CN107002564B - 用于控制内燃机的方法和装置 - Google Patents

用于控制内燃机的方法和装置 Download PDF

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CN107002564B
CN107002564B CN201580065113.2A CN201580065113A CN107002564B CN 107002564 B CN107002564 B CN 107002564B CN 201580065113 A CN201580065113 A CN 201580065113A CN 107002564 B CN107002564 B CN 107002564B
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A·艾希霍恩
D·莱赛克
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    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于将气态燃料直接喷射到内燃机的燃烧室(2)中以加热催化器(7)的方法，包括以下步骤：实施气态燃料直接到燃烧室中的主喷射，在主喷射之后、但在点火之前，实施第一后喷射，在点火之后并且优选燃烧室中的燃烧结束之后，实施气态燃料到燃烧室中的第二后喷射。

Description

用于控制内燃机的方法和装置
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于将气态燃料直接喷入到内燃机的燃烧室中以便加热后面连接的催化器的方法以及一种用于实施该方法的控制单元。
背景技术
最近除了液体燃料外也越来越多地使用气态燃料作为内燃机的燃料。与汽油驱动的内燃机相比，燃气驱动的内燃机（例如使用天然气或液化石油气）是一种有吸引力的解决方案，以便实现节约潜能并且降低CO2排放。此外也可以实现降低排放方面的潜能。为了达到更好的效率，也越来越多地尝试实现气体直接喷射，其中，气态燃料被直接喷入到内燃机的燃烧室中。在气态燃料、尤其天然气情况下，与汽油或其它液体燃料相比，废气后处理是个问题。尤其当气态燃料具有沼气（CH4）作为主要成分时，废气后处理比液体燃料的长链碳氢化合物更复杂。原因尤其在于，当前催化器转换率较低，这关系到较高的必要过程温度。尤其在催化器冷的情况下不能确保充分的废气后处理。因此，重要的是，使催化器的温度尽可能快地提升到必要的过程温度。
发明内容
与现有技术相比，提出一种用于将气态燃料直接喷射到内燃机的燃烧室中以加热催化器的方法，所述方法包括以下步骤：实施气态燃料直接到燃烧室中的主喷射，在主喷射之后、但在点火之前，实施第一后喷射，并且在点火之后并且燃烧室中的燃烧结束之后，实施气态燃料到燃烧室中的第二后喷射。
该方法具有的优点是，能够快速并且高效地加热具有处于预定的阈值温度之下的温度的催化器。由此能够充分降低冷启动时的废气排放。此外，本发明方法使得能够明显提高内燃机的运行平稳性。这尤其在怠速运行中为使用者带来明显优点。这根据本发明由此实现：该方法在第一步骤中实施气态燃料直接向内燃机的燃烧室中的主喷射。在主喷射之后接着进行第一后喷射，其中，第一后喷射的燃料量优选明显小于在主喷射期间喷入的燃料量。在此，第一后喷射在燃烧室中的点火之前进行。在燃烧室中点火之后并且在燃烧结束之后根据本发明进行气态燃料向燃烧室中的第二后喷射。第二后喷射的燃料量也明显低于主喷射的燃料量。通过第二后喷射能够在真正的主燃烧之后再次实现燃烧，使得废气温度显著提高。由此，连接在燃烧室之后的催化器能够快速变热，使得在直接喷射情况下也能显著降低内燃机在冷启动时的排放。因为例如在压缩天然气（CNG）情况下催化器温度必须达到约420°C，以便实施有效的废气净化，这比在汽油情况下高出约120开尔文，因此废气温度应尽可能高。在此当然要注意，出现尽可能低的未燃烧碳氢化合物以及颗粒的未经处理的排放，因为否则这些排放物在催化器还未起作用时会由于低的温度而使排放情况明显恶化。第一后喷射在此产生围绕火花塞的附加涡流并且使该区域中在即将点火时燃料-空气混合物中更富含燃料。由此有利于着火并且使焰心形成更稳定，从而使接着的燃烧更稳定。
在下面给出本发明的优选扩展。
优选在燃烧室上的排气阀打开的情况下实施第二后喷射。在此特别优选，第二后喷射的开始和排气阀打开的开始同步。由此能够在燃烧室中向排气阀方向产生强的充气运动。该充气运动与燃烧室中的高充气温度一起有利于随第二后喷射带入的气态燃料量的氧化。该附加的转化产生废气质量流的较高温度并产生其较高的焓，该焓在内燃机启动后被用于快速加热催化器。优选，第二后喷射和排气阀打开同时开始。
特别优选，第二后喷射在燃烧室中的燃烧结束后直接开始。此时燃烧室中的温度最高，使得通过第二后喷射带入的燃料能够立即着火。在此还避免了直接向燃烧室中的火焰中进行第二后喷射，否则这样会强烈提高颗粒含量和排放。
进一步优选，第一后喷射和第二后喷射时间一样长。进一步优选，在第一后喷射和第二后喷射期间喷入相同大的燃料体积，尤其喷入相同大的气态燃料量。由此尤其能够实现该方法的简单控制。
按照本发明的另一优选方案，燃烧过程在贫燃料（mager）情况下进行。尤其是，燃烧过程以λ约为1.05的λ进行。由此尤其能够使未经处理的NOx排放最小化。
进一步优选，如果在第一后喷射时刻燃烧室中的压力大于气态燃料的燃气压力，则可以放弃第一后喷射而仅实施第二后喷射。
根据本发明的方法尤其以天然气来实施。在此特别优选，使用针对燃气驱动优化的气体喷射器。
本发明还涉及一种控制单元，该控制单元设置用于实施将气态燃料直接喷入内燃机的燃烧室中的方法，以便在催化器的温度处于阈值温度之下时加热催化器。该方法包括如下步骤：实施气态燃料直接向燃烧室中的主喷射，在燃烧室中的燃烧结束后实施气态燃料直接向燃烧室中的后喷射，以提高废气焓。特别优选，控制单元包括存储器，在该存储器中存放有用于催化器的温度模型。借助温度模型，控制单元设置用于，实施用于加热催化器的喷气策略和本发明方法。替换地也可以在催化器上设置温度传感器，该温度传感器向控制单元报告当前温度，其中，控制单元则基于得到的温度值来实施所述加热方法。
因此，根据本发明，优选，在燃烧结束后进行后喷射，以提高废气焓。在此，后喷入的气态燃料的点火基于燃烧室中仍存在的高温来进行。因此，在例如由于燃气箱内容量相对低而燃气压力较低时也能使用本发明，因为在燃烧后在排气阀打开时压力是低的，因而尽管如此仍能进行后喷射。
附图说明
下面参考附图详细说明本发明的优选实施例。附图中示出：
图1直接喷射的内燃机的示意图，和
图2阐明本发明方法的示意曲线图。
具体实施方式
下面参考附图1和2详细说明用于将气态燃料直接喷入内燃机1的燃烧室2中以便加热催化器7的本发明方法。
在此，当催化器7的温度低于预定的阈值温度时，催化器的加热是必要的。在此，在气态燃料情况下，与液体燃料相比，催化器的必需工作温度高出约100 K，处于约420°C。
如从图1看出，内燃机1包括布置在燃烧室2中的活塞3、吹入喷射器4和点火装置6，例如火花塞。吹入喷射器4在此直接布置在燃烧室2上，以便将气态燃料直接喷射到燃烧室中。吹入喷射器4在此与燃气箱5连接。
催化器7设置在废气管中。燃烧室2在此以已知方式设置有至少一个进气阀8和至少一个排气阀9。
参考标号10标记控制单元，该控制单元设置用于在催化器加热时控制内燃机。在此，下面参考图2说明本发明方法。
在此，本发明方法首先包括实施气态燃料直接到内燃机燃烧室中的主喷射的步骤。在此，喷入的燃料量由驾驶员例如通过操作燃气踏板来确定。在主喷射H的过程结束后根据本发明进行第一后喷射N1，其中，该第一后喷射还在燃烧室2中的燃料-空气混合物点火Z之前进行。第一后喷射N1在此具有的优点是，围绕火花塞产生附加的涡流并且使该区域在即将点火时富含燃料。第一后喷射N1在此大约在真正的点火Z之前5°曲轴角内进行。由此能够有利于燃烧室中的着火并且使焰心形成更稳定，从而使接着的燃烧更稳定。
优选在燃烧完全结束后根据本发明进行气态燃料向燃烧室中的第二后喷射N2。借助第二后喷射，在真正的主燃烧之后再次实施燃烧。由此，废气温度显著提高，使得后面连接的催化器7可以快速变热。如从图2的曲线图看出，在曲轴角W约110°处，排气阀的打开与第二后喷射N2同时进行。
优选在此直接在燃烧V之后进行第二后喷射N2。此外第一和第二后喷射时间一样长，这可借助图2中在曲轴角W上方的条的宽度看出。
本发明方法还提供另一优点。如果第一后喷射不能喷入，例如由于在点火时刻前燃烧室中的压力过高并且喷射压力过小（这可能存在于空的燃气箱上），必要时仍可实施第二后喷射N2。如从图2的曲线图中看出，第二后喷射N2在5 x 105Pa压力下进行。由此，在第二后喷射N2时，尽管缺少了第一后喷射N1，仍能提高废气焓，而不会由此对发动机平稳运行产生不利影响。在此也在催化器加热情况下得到最小化的颗粒含量排放。
在图2中示出的曲线图在曲轴角W上方示出压力p。在此，在图2的曲线图的下部分中画出主喷射H、第一后喷射N1、燃烧V和第二后喷射N2的位置。此外也示出点火时刻Z。在下部分中还在曲轴角上方示出排气阀AV的打开，其中，排气阀在刚达到90°曲轴角后打开。
本发明还涉及一种用于将气态燃料直接喷入到内燃机的燃烧室中以加热催化器的方法，其中，气态燃料的燃气压力在即将到达上止点时在奥托循环过程中处于压缩的情况下比燃烧室中的压力低，该方法包括以下步骤：实施气态燃料直接到燃烧室中的主喷射，在压缩、点火和燃烧之后，实施到燃烧室中的后喷射，以提高废气焓。

Claims (11)

1.用于将气态燃料直接喷射到内燃机的燃烧室（2）中以加热催化器（7）的方法，包括以下步骤：实施气态燃料直接到燃烧室中的主喷射，在主喷射之后、但在点火之前，实施第一后喷射，并且在点火之后并且燃烧室中的燃烧结束之后，实施气态燃料到燃烧室中的第二后喷射。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，在燃烧室（2）上的排气阀（9）打开的情况下实施第二后喷射。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法，其特征在于，第二后喷射和排气阀的打开同时开始。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，第二后喷射在燃烧室中的燃烧结束后直接开始。
5.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，第一和第二后喷射时间一样长。
6.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，在第一和第二后喷射期间分别向燃烧室中喷入同样大小的气态燃料气体体积。
7.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，燃烧过程在贫燃料情况下进行。
8.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，如果燃烧室中的压力（p）在第一后喷射的点火时刻大于气态燃料的燃料压力，放弃第一后喷射而仅实施第二后喷射。
9.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述气态燃料是天然气。
10.根据权利要求7所述的方法，其特征在于，燃烧过程在λ值为1.05的情况下进行。
11.控制单元，设置用于实施根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法。
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