CN1069918C - 无烟雾的二冲程发动机润滑剂 - Google Patents

无烟雾的二冲程发动机润滑剂 Download PDF

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CN1069918C
CN1069918C CN96197102A CN96197102A CN1069918C CN 1069918 C CN1069918 C CN 1069918C CN 96197102 A CN96197102 A CN 96197102A CN 96197102 A CN96197102 A CN 96197102A CN 1069918 C CN1069918 C CN 1069918C
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polyester
obstructed
acid
alcohol
carbon atom
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CN1196749A (zh
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E·R·泽勒
B·J·贝迈什
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Henkel Corp
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Abstract

公开了用于二冲程汽油发动机润滑剂组合物的酯基本原料，它们在二冲程汽油发动中燃烧排放的废气中产生较少数量的可见烟雾，它们不需要增加互溶性的溶剂，其100℃粘度为3.0至30.0厘沱和烟雾指数至少为75。这些酯中有一些是可生物降解的。

Description

无烟雾的二冲程发动机润滑剂
本申请书要求1995年8月22日提交的较早申请且共同未决的临时申请书60/002655的优先权。
本发明涉及二冲程汽油发动机润滑剂组合物以及涉及为润滑剂组分的酯类基本原料。本发明的二冲程汽油发动机润滑剂在二冲程汽油发动机中燃烧所排放的废气中产生较少数量的可见烟雾，它们不需要增加互溶性的溶剂以及它们任选是可生物降解的。
二冲程汽油发动机作为以下这样一些设备的能源已得到相当大的普及，这样的设备如船舷外装发动机、摩托车、机动自行车以及各种绿化设备，如剪草机、链锯、牵引修整机和鼓风机。二冲程汽油发动机的广泛应用主要是由于其设计简单和结构轻、在低温下能快速启动并得到高的功率输出以及相对低的价格。
二冲程汽油发动机使用预定比例的汽油和润滑剂混合物开动。因为燃料含汽油一润滑剂混合物，在废气中会产生和排放大量的烟雾。润滑剂必需在苛刻的操作条件下提供满意的性能特性。二冲程汽油发动机润滑剂通常由矿物油或合成基础油、性能添加剂和溶剂组成，溶剂通常为相当低沸点的石油馏分，用来提高汽油/润滑剂的互溶性。
到目前为减少四冲程小汽车和卡车汽油发动机的废气排放量所开发的各种技术还不能成功地适用于二冲程汽油发动机。因此，对从这些小型汽油发动机排放的高烃类含量排放物越来越受到普通的关注，因为烃类不易生物降解。
烃类排放物是这种汽油发动机基本设计产生的后果。具体地说，在典型的二冲程汽油发动机的做功冲程中，作为总进料被吸入曲轴箱的空气、油和燃料在活塞上方的空间被压缩。在排气冲程中，燃烧后的气体通过排气口排出，而新鲜的可燃进料从曲轴箱转移到活塞上方的空间。因为排气口在新鲜的可燃进料转移以前打开并在新鲜的可燃进料转移后关闭，因此多达20％的新鲜进料未经燃烧就与废气一起排出。因此，烃类排放量远远超过可比的四冲程发动机排放的水平。
水冷的船舷外装发动机直接排放到水中，从而造成水污染，而上述的其他装有空冷二冲程汽油发动机的设备产生造成空气严重污染的排放物。例如，California Air Research Board已确定，许多二冲程汽油发动机每马力小时产生的污染比卡车发动机高达50倍。
在二冲程汽油发动机的废气中可见的烟雾排放物近年也受到越来越多的详细研究和规范。此外，从美学的观点看，二冲程汽油发动机的烟雾排放物也正在成为一个问题。
在润滑剂中存在的挥发性有机溶剂加重了上述的污染和烟雾问题。而且，用作互溶性增加剂的某些溶剂如Sloddard溶剂有相当低的闪点，因此存在火灾隐患；在这样的产品的贮存和运输方面，这是特别值得关注的问题。
因此，需要配制这样一种二冲程汽油发动机润滑剂组合物，以便防止有害的烃类排放到环境中造成的污染，减少含溶剂的润滑剂潜在的危险以及至少减少烟雾排放量。但是，当需要同时满足各种严格的性能标准如良好的润滑性和清净性(特别是在活塞环上)、优良的防抱轴性和高的抗胶凝/絮凝性以及在整个操作条件使用范围内润滑剂和燃料有最佳互溶性时，这些目标就必需达到。
某些类型的酯类适用作二冲程汽油发动机润滑剂的基本原料。这些酯类在二冲程汽油发动机中燃料时产生较少数量的可见烟雾。
本发明的酯基本原料在下文中描述。
本发明的二冲程汽油发动机基本原料和润滑剂组合物适用于水冷的和空冷的二冲程汽油发动机。本发明的润滑剂组合物可配制成不含常规的溶剂，从而不仅大大减少了用它润滑的二冲程汽油发动机可能造成的污染，而且还大大减少了含溶剂的配方固有的火灾隐患。
本发明的二冲程汽油发动机润滑剂组合物由这里所述的酯基本原料和本专业已知的任何性能添加剂整套配方组成，添加剂整套配方如清净/分散剂、极压添加剂、防垢剂、降凝剂、防锈或防腐蚀剂以及抗氧化剂。本发明的酯基本原料的闪点通常至少为约100℃(如按ASTM D-92测定的)，100℃运动粘度为3.0-20.0厘沱(如按ASTM D-445测定的)以及倾点小于约0℃(如按ASTM D-97测定的)。本发明的这一基本原料在燃料/润滑剂体积比为10∶1至300∶1下与汽油有极好的互溶性。本发明的某些基本原料还是可生物降解的，如用Coordinating European Counsel标准试验方法，L-33-A-94(二冲程船舷外装汽油发动机油在水中的生物降解性，简称C、E、CL-33-A-94)，它是最常用的二冲程发动机润滑剂的生物降解性试验。
本发明的酯基本原料也适用于下一代的二冲程发动机。用于目前的二冲程发动机的润滑剂按预定的比例与汽油混合来制得。将混合物本身直接送入发动机的燃烧室。如上所述，因为燃料为汽油-润滑剂混合物，在废气中产生和排放大量的烟雾和其他污染物。在未来的二冲程发动机中，将汽油和润滑剂单独计量送入燃烧室，以致可在任何给定的时间，按润滑的需要来改变润滑剂的数量。例如，在启动时将更多的润滑剂送入冷的发动机中；而在较高的温度下，将相对较少数量的润滑剂送入正在运转的发动机中。总的来说，将使用较少数量的润滑剂，从而使排放到大气中的烟雾和污染物的数量减少。
除了在权利要求书和操作实施例中或另加说明外，在这里使用的表示所有成分或反应条件的数量的数字都应理解为用术语“约”修正的。
应当理解，在这里公开的羧酸和/或酯的某些碳链长为平均数。这反映出某些羧酸和/或酯由天然材料得到，所以它们为其主要组分为所述的化合物的混合物。例如，由椰子油得到的有12个碳原子的羧酸主要由45-55％(重量)C12羧酸、15-23％(重量)C14羧酸、8-11％(重量)C16羧酸、1-10％(重量)C18羧酸、1-14％(重量)C8和C10羧酸、1-8％(重量)C18∶1羧酸组成。
在这些使用的术语无烟雾的指在JASOM 342-92试验中的烟雾指数至少为75，所公布的试验步骤在这里作为参考并入。
令人吃惊的发现是，某些类型的酯可用作润滑剂的基本原料，它们在二冲程汽油发动机中燃烧时产生较少数量的可见烟雾。
本发明的酯类基本原料属于两个通类。它们是：(1)两类酯的混合物，其中第一类酯在100℃下的粘度为2厘沱，闪点为200℃或200℃以下(Cleveland开杯法)，以及有20个或20个以下碳原子；而第二类酯的粘度是这样的，当它与第一类酯混合时，生成的混合物在100℃下的粘度为3.0-20.0厘沱(如按ASTM D-445测定的)以及烟雾指数至少为75(如按JASO M342-92试验测定的)；(2)一种或多种选自如下的复杂酯：(a)其分子量为3000或3000以下道尔顿的直链低聚酯；(b)一种复杂的非受阻的聚酯，其中多元醇组分是有一个或多个β氢原子的分子；(c)一种复杂的非受阻的聚酯，其中多元醇组分是至少有3个羟基的非受阻的多元醇；(d)一种酯，其中多元醇组分是受阻的多元醇和羧酸组分为一元羧酸或多元羧酸及其混合物。
为本发明第一类酯基本原料的酯混合物可为至少两种酯的任何组合。第一类酯的特点是，一种或多种酯在100℃下的粘度为2或2以下厘沱，闪点为200℃或200℃以下(Cleveland开杯法)以及有20个或20个以下碳原子。这样的酯的例子包括但不限于壬酸异癸酯和十八烯酸甲酯(油酸甲酯)。第二类酯的特点是，一种或多种酯的粘度是这样的，以致当它与第一类酯混合时，生成的混合物在100℃下的粘度为3.0-20.0厘沱(如按ASTM D-445测定的)以及烟雾指数至少为75(如按JASO M 342-92试验测定的)。第二类酯可为任何生成如上所述其100℃的粘度为3.0-20.0厘沱和烟雾指数至少为75的混合物的酯。这样的酯可为简单酯或复杂酯。简单酯是一元醇和一元羧酸生成的酯，而复杂酯可为多元醇酯，如四(十八烯酸)季戊四醇酯；或聚合酯，如分子量为3000或3000以下道尔顿的直链低聚酯；复杂的非受阻的聚酯，其中多元醇组分为有一个或多个β氢原子的分子；本发明复杂的非受阻的聚酯是那些至少有3个羟基的非受阻多元醇的聚酯；和/或其中多元醇组分是受阻的多元醇，而羧酸组分是一元羧酸或多元羧酸的酯。酯混合物可含两种以上的酯，条件是生成的混合物在100℃下的粘度为3.0至20.0厘沱以及烟雾指数至少为75。优选的酯混合物列入下表1。
第二通类由四类复杂酯组成。这一通类由以下的一类或多类组成：(a)其分子量为3000或3000以下道尔顿的直链低聚酯；(b)复杂的非受阻的聚酯，其中多元醇组分为有一个或多个β氢原子的分子；(c)本发明复杂的非受阻的聚酯是至少含有3个羟基的非受阻多元醇的聚酯；(d)其中多元醇组分是受阻的多元醇，而羧酸组分是一元羧酸或多元羧酸的酯，以及(a)至(d)的混合物。
第一类复杂酯包括分子量为3000或3000以下道尔顿的直链低聚酯。本发明的低聚酯可由双官能的醇和二元羧酸的任何组合构成，也含有一元醇或一元羧酸作为链中止剂。这样的低聚酯可由熟悉本专业的技术人员所熟悉的经典缩聚法或逐步聚合法来制备，如在The Principles of Polymer Chemistry,P.J.Flory,Cornell Uni-versity Press,1953的第69-105页中描述的。优选的低聚物包括由二丙二醇-壬二酸-异壬酸组成的低聚酯；由二丙二醇-己二酸-异壬酸组成的低聚酯；以及由二丙二醇-壬二酸-2-乙基己醇组成的低聚酯。最优选的低聚物是由二丙二醇-壬二酸-壬酸组成的低聚酯(摩尔比为2/1/2)；二丙二醇-己二酸-壬酸组成的低聚酯(摩尔比为2/1/2)；以及二乙二醇-壬二酸-壬酸组成的低聚酯(摩尔比为2/1/2)。
第二类复杂酯包括复杂的非受阻的聚酯。非受阻的聚酯是那些其中多元醇组分为有一个或多个β氢原子的分子的聚酯。β氢原子是键联到与键联官能基团的碳原子相邻的碳原子上的氢原子。在多元醇的情况下，β氢是键联到与键联醇官能度的碳原子相邻的碳原子的氢原子。有两个β氢原子的多元醇的例子是1,3-丙二醇。甘油是总计有5个β氢原子的多元醇的例子。另一方面，三羟甲基丙烷没有β氢原子。一类本发明的复杂的非受阻的聚酯是那些至少有3个羟基的非受阻的多元醇、至少含有2个羧基的多元羧酸和一元羧酸的聚酯。多元醇/多元羧酸的摩尔比为约0.1/1.0至约4/1.2，聚合物链用用作链中止剂的一元羧酸中止。优选的这类复杂的非受阻的聚酯是那些含有甘油作为至少有3个羟基的非受阻的多元醇，己二醇作为至少有2个羧基的多元羧酸以及庚酸作为一元羧酸的聚酯。
第三类复杂酯包括复杂的非受阻的聚酯。非受阻的聚酯是那些由至少有3个羟基的非受阻的多元醇的多元醇组分，至少有2个羧基的多元羧酸的多元羧酸组分，一元羧酸组分和一元醇组分组成的聚酯。多元醇/多元羧酸的摩尔比为约0.1/1.0至约1/1，聚合物链用用作链中止剂的一元醇和一元羧酸来中止。优选的这类复杂的非受阻的聚酯是那些含有甘油作为至少有3个羟基的非受阻的多元醇，己二酸作为至少有2个羧基的多元羧酸以及壬酸和辛醇作为一元羧酸和一元醇链中止剂的聚酯。优选的至少有3个羟基的非受阻的多元醇是那些有3-10个碳原子的多元醇。优选的至少有2个羧基的多元羧酸是那些有2-54个碳原子的多元羧酸。优选的一元羧酸链中止剂是那些有5-20个碳原子的一元羧酸。优选的一元醇链中止剂是那些有2-20个碳原子的一元醇。特别优选的复杂的非受阻的聚酯包括由甘油-己二酸-壬酸/辛醇(摩尔比1/2/1/2)和甘油-己二酸-庚酸/己醇(摩尔比1/2/1/2)组成的低聚酯。
第四类复杂酯包括其中多元醇组分为受阻的多元醇，而羧酸组分为一元羧酸或多元羧酸的酯。优选的这类酯包括戊酸的二季戊四醇酯、三羟甲基丙烷-异十三烷醇-己二酸以及三羟甲基丙烷三硬脂酸酯。
使用单酯作为本发明润滑剂的基本原料也在本发明的范围内。在这样的单酯组分体系的情况下，酯的烟雾指数大于75，但其100℃下的粘度可能小于2厘沱，它低于二冲程发动机所要求的粘度。这样的酯的例子是异壬酸异壬酯、壬二酸二甲酯以及一元羧酸的多元醇酯，如三异硬脂酸甘油酯和三(十八烯酸)甘油酯。
在配制本发明的二冲程油组合物中，各种清净剂/分散剂添加剂整套配方可与上述酯基本原料组合。无灰添加剂或含灰添加剂可用于这一目的。
适合的无灰添加剂包括聚酰胺、链烯基琥珀酰亚胺、硼酸改性的链烯基琥珀酰亚胺、酚胺、琥珀酸酯衍生物或这样的添加剂中任何两种或两种以上的组合。
聚酰胺清净/分散添加剂，如常用的异硬脂酸四亚乙基五胺可通过脂肪酸和聚亚烷基多胺反应来制备，如在US3169980中公开的，该专利的全部内容在本说明书中作为参考并入，好象在这里详细描述的。这些聚酰胺可含有可测数量的通过直链聚酰胺在高温下连续加热时内缩合形成的环状咪唑啉。另一适用类型的聚酰胺添加剂由聚亚烷基多胺和C19-C25 Koch酸按R.Hartle et al.,JAOCS,57(5):156-59(1980)的步骤制备。
用分段步骤法制成链烯基琥珀酰亚胺，其中一种烯烃如聚丁烯( MW 1200)与顺酐反应，生成聚丁烯基琥珀酸酐加成物；然后它再与一种胺如烷基胺或多胺反应，生成所需的产物。
酚胺用大家熟悉的Mannich反应来制备(C.Mannich and W.Krosche,Arch.Pharm.,250:674(1912))，涉及到聚亚烷基取代的酚、甲醛和聚亚烷基多胺。
琥珀酸酯衍生物通过以下步骤来制备：一种烯烃(如聚丁烯)与顺酐反应，生成聚丁烯琥珀酸酐加成物；然后再与多元醇如季戊四醇进一步反应，生成所需的产物。
适用的含灰清净/分散添加剂包括碱土金属(如镁、钙、钡)的磺酸盐、膦酸盐或酚盐，或者任两种或两种以上这样的添加剂的组合。
按组合物的总重计，上述清净/分散添加剂可按约1至约25％、更优选约3至约20％的数量加到这里所述的润滑剂组合物中。
如果需要的话，各种其他添加剂也可加到本发明的润滑剂组合物中。这些添加剂包括减少烟雾剂，如聚丁烯或聚异丁烯；极压添加剂，如二烷基硫代磷酸盐或酯；防垢剂如硅油；降凝剂，如聚甲基丙烯酸酯；防锈剂或防腐蚀剂，如三唑衍生物、酸丙酯、碱金属酚盐或磺酸盐；抗氧化剂，如取代的二芳基胺、吩噻嗪类、受阻酚类等。这些添加剂中有些可为多功能的，如聚甲基丙烯酸酯可作为防垢剂，也可作为降凝剂。挥发性可燃溶剂如煤油或Stoddard溶剂也可用作添加剂。按ASTM D-484-52规定，Stoddard溶剂为最低闪点为100°F、馏程350°F下为50％、375°F下为90℃、终馏点小于450°F和自燃点为450°F的石油馏分。为了使JASO M342-92试验中的烟雾指数值至少为75和/或为了提高其他添加剂的相容性和/或溶解性以及为了提高低温特性如粘度和汽油互溶性，可将挥发性可燃熔剂加到任何类型酯中。
市售的二冲程润滑剂添加剂整套配方可与本发明的酯组合使用，前者例如为LUBRIZOL400、ORONITEOLOA 340A(Chevron)、LUBRIZOL6827、LUBRIZOL6830、LUBRIZOL600、LUBRIZOL606、ORONITEOLOA 9333(Chevron)和ORONITEOLOA 9357(Chevron)。
按润滑剂组合物的总重计，上述添加剂中大多数可以约0.01至约15％、优选约0.01至约6％的数量加到润滑剂组合物中。在聚丁烯的情况下，其数量在1至50％之间变化。在给定范围内所选的数量应对润滑剂所需的性能无不良影响。由这些添加剂产生的效果很容易用常规试验来确定。
本发明的二冲程汽油发动机润滑剂组合物当与适宜的燃料混合时，它们特别适用于船舷外装发动机、摩托雪橇、摩托车、机动自行车、剪草机、链锯、牵引修整机等。
以下实施例用来说明本发明，但不是对本发明的限制。
实施例1
三羟甲基丙烷三异壬酸酯的制备
将691克(5.16摩尔)三羟甲基丙烷、2809克(17.78摩尔)异壬酸在反应器中混合，然后加热到约230℃，使各组分酯化。在230℃下缓慢开始连续除去反应生成的水后，抽真空26秒，以便酯脱水。反应4.5小时后，温度为约235℃，酯的分析结果为酸值(AV)为48.4，羟基值(OH)为24.5。反应6小时后，进行反应混合物分析，表明AV=41.8和OH=5.14。反应6小时后，汽提物料然后过滤，分离出酯的粗产物。该产物经苛性碱精制(NaOH)、干燥和过滤，制成有以下性质的成品酯：
酯值，毫克KOH/克样品                0.05
羟基值，毫克KOH/克样品              2.15
40℃粘度，厘沱                      52.79
100℃粘度，厘沱                     7.13
粘度指数                            91
闪点，°F                           450
燃点，°F                           525
浊点，°F                  在倾点下透明
倾点，°F                           -35
实施例2
三羟甲基丙烷三硬脂酸酯的制备
通过1800克(1.00当量)硬脂酸与300克(1.035当量)三羟甲基丙烷反应来制备三羟甲基丙烷三硬脂酸酯。所用的多元醇稍有过量以便加速这一反应，因为用真空汽提的方法难以除去高分子量的硬脂酸。反应器按实施例5描述的安装，反应在240-260℃下成功地进行。除去反应生成水，用高真空来加速反应完全。粗酯产物的酸值为2.1，羟基值为14。粗酯产物用缩水甘油酯的Cardura E化学处理来精制。在239℃下，将约12克Cardura E加到粗酯产物中，并保持2小时。在239℃下将过量的Cardura E汽提约1小时。将产物冷却和过滤。最后的酯的性质如下：
         三羟甲基丙烷三硬脂酸酯
酸值                         0.085
羟基值                       9.92
100℃粘度，厘沱              11.67
倾点，°F           在室温下为固体
闪点，°F                    600
燃点，°F                    645
颜色，％透射，440/550纳米    76/96
实施例3
三甲基己二酸二异十三烷基酯的制备
通过986克(1.00当量)三甲基己二酸与2414克(1.15当量)异十三烷醇反应来制备三甲基己二酸二异十三烷基酯。反应器类似上述的。反应在225-230℃下进行，同时除去反应生成的水。当水的脱除速率变慢时，施加较低的真空，以使反应继续，使酸值达到10.9。然后施加约2乇的真空缓慢地汽提酯产物，除去过量的醇。粗酯产物的酸值为6.2，羟基值为2.0。然后粗酯产物经碱精制和过滤，得到有以下性质的成品酯：
              三甲基己二酸二异十三烷基酯
酸值                           0.016
羟基值                         5.12
40℃粘度，厘沱                 36.96
100℃粘度，厘沱                5.95
粘度指数                       104
倾点，°F                      -50
闪点，°F                      465
燃点，°F                      520
颜色％透射，440/550纳米        5/45
实施例4
异壬酸异壬酯的制备
通过将1660克(1.00当量)异壬酸和1740克(1.15当量)异壬醇装入5升4颈玻璃反应器中来制备异壬酸异壬酯。反应器装有搅拌器和用于冷凝和除去反应生成的水的蒸馏柱，蒸馏柱同时将过量的醇返回反应器。反应在约230℃下进行，一直到产物的酸值为5.0为止，然后从酯产物中汽提出过量的醇，一直到羟基值为0.7为止。此时粗酯产物的酸值为1.5。粗酯产物用NaOH进行碱精制，除去微量酸，然后通过助滤剂进行过滤。最后的分析结果如下：
                   异壬酸异壬酯
酸值                                  0.006
羟基值                     0.84
40℃粘度，厘沱             4.61
100℃粘度，厘沱            1.64
-40℃粘度，厘沱            221
倾点，°F                  ＜-95
闪点，°F                  310
燃点，°F                  340
颜色％透射，440/550纳米    100/100
实施例5
复杂的非受阻聚酯的制备
将160.2克甘油(1.74摩尔)、508.5克己二酸(3.48摩尔)、278.6克酸(1.76摩尔)和452.7克辛醇(4.00摩尔)装入5升4颈玻璃反应器中，反应器有搅拌器和使反应生成的水冷凝和除去以及同时使过量的醇返回反应器的蒸馏柱以及氮气进口管。将反应器中的物料加热到230℃，同时除去水，一直到酸值达到7.3和羟基值达到7.1为止。反应产物经碱精制，使酸值下降到0.31。最后的产物规格为：酸值0.31；羟基值10.46；40℃粘度52.56厘沱；100℃粘度10.26厘沱；粘度指数187；闪点210℃；燃点224℃；倾点-21℃。
实施例6
直链低聚酯的制备
将480克二丙二醇(3.58摩尔)、344.6克壬二酸(1.83摩尔)装入5升4颈玻璃反应器，反应器有搅拌器和使反应生成水冷凝和除去以及同时使过量醇返回反应器的蒸馏柱以及氮气进口管。将反应器的物料加热到225℃，同时除去水，一直到酸值达到4.8和羟基值达到59.2为止；此时加入660.6克酸(4.17摩尔)，继续加热和除去水，一直到酸值达到28.4和羟基值达到8.4为止。除去过量的酸和水，一直到酸值达到7.2和羟基值达到6.7为止。反应产物经碱精制，使酸值降到0.10。最后的产物规格：酸值0.10；羟基值9.95；40℃粘度41.28厘沱；100℃粘度8.08厘沱；粘度指数173；闪点252℃；燃点263℃；倾点-54℃。
表1
    I.D.1 粘度2 倾点3(℃)     闪点4(℃) 烟雾指数5 生物降解性6
    2911     1.7     -73     171     74     ＞95
    2873     160     -9     293     81     60
 2873/2911(33/67)     7.9     -59     168     120     69
    2301     1.7     -18     182     78     ＞95
 2873/2301(34/66)     8     -23     182     92
    2898     12.4     -23     320     90     ＞95
 2898/2911(79/21)     8     -37     199     92
 2898/2301(80/20)     8     -34     210     86
    3528-8     1.6     -73     154     176
    2898-3528-8(79/21)     8     -32     199     105
    2983     223     -18     243     39     73
 2983/2911(27/73)     8     -62     182     86
    2983-3528-8(27/73)     8     -62     157     180
    2914     1.2     -7     149     181
 2983/2914(30/70)     8     -5     146     209
    3588-4     9.3     -43     218     86
    3588-9     8.5     -37     224     77
    3588-13     7.4     -15     243     91
    3588-19     9.2     -48     252     90     ＞95
    3588-33     10.3     -21     210     108
    3589-1A     8     -59     185     113     91
    3589-1B     8     -23     188     88
    TMP-05-320     44.5     -34     332     92     91
    3528-61     8.1     -54     252     90     ＞95
    3528-69     6.9     -65     252     72
    3528-76     7.1     -51     249     85     ＞95
    3528-79     7.4     -48     254     54
1-2911-壬酸异癸酯2873-      二乙二醇二聚酸酯2301-      十八烯酸甲酯2898-      四(十八烯酸)季戊四醇酯3528-8-    异壬酸异壬酯2914-      壬二酸二甲酯2983-      新戊二醇和丙二醇的二聚酸酯3588-4-    二丙二醇-壬二酸-异壬酸的低聚酯(摩尔比2/1/2)3588-9-    二丙二醇-己二酸-异壬酸的低聚酯(摩尔比2/1/2)3588-13-二乙二醇-壬二酸-壬酸的低聚酯(摩尔比2/1/2)3588-19-甘油-己二酸-庚酸的低聚酯(摩尔比2/1/4)3588-33-甘油-己二酸-壬酸/辛醇的低聚酯(摩尔比1/2/1/2)3589-1A-TMP-05-320/2911(48/52)3589-1B-TMP-05-320/2301(49/51)TMP-05-320-三羟甲基丙烷-二聚酸-十八烯酸的复杂酯3528-61-二丙二醇-壬二酸-壬酸的低聚酯(摩尔比2/1/2)3528-69-二丙二醇-壬二酸-2-乙基己醇的低聚酯(摩尔比1/2/2)3528-76-二丙二醇-己二酸-壬酸的低聚酯(摩尔比2/1/2)3528-79-二丙二醇-己二酸-异癸醇的低聚酯(摩尔比1/2/2)2-ASTM D-445(cst.@100℃)3-ASTM D-974-ASTM D-925-JASO M-342-926-C.E.C.L-33-A-94

Claims (27)

1．一种用于无烟雾的二冲程发动机润滑剂的酯基本原料，它包括复合的非受阻聚酯，其中多醇组分是具有至少3个羟基和3-10个碳原子的非受阻多醇。
2．权利要求1的酯基本原料，其中所述复合酯是复合的非受阻聚酯，其中多醇组分是具有至少3个羟基和3-10个碳原子的非受阻多醇，具有至少2个羧基的多羧酸，单羧酸和单醇，其中所述聚酯于100℃的运动粘度为3.0至20.0厘沲，倾点低于0℃，且烟雾指数至少75。
3．权利要求2的酯基本原料，其中所述多醇/多羧酸摩尔比等于0.1/1.0-1/1。
4．权利要求2的酯基本原料，其中所述多羧酸具有至少2个羧基和2-54个碳原子且所述单醇具有2-20个碳原子。
5．权利要求2的酯基本原料，其中所述复合的非受阻聚酯是甘油一己二酸-壬酸/辛醇摩尔比分别为1/2/1/2的聚酯。
6．权利要求2的酯基本原料，其中所述复合的非受阻聚酯是甘油-己二酸-庚酸/己醇摩尔比分别为1/2/1/2的聚酯。
7．权利要求2的酯基本原料，进一步包括一种添加剂，选自特压剂、消泡剂、倾点抑制剂、防锈或防腐剂、氧化抑制剂、洗涤剂、分散剂、烟雾抑制剂和烃抑制剂。
8．一种消除或减少由二冲程汽油机排放的废气中可见烟雾的方法，该方法包括使所述发动机要润滑的部件与有效量润滑剂接触，所述润滑剂包括复合的非受阻聚酯，其中多醇组分是具有至少3个羟基和3-10个碳原子的非受阻多醇。
9．权利要求8的方法，其中所述复合酯是复合的非受阻聚酯，其中多醇组分是具有至少3个羟基和3-10个碳原子的非受阻多醇，具有至少2个羧基的多羧酸，单羧酸和单醇，其中所述聚酯于100℃的运动粘度为3.0至20.0厘沲，倾点低于0℃，且烟雾指数至少75。
10．权利要求9的方法，其中所述多醇/多羧酸摩尔比等于0.1/1.0-1/1。
11．权利要求9的方法，其中所述多羧酸具有至少2个羧基和2-54个碳原子且所述单醇具有2-20个碳原子。
12．权利要求9的方法，其中所述复合的非受阻聚酯是甘油-己二酸-壬酸/辛醇摩尔比分别为1/2/1/2的聚酯。
13．权利要求9的方法，其中所述复合的非受阻聚酯是甘油-己二酸-庚酸/己醇摩尔比分别为1/2/1/2的聚酯。
14．权利要求9的方法，进一步包括一种添加剂，选自特压剂、消泡剂、倾点抑制剂、防锈或防腐剂、氧化抑制剂、洗涤剂、分散剂、烟雾抑制剂和烃抑制剂。
15．一种含有润滑剂的二冲程内燃机，其特征在于所述润滑剂包括复合的非受阻聚酯，其中多醇组分是具有至少3个羟基和3-10个碳原子的非受阻多醇。
16．权利要求15的二冲程内燃机，其中所述复合酯是复合的非受阻聚酯，其中多醇组分是具有至少3个羟基和3-10个碳原子的非受阻多醇，具有至少2个羧基的多羧酸，单羧酸和单醇，其中所述聚酯于100℃的运动粘度为3.0至20.0厘沲，倾点低于0℃，且烟雾指数至少75。
17．权利要求16的二冲程内燃机，其中所述多醇/多羧酸摩尔比等于0.1/1.0-1/1。
18．权利要求16的二冲程内燃机，其中所述多羧酸具有至少2个羧基和2-54个碳原子且所述单醇具有2-20个碳原子。
19．权利要求16的二冲程内燃机，其中所述复合的非受阻聚酯是甘油-己二酸-壬酸/辛醇摩尔比分别为1/2/1/2的聚酯。
20．权利要求16的二冲程内燃机，其中所述复合的非受阻聚酯是甘油-己二酸-庚酸/己醇摩尔比分别为1/2/1/2的聚酯。
21．权利要求16的二冲程内燃机，进一步包括一种添加剂，选自特压剂、消泡剂、倾点抑制剂、防锈或防腐剂、氧化抑制剂、洗涤剂、分散剂、烟雾抑制剂和烃抑制剂。
22．一种用于无烟的二冲程发动机润滑剂的酯基本原料，它是这样一种方法的产物，该方法包括使以下组分进行反应：具有至少3个羟基和3-10个碳原子的非受阻多醇，具有至少2个羧基的多羧酸，单羧酸和单醇，其中所述聚酯于100℃的运动粘度为3.0至20.0厘沲，倾点低于0℃，且烟雾指数至少75。
23．权利要求22的酯基本原料，其中所述多醇/多羧酸摩尔比等于0.1/1.0-1/1。
24．权利要求22的酯基本原料，其中所述多羧酸具有至少2个羧基和2-54个碳原子且所述单醇具有2-20个碳原子。
25．权利要求22的酯基本原料，其中所述复合的非受阻聚酯是甘油-己二酸-壬酸/辛醇摩尔比分别为1/2/1/2的聚酯。
26．权利要求2的酯基本原料，其中所述复合的非受阻聚酯是甘油-己二酸-庚酸/己醇摩尔比分别为1/2/1/2的聚酯。
27．权利要求22的酯基本原料，进一步包括一种添加剂，选自特压剂、消泡剂、倾点抑制剂、防锈或防腐剂、氧化抑制剂、洗涤剂、分散剂、烟雾抑制剂和烃抑制剂。
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AU6765796A (en) 1997-03-19
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US5925602A (en) 1999-07-20
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KR20040096623A (ko) 2004-11-16
JPH11513057A (ja) 1999-11-09
TW457294B (en) 2001-10-01
AU717620B2 (en) 2000-03-30
EP0846152A4 (en) 2000-05-03
MX9801238A (es) 1998-05-31
WO1997008277A2 (en) 1997-03-06
US5912214A (en) 1999-06-15
BR9609859A (pt) 2000-05-16
US6197731B1 (en) 2001-03-06
KR100496494B1 (ko) 2005-06-22
CN1196749A (zh) 1998-10-21

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