部分在步骤i)中作为步骤(iv)的一部分再利用。即,NF废弃物流作为补充水再循环到湿式涤气器中。NF废弃物流中所富集的钙离子含量(相较于废水)改善了对烟道气中的硫氧化物的吸收且减少了新鲜石灰或石灰石的消耗。另外,再利用的NF废弃物流中所富集的硫酸根离子在湿式涤气器(12)中发生反应且沉淀,从而在NF之后,降低了后处理设备的积垢风险。作为未示出的任选步骤,NF渗透液流可以如下进行后处理:传送其通过逆渗透(RO)膜,以产生:i)RO废弃物流(包括富集浓度的单价离子);和ii)RO渗透液流(包括浓度减小的单价离子)。RO废弃物流可以通过蒸发或电解来进一步处理,以进一步减少操作中的排放。RO渗透液流的至少一部分可以在步骤i)中再利用。RO渗透液流也可以用于其它应用。
RO膜对于几乎所有的溶解盐来说相对不可渗透且阻挡超过约95%的具有单价离子的盐,如氯化钠。RO膜还阻挡超过约95%的无机分子以及分子量大于约100道尔顿的有机分子。NF膜的渗透性大于RO膜且通常阻挡小于约95%的具有单价离子的盐,同时阻挡超过约50%(且常常超过90%)的具有二价离子的盐,这取决于二价离子的种类。NF膜还典型地阻挡纳米范围内的颗粒以及分子量大于约200到500道尔顿的有机分子。
烟道气可以包括氮氧化物,其可以作为独立于本发明方法的单独步骤的一部分转化成分子氮(N2)。即,脱氮步骤与脱硫步骤分开。举例来说,可以在本发明方法之前或之后,从步骤i)所用的烟道气中除去氮氧化物的至少一部分。除去氮氧化物可以通过使氮氧化物与氨或尿素或含有金属离子螯合剂的洗涤液接触来完成。本发明方法中优选不存在此类金属离子螯合剂。
Claims (7)
1.一种从烟道气中除去硫氧化物的方法,包含以下步骤:
i)使所述烟道气与包含钙反应物的浆液接触以形成包含不溶性钙化合物、可溶性钙离子和单价离子的废水,所述单价离子包括氯离子;
ii)对所述废水进行预处理,以除去所述不溶性钙化合物的至少一部分;
iii)传送所产生的所述预处理废水通过纳米过滤(NF)膜,以产生:
a)NF废弃物流,其包含富集浓度的钙离子,和
b)NF渗透液流,其包含浓度减小的钙离子;以及
iv)使得自步骤iii)的所述NF废弃物流的至少一部分在步骤i)中再利用。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述废弃物流包含的钙离子比所述废水多至少10%。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中对所述废水进行预处理的所述步骤包含以下中的至少一或多个:沉降、化学沉淀和超滤。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述NF渗透液流如下进行后处理:通过逆渗透(RO)膜以产生:
RO废弃物流,其包含富集浓度的单价离子,和
RO渗透液流,其包含浓度减小的单价离子;和对所述RO废弃物流进行蒸发或电解。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其中所述RO渗透液流的至少一部分在步骤i)中再利用。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述烟道气包含氮氧化物,且其中作为单独步骤的一部分,从所述烟道气中除去所述氮氧化物的至少一部分。
7.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述烟道气包含氮氧化物,且其中在步骤i)之前,从所述烟道气中除去所述氮氧化物的至少一部分。
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