CN107064890A - 一种脉冲体制雷达海冰探测能力评估方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种脉冲体制雷达海冰探测能力评估方法，对于脉冲体制雷达，设其脉冲信号宽度为τ，电磁波传播速度为c0，则受脉宽限制的可探测海冰厚度为其中c0＝3×108米/秒，θ2为海冰中电磁波透射角。海冰识别度用Dice表示,物理意义为雷达散射图像中海冰区域与海水区域的区分程度，水平极化和垂直极化时海冰识别度分别为 本发明基于海冰介电常数模型，考虑气‑冰界面与海水‑海冰界面之间电磁波多次散射，要评估因子为海冰可探测厚度和海冰识别度。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于海洋技术领域，具体涉及一种海冰可探测厚度及海冰识别度模拟方法。
背景技术
自上世纪80年代以来，由于全球变暖，海冰融化加快，北极海冰对全球气候的影响有放大作用，利用空基和天基雷达对极区海冰进行探测具有重要的科学意义和应用价值。
合成孔径雷达(简记为SAR)具有全天候、可穿透云层等优点，自1978年首次发射升空以来，被应用于对地观测特别是对海洋观测，包括海面风场、海浪参数提取、海流锋面检测、海表面溢油、海上目标识别、海冰运动及分类等应用领域。海洋表面各种洋面特征引起的海面粗糙度变化，对SAR海面成像图像雷达散射截面产生影响，使得SAR的海洋特征检测应用成为可能，因此对于不同介质的海面电磁散射也是一直以来的研究热点。其中海冰的SAR遥感监测越来越受到重视，研究热点包括海冰分类和海冰厚度探测。海冰厚度反演研究一直是气候模式研究所急需解决的技术瓶颈，最近的研究主要是利用海冰薄层的盐度和卤水体积随冰厚的变化经验关系进行海冰厚度探索研究，但该方法仅适用于小于薄冰厚度探测(小于0.4米)。目前对于海冰的探测能力尚缺乏定量理论研究，我们提出了一种脉冲体制雷达海冰探测能力评估模型，发明了一种脉冲体制雷达海冰探测能力评估方法。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于克服现有技术的不足，提供一种脉冲体制雷达海冰探测能力评估方法，是基于分层多次电磁散射机制的一种归一化雷达散射截面(NRCS)、可探测海冰厚度以及海冰识别度的模拟方法。
本发明采用的技术方案为：一种脉冲体制雷达海冰探测能力评估方法，包括以下步骤：
步骤1：介质1、2、3分别为空气、海冰和海水，它们的介电常数、磁导率和电导率分别为(ε1,μ1,σ1)、(ε2,μ2,σ2)、(ε3,μ3,σ3)；一般来说，除了铁磁质外的介质，磁导率都近似等于真空中的磁导率，即有μ1＝μ2＝μ3＝μ0。空气中ε1＝ε0，σ1＝0，其中真空中磁导率μ0＝4π×10-7亨/米(H/m)、介电常数ε0＝8.85419×10-12(F/m)，海冰电导率为σ2＝ωε″ε0，其中，电磁波角频率为ω＝2πf，f为电磁波频率。海水电导率为：
式中，SW为海水的盐度，t为海水的温度。海水介电常数Debye模型函数为：
式中，
与温度和盐度相关的弛豫时间τ为：
ε*＝a′+a″SW，式中，
步骤2：电磁波部分能量透射入海冰中传播，入射角为θ1，透射角为：
透入海水中的透射角为：
海冰中的电磁波衰减系数为：
步骤3：本发明方法中的受脉宽限制的可探测海冰厚度为：
其中电磁波传播速度c0＝3×108米/秒。
步骤4：本发明中，海冰识别度用Dice表示,物理意义为雷达散射图像中海冰区域与海水区域的区分程度，水平极化(HH)和垂直极化(VV)时海冰识别度分别为：
其中，SHH,water，SVV,water分别为水平极化和垂直极化下海水的雷达散射系数。
分别水平极化和垂直极化下海冰的雷达散射系数。
其中，水平极化时冰-气界面的反射系数：
垂直极化时冰-气界面的反射系数：
其中，
有益效果：本发明基于海冰介电常数模型，考虑气-冰界面与海水-海冰界面之间电磁波多次散射，提出一种脉冲体制雷达海冰探测能力评估模型，主要评估因子为海冰可探测厚度和海冰识别度。
附图说明
图1为平面电磁波入射厚度为h的海冰时多次反射和透射示意图。
图2为雷达海冰识别度随雷达频率的变化。
图3为雷达海冰识别度随雷达入射角的变化。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和具体实施方式对本发明作进一步的说明。
一种脉冲体制雷达海冰探测能力评估方法，包括以下步骤：
步骤1：如图1所示，介质1、2、3分别为空气、海冰和海水，它们的介电常数、磁导率和电导率分别为(ε1,μ1,σ1)、(ε2,μ2,σ2)、(ε3,μ3,σ3)；一般来说，除了铁磁质外的介质，磁导率都近似等于真空中的磁导率，即有μ1＝μ2＝μ3＝μ0。空气中ε1＝ε0，σ1＝0，其中真空中磁导率μ0＝4π×10-7亨/米(H/m)、介电常数ε0＝8.85419×10-12(F/m)，海冰电导率为σ2＝ωε″ε0，其中，电磁波角频率为ω＝2πf，f为电磁波频率。海水电导率为：
式中，SW为海水的盐度，t为海水的温度。海水介电常数Debye模型函数为：
式中，
与温度和盐度相关的弛豫时间τ为：
ε*＝a′+a″SW，式中，
步骤2：电磁波部分能量透射入海冰中传播，入射角为θ1，透射角为：
透入海水中的透射角为：
海冰中的电磁波衰减系数为：
步骤3：本发明方法中的受脉宽限制的可探测海冰厚度为：
其中电磁波传播速度c0＝3×108米/秒。
步骤4：如图2和图3所示，本发明中，海冰识别度用Dice表示,物理意义为雷达散射图像中海冰区域与海水区域的区分程度，水平极化(HH)和垂直极化(VV)时海冰识别度分别为：
其中，SHH,water，SVV,water分别为水平极化和垂直极化下海水的雷达散射系数。
分别水平极化和垂直极化下海冰的雷达散射系数。
其中，水平极化时冰-气界面的反射系数：
垂直极化时冰-气界面的反射系数：
其中，
以上结合附图对本发明的实施方式做出详细说明，但本发明不局限于所描述的实施方式。对本领域的普通技术人员而言，在本发明的原理和技术思想的范围内，对这些实施方式进行多种变化、修改、替换和变形仍落入本发明的保护范围内。
Claims (1)
1.一种脉冲体制雷达海冰探测能力评估方法，其特征在于：包括以下步骤：
步骤1：介质1、2、3分别为空气、海冰和海水，它们的介电常数、磁导率和电导率分别为(ε1,μ1,σ1)、(ε2,μ2,σ2)、(ε3,μ3,σ3)；磁导率都近似等于真空中的磁导率，即有μ1＝μ2＝μ3＝μ0；空气中ε1＝ε0，σ1＝0，其中真空中磁导率μ0＝4π×10-7H/m、介电常数ε0＝8.85419×10- 12F/m，海冰电导率为σ2＝ωε″ε0，其中，电磁波角频率为ω＝2πf，f为电磁波频率；海水电导率为：
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式中，SW为海水的盐度，t为海水的温度；海水介电常数Debye模型函数为：
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<mi>W</mi>
</msub>
<mo>(</mo>
<mo>-</mo>
<mn>6.772</mn>
<mo>&times;</mo>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow>
<mo>-</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2.357</mn>
<mo>&times;</mo>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow>
<mo>-</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>5.075</mn>
<mo>&times;</mo>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow>
<mo>-</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</msup>
<mo>-</mo>
<mn>6.3983</mn>
<mo>&times;</mo>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow>
<mo>-</mo>
<mn>5</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mn>3</mn>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2.463</mn>
<mo>&times;</mo>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow>
<mo>-</mo>
<mn>6</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mn>4</mn>
</msup>
<mo>-</mo>
<mn>3.0676</mn>
<mo>&times;</mo>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow>
<mo>-</mo>
<mn>8</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mn>5</mn>
</msup>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>-</mo>
<mo>-</mo>
<mo>-</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
ε*＝a′+a″SW，式中，
<mrow>
<mtable>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>&prime;</mo>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>81.82</mn>
<mo>-</mo>
<mn>6.0503</mn>
<mo>&times;</mo>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow>
<mo>-</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>-</mo>
<mn>3.1661</mn>
<mo>&times;</mo>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow>
<mo>-</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>3.1097</mn>
<mo>&times;</mo>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow>
<mo>-</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mn>3</mn>
</msup>
<mo>-</mo>
<mn>1.1791</mn>
<mo>&times;</mo>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow>
<mo>-</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mn>4</mn>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1.4838</mn>
<mo>&times;</mo>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow>
<mo>-</mo>
<mn>6</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mn>5</mn>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>-</mo>
<mo>-</mo>
<mo>-</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mn>5</mn>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtable>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>&prime;</mo>
<mo>&prime;</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0.12544</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>9.4037</mn>
<mo>&times;</mo>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow>
<mo>-</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>-</mo>
<mn>9.5551</mn>
<mo>&times;</mo>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow>
<mo>-</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>9.0888</mn>
<mo>&times;</mo>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow>
<mo>-</mo>
<mn>5</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mn>3</mn>
</msup>
<mo>-</mo>
<mn>3.6011</mn>
<mo>&times;</mo>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow>
<mo>-</mo>
<mn>6</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mn>4</mn>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>4.71</mn>
<mo>&times;</mo>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow>
<mo>-</mo>
<mn>8</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mn>5</mn>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>-</mo>
<mo>-</mo>
<mo>-</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mn>6</mn>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
步骤2：电磁波部分能量透射入海冰中传播，入射角为θ1，透射角为：
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>&theta;</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>s</mi>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<msqrt>
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>&epsiv;</mi>
<mn>1</mn>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>&epsiv;</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</msqrt>
<msub>
<mi>sin&theta;</mi>
<mn>1</mn>
</msub>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>-</mo>
<mo>-</mo>
<mo>-</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mn>7</mn>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
透入海水中的透射角为：
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>&theta;</mi>
<mn>3</mn>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>s</mi>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<msqrt>
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>&epsiv;</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>&epsiv;</mi>
<mn>3</mn>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</msqrt>
<msub>
<mi>sin&theta;</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</msub>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>-</mo>
<mo>-</mo>
<mo>-</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mn>8</mn>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
海冰中的电磁波衰减系数为：
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>&alpha;</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>&omega;</mi>
<msqrt>
<mrow>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>&mu;</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>&epsiv;</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<msqrt>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mfrac>
<msubsup>
<mi>&sigma;</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>&omega;</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</msup>
<msubsup>
<mi>&epsiv;</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</msubsup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</msqrt>
<mo>-</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msqrt>
<mo>-</mo>
<mo>-</mo>
<mo>-</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mn>9</mn>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
步骤3：所述评估方法中的受脉宽限制的可探测海冰厚度为：
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>h</mi>
<mrow>
<mi>c</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mn>0</mn>
</msub>
<mi>&tau;</mi>
<mi>c</mi>
<mi>o</mi>
<mi>s</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>&theta;</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</msub>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
<mo>-</mo>
<mo>-</mo>
<mo>-</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mn>10</mn>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
其中电磁波传播速度c0＝3×108米/秒；
步骤4：所述评估方法中，海冰识别度用Dice表示,物理意义为雷达散射图像中海冰区域与海水区域的区分程度，水平极化和垂直极化时海冰识别度分别为：
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>D</mi>
<mrow>
<mi>H</mi>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>c</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow>
<mi>H</mi>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>w</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow>
<mi>H</mi>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>h</mi>
<mrow>
<mi>c</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
<mo>-</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>-</mo>
<mo>-</mo>
<mo>-</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mn>11</mn>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>D</mi>
<mrow>
<mi>V</mi>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>c</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow>
<mi>V</mi>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>w</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow>
<mi>V</mi>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>h</mi>
<mrow>
<mi>c</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
<mo>-</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>-</mo>
<mo>-</mo>
<mo>-</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mn>12</mn>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
其中，SHH,water，SVV,water分别为水平极化和垂直极化下海水的雷达散射系数；
分别水平极化和垂直极化下海冰的雷达散射系数；
其中，水平极化时冰-气界面的反射系数：
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow>
<mi>H</mi>
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>b</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>exp</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mo>-</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<msub>
<mi>&alpha;</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</msub>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
<mo>-</mo>
<mo>-</mo>
<mo>-</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mn>13</mn>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
垂直极化时冰-气界面的反射系数：
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow>
<mi>V</mi>
<mi>V</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>g</mi>
<mi>l</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mi>g</mi>
<mi>exp</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mo>-</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<msub>
<mi>&alpha;</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</msub>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
其中，
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| CN107679476A (zh) * | 2017-09-26 | 2018-02-09 | 南京大学 | 一种海冰类型遥感分类方法 |
| RU2723437C1 (ru) * | 2019-09-03 | 2020-06-11 | Открытое акционерное общество "Авангард" | Способ обнаружения и высокоточного определения параметров морских ледовых полей и радиолокационная система для его реализации |
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| US3665466A (en) * | 1970-03-20 | 1972-05-23 | Exxon Production Research Co | Determination of ice thickness |
| WO2003048803A1 (fr) * | 2001-11-07 | 2003-06-12 | Communications Research Laboratory,Independent Administrative Institution | Procede d'observation de glace marine |
| JP2005291782A (ja) * | 2004-03-31 | 2005-10-20 | National Institute Of Information & Communication Technology | Ｓａｒによる氷厚推定方法 |
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| US3665466A (en) * | 1970-03-20 | 1972-05-23 | Exxon Production Research Co | Determination of ice thickness |
| WO2003048803A1 (fr) * | 2001-11-07 | 2003-06-12 | Communications Research Laboratory,Independent Administrative Institution | Procede d'observation de glace marine |
| JP2005291782A (ja) * | 2004-03-31 | 2005-10-20 | National Institute Of Information & Communication Technology | Ｓａｒによる氷厚推定方法 |
| CN101105395A (zh) * | 2007-08-01 | 2008-01-16 | 大连海事大学 | 雷达海冰厚度测量仪 |
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| CN107679476B (zh) * | 2017-09-26 | 2020-10-09 | 南京大学 | 一种海冰类型遥感分类方法 |
| RU2723437C1 (ru) * | 2019-09-03 | 2020-06-11 | Открытое акционерное общество "Авангард" | Способ обнаружения и высокоточного определения параметров морских ледовых полей и радиолокационная система для его реализации |
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