CN106989568B - 通过空气低温分离来制备加压气态氮的方法和装置 - Google Patents

通过空气低温分离来制备加压气态氮的方法和装置 Download PDF

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CN106989568B
CN106989568B CN201710077068.3A CN201710077068A CN106989568B CN 106989568 B CN106989568 B CN 106989568B CN 201710077068 A CN201710077068 A CN 201710077068A CN 106989568 B CN106989568 B CN 106989568B
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pressure column
pressure
medium
stream
condenser
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CN106989568A (zh
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R·M·伊格拉
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Linde GmbH
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Linde GmbH
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
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    • F25J2210/00—Processes characterised by the type or other details of the feed stream
    • F25J2210/06—Splitting of the feed stream, e.g. for treating or cooling in different ways
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2210/00—Processes characterised by the type or other details of the feed stream
    • F25J2210/42—Nitrogen
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2215/00—Processes characterised by the type or other details of the product stream
    • F25J2215/42—Nitrogen or special cases, e.g. multiple or low purity N2
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2235/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for increasing the pressure or for conveying of liquid process streams
    • F25J2235/42—Processes or apparatus involving steps for increasing the pressure or for conveying of liquid process streams the fluid being nitrogen
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
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    • F25J2240/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for expanding of process streams
    • F25J2240/02—Expansion of a process fluid in a work-extracting turbine (i.e. isentropic expansion), e.g. of the feed stream
    • F25J2240/10—Expansion of a process fluid in a work-extracting turbine (i.e. isentropic expansion), e.g. of the feed stream the fluid being air
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
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    • F25J2245/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for recycling of process streams
    • F25J2245/40—Processes or apparatus involving steps for recycling of process streams the recycled stream being air
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    • F25J2245/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for recycling of process streams
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Abstract

通过在蒸馏塔系统内空气低温分离来制备加压气态氮的方法和装置，所述蒸馏塔系统包括高压塔、中压塔、主冷凝器和中压塔顶部冷凝器。已压缩并经提纯的供给空气流在第一压力下引入并在主热交换器中冷却。在主热交换器内冷却的空气的至少一部分被引入至蒸馏塔系统内。源自高压塔顶部的第一气态氮流在主冷凝器内冷凝。中压塔的底液被蒸发，并且源自中压塔顶部的气态氮在中压塔顶部冷凝器内冷凝。源自中压塔的液氮被加压至至少等于高压塔压力的压力，并被至少部分地引入至高压塔内。源自高压塔顶部的第二气态氮流作为加压气态氮产物而回收。已压缩的和经提纯的供给空气流的一部分(涡轮流)在膨胀装置中由第一压力膨胀至第二压力，并随后在主热交换器中加热。

Description

通过空气低温分离来制备加压气态氮的方法和装置
技术领域
本发明涉及一种根据权利要求1的第一部分通过空气低温分离制备加压气态氮的方法。本发明还涉及一种通过空气低温分离制备加压气态氮的装置。
背景技术
“冷凝器-蒸发器”是指热交换器，其中，第一冷凝流体流与第二蒸发流体流间接热交换。每个冷凝器-蒸发器包括液化空间和蒸发空间，其分别由液化通道和蒸发通道构成。在液化空间内执行第一流体流的冷凝(液化)；在蒸发空间内执行第二流体流的蒸发。蒸发和液化空间由多组处于热交换关系的通道形成。冷凝器-蒸发器的蒸发空间可以作为水浴式蒸发器、降膜蒸发器或者强制流蒸发器来实现。
如上种类的方法和装置公开于US 6868207。制冷通过液体辅助或者通过排至中压塔内的涡轮机或者通过二者来提供。第一实施方案消耗冷，并由此消耗源自外部的能量，但第二方案并不如此，并产生操作上的问题。
通过本发明解决的问题在于最小化制冷(cold production)对蒸馏的影响，并由此确保系统作为整体特别平顺和灵活的操作。
发明内容
这样的问题通过权利要求1第二部分的特征来解决。通过这种特别的涡轮机构型将供给空气的一部分由大致高压塔压力膨胀至通常略微高于大气压力，涡轮膨胀与蒸馏完全分离，因为不会有源自蒸馏的流体被送至所述涡轮机。而且，不再需要额外的压缩机来制冷。
已工作膨胀的空气例如可被送至中压塔，特别是至其底部，或者例如通过单独的主加热器通道，在蒸馏周围旁通，将已工作膨胀的空气加热至高至主热交换器的加热端，并将其排至大气。
然而，在本发明一个优选的实施方案中，在主热交换器的上游，已工作膨胀的涡轮流与废物流混合，所述废物流源自中压塔顶部冷凝器的蒸发空间内形成的水蒸气。其结果是，至蒸馏的流体不会经过涡轮机，即制冷和蒸馏完全分离。同时地，主热交换器构型几乎与在液体辅助方案中一样地简单和紧凑，因为对于已工作膨胀的空气，不再需要单独组的通道；仅必须提供用于涡轮空气的中间提取。
制冷需求的一部分可以通过液体辅助来提供，例如通过将低温液体由外部来源和/或通过使用已在另一个时间点内部产生的低温液体引入至蒸馏塔系统内。在第一个实施方案中，所述低温液体源自另一个空气分离或氮气液化设备，或者源自由这样其它的设备填充的容器。在第二个实施方案中，所述低温液体的至少一部分通过方法本身产生，例如在低能量消耗和/或低产品要求的过程中，并在更高能量消耗和/或更高产物要求的过程中被再次引入至所述设备。通过这种方法，例如可以通过使用变化的能量消耗来持续地生产气态氮。
低温液体优选为液氮，但是任意其它的混合物或者液化空气的纯组分也可被使用。原则上，所述设备还可以仅通过液体辅助来操作，即不具有涡轮机。
液体的引入在一个或多个如下的位置执行：
-中压塔，
-高压塔，
-加压步骤上游或下游的加压液氮管线，
-中压塔顶部冷凝器的蒸发空间，
-主冷凝器的蒸发空间。
优选地，源自中压塔顶部的气态氮不会被供给至主热交换器并作为产物回收。甚至更优选地，在中压塔顶部产生的完全气态的氮在中压塔顶部冷凝器的液化空间内冷凝，并随后至少在高压塔压力下泵送，并最终作为加压气态氮至少在高压塔压力下提取。由此，所产生的所有氮气均在更高的蒸馏压力下自然地回收。高压塔气态氮当然可以在一个或多个氮气压缩机中被进一步压缩。
有利的是，在第一压力下引入至主热交换器中的已压缩并经提纯的供给空气流包括用于蒸馏塔系统的总供给空气。其结果是，对于冷却空气，在主热交换器内仅需要一组通道，并且仅需要单独一个空气压缩机。
优选地，使涡轮流膨胀的膨胀装置在所述方法中为单独的膨胀装置。在所述系统中不存在其它的制冷，除了任选使用的液体辅助，即、将在其它位置或不同时间产生的液体引入至蒸馏系统内。这使得各个设备紧凑而又低成本。
在本发明中高压塔顶部的操作压力优选为7.4至9.2巴，特别是7.6至8.5巴。
优选地，涡轮流所膨胀至的第二压力低于1.6巴，并且特别是位于1.2至1.4巴的范围。
总的来说，在本发明中，各个塔在它们顶部的操作压力优选的范围为：高压塔4：7.4巴至9.2巴，特别是7.6巴至8.5巴；中压塔5：3.7巴至4.6巴，特别是3.9巴至4.3巴。(在本申请中的所有压力值均为绝对压力。)
此外，本发明涉及一种根据权利要求11制备加压气态氮的装置。根据本发明的装置可以通过与单个、数个或所有方法从属权利要求相应的装置特征来补充。
附图说明
本发明基于在附图中所示的实施方案而被进一步描述。
图1是根据本发明的制备加压气态氮的装置的示意图。
具体实施方式
总供给空气1在主空气压缩机50中压缩至第一压力，例如8.2巴。已压缩的空气流51在分子筛工作站52被提纯。已压缩并经提纯的空气53以第一压力在其加热端引入至主热交换器2。空气(非涡轮空气)3的第一部分被冷却至主热交换器2的冷却端，并被引入至高压塔4内。高压塔4例如在顶部7.9巴的压力下运行。蒸馏塔系统的一部分进一步包括中压塔5、主冷凝器6和中压塔顶部冷凝器7。冷凝器6、7均被构造为冷凝器-蒸发器。
源自高压塔顶部的第一气态氮流在主冷凝器6的液化空间内冷凝。在主冷凝器6中产生的液氮9作为回流而被引入至高压塔4的顶部。高压塔的底液(粗制液氧)10在第一子冷却器11中冷却，并在阀12中膨胀至中压塔压力。已膨胀的粗氧13被送至中压塔5的中间部分。
中压塔5的富含氧的底液的第一流14被送至主冷凝器6的蒸发空间，并被至少部分地蒸发。已蒸发的第一流15被供回至中压塔底部，并用作为中压塔5内部的上升蒸气。
中压塔5的富含氧的底液的第二流16在第二子冷却器17和第三子冷却器18内冷却。通过阀20的控制，子冷却的液体19、21、22、23被送至中压塔顶部冷凝器7的蒸发空间。一小部分可以作为净化流24而被提取。通过阀27的控制，源自中压塔顶部冷凝器7的蒸发空间的水蒸气25、26作为废气而被送至子冷却器18、11。预加热的废气28在主热交换器2内被充分加热。加热废气29在分子筛工作站作为再生气体而被排出和/或使用。
源自中压塔4顶部的气态氮30在中压塔顶部冷凝器7的液化空间内冷凝。由此产生的液氮31被供回至中压塔4顶部内的杯子32。所述液氮的第一部分用作为中压塔5内的回流。所述液氮的第二部分53由中压塔4提取，在泵22内加压至至少等于、优选高于高压塔压力的压力。加压液氮的至少第一部分34、36流经泵压力控制阀35和子冷却器17，到达高压塔4内。根据需要，已泵送的液氮的第二部分37可以流经再循环通路38、39，返回至中压塔5。
源自高压塔4顶部的第二气态氮流40在主热交换器2内加热。已加热的第二气态氮流41作为加压气态氮产物而被回收。
在该实施方式中，主要的制冷源为空气涡轮机42。已压缩并经提纯的供给空气流1在主热交换器2的中间温度下被分为涡轮流43和非涡轮流3。涡轮流在空气涡轮机42中由第一压力工作膨胀至第二压力。在主热交换器2的上游，已工作膨胀的涡轮流44与废物流28混合。混合流在主热交换器2内加热。空气涡轮机通过任意已知的制动机构制动，优选通过油压制动器、空气制动器、油压轴承、空气轴承、或者箔轴承。优选地，没有增压压缩机被连接至空气涡轮机。
作为通过“液体辅助”的另一个制冷源，源自外部来源的低温液体，例如液氮45可被引入至中压塔5内(如在附图中所示的)，或者至高压塔4内(未示出)。所示的设备可以在不同的时间点不同地运行：
-空气涡轮机运行，无液体辅助
-空气涡轮机运行，结合有液体辅助
-空气涡轮机未运行-仅液体辅助
在本发明的一个具体的实施方式中，在第一运行模式中，经泵送的液氮34、37的一部分在压力下回收并存储于加压液氮容器中(在附图中未示出)。在第二运行模式中，空气涡轮机被关闭，或者在降低生产量的情况下运行，并且已存储的液体用于液体辅助(管线45)。
返回至附图，围绕大的矩形的虚线表示第一冷却箱46的外壁，除了氮泵33，围绕所有的低温部件。装置和外壁之间的空间填充有粉末绝热材料，例如珍珠岩。存在单独的冷却箱部分47，其仅包围氮泵33。
在另一种设备中，空气涡轮机被忽略，并且所述设备使用液体辅助作为单独的制冷源而稳定地运行。
在又一种设备中，氮泵被忽略，并且源自中压塔顶部的气态氮流在主热交换器内加热，并作为气态加压产物而被提取。其可由高压塔气态氮产物单独地加热，从而使得两个加压气态氮产物在不同的压力下回收，或者高压塔气态氮产物被膨胀至中压塔压力，并随后与中压塔气态氮产物混合。
在又一种设备中，涡轮机膨胀42由另一种类型的制冷所替代，例如低温制冷剂、活塞或者sterling等。

Claims (21)

1.通过在蒸馏塔系统内空气低温分离来制备加压气态氮的方法，所述蒸馏塔系统包括高压塔(4)、中压塔(5)、主冷凝器(6)和中压塔顶部冷凝器(7)，二者均为冷凝器-蒸发器的形式，其中
-总供给空气(1)在主空气压缩机(50)内压缩至第一压力，所述第一压力高于高压塔(4)顶部的操作压力，
-提纯(52)已压缩的空气流(51)，
-已压缩并经提纯的供给空气流(53)在第一压力下引入至主热交换器(2)内，并在该主热交换器(2)内冷却，
-将已冷却的空气的至少一部分引入至蒸馏塔系统内，
-源自高压塔(4)顶部的第一气态氮流(8)在主冷凝器(6)的液化空间内冷却，
-将高压塔(4)的底液(10、13)送至中压塔(5)的中间部分，
-将中压塔(5)的底液(16、19、21、25)送至中压塔顶部冷凝器(7)的蒸发空间，
-源自中压塔(5)顶部的气态氮(30)在中压塔顶部冷凝器(7)的液化空间内冷凝，
-将源自中压塔(5)或者源自中压塔顶部冷凝器(7)的液化空间的液氮加压至至少等于高压塔压力的压力，
-将加压液氮的至少一部分(36)引入至高压塔(4)内，
-源自高压塔(4)顶部的第二气态氮流(40)在主热交换器(2)内被加热，
-经加热的第二气态氮流(41)作为加压气态氮产物而被回收，
-将已压缩并经提纯的供给空气流(53)分为涡轮流(43)和非涡轮流(3)，
-非涡轮流(3)在主热交换器(2)内进一步冷却，并最终被引入至蒸馏塔系统内，和
-涡轮流(43)在膨胀装置(42)内工作膨胀，
其特征在于
-已压缩并经提纯的供给空气流(53)在主热交换器(2)的中间温度下被分为涡轮流(43)和非涡轮流(3)，
-涡轮流(43)在膨胀装置(42)内由第一压力工作膨胀至第二压力，并且
-经工作膨胀的涡轮流(44)在主热交换器(2)内被加热。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于
-源自在中压塔顶部冷凝器(7)的蒸发空间内产生的水蒸气的废物流在主热交换器(2)内被加热，和
-经工作膨胀的涡轮流(44)与废物流在主热交换器(2)的上游混合。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于源自外部来源的低温液体(45)和/或已在另一个时间点内部产生的低温液体被引入至蒸馏塔系统内。
4.根据权利要求3所述的方法，其特征在于液体的引入在一个或多个如下的位置执行：
-中压塔(5)，
-高压塔，
-加压步骤上游或下游的加压液氮管线，
-中压塔顶部冷凝器的蒸发空间，
-主冷凝器的蒸发空间。
5.根据权利要求1-4任一项所述的方法，其特征在于没有源自中压塔顶部的气态氮被供给至主热交换器并作为产物而被回收。
6.根据权利要求1-4任一项所述的方法，其特征在于在中压塔(5)顶部产生的全部气态氮(30)在中压塔顶部冷凝器(7)的液化空间内冷凝。
7.根据权利要求1-4任一项所述的方法，其特征在于在第一压力下引入至主热交换器内的已压缩并经提纯的供给空气流(53)包括用于蒸馏塔系统的总供给空气。
8.根据权利要求1-4任一项所述的方法，其特征在于使涡轮流(43)膨胀的膨胀装置(42)在所述方法中为单个膨胀装置。
9.根据权利要求1-4任一项所述的方法，其特征在于高压塔(4)顶部的操作压力为7.4至9.2巴。
10.根据权利要求1-4任一项所述的方法，其特征在于涡轮流(43)被膨胀至的第二压力低于1.6巴。
11.根据权利要求9所述的方法，其特征在于高压塔(4)顶部的操作压力为7.6至8.5巴。
12.根据权利要求10所述的方法，其特征在于所述涡轮流被膨胀至的第二压力是在1.2至1.4巴的范围。
13.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于所述中压塔顶部的操作压力为3.7巴至4.6巴。
14.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于所述中压塔顶部的操作压力为.9巴至4.3巴。
15.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于在所述主热交换器中冷却后，所述非涡轮流被引入至所述蒸馏塔系统的高压塔内。
16.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于所述膨胀装置是涡轮机。
17.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于通过该方法产生的低温液体引入至蒸馏塔系统内。
18.根据权利要求17所述的方法，其特征在于所述低温液体在一个或多个如下的位置被引入所述蒸馏塔系统中：所述中压塔、所述高压塔、加压液氮的上游或下游的加压液氮管线、所述中压塔顶部冷凝器的蒸发空间、和/或所述主冷凝器的蒸发空间。
19.用于通过空气低温分离制备加压气态氮的装置，包括
-蒸馏塔系统，包括高压塔(4)、中压塔(5)、主冷凝器(6)和中压塔顶部冷凝器(7)，二者均为冷凝器-蒸发器的形式，
-主空气压缩机(50)，用于将总供给空气(1)压缩至第一压力，所述第一压力高于高压塔(4)顶部的操作压力，
-提纯装置(52)，用于提纯已压缩的空气流(51)，
-空气管道，用于在第一压力下将已压缩并经提纯的供给空气流(53)引入至主热交换器(2)内，用于冷却，
-用于将已冷却的空气的至少一部分引入至蒸馏塔系统内的机构，
-用于将第一气态氮流(8)由高压塔(4)顶部引入至主冷凝器(6)的液化空间内的机构，
-将高压塔(4)的底液(10、13)送至中压塔(5)的中间部分的机构，
-用于将中压塔(5)的底液(16、19、21、25)引入至中压塔顶部冷凝器(7)的蒸发空间内的机构，
-用于将源自中压塔(5)顶部的气态氮(30)引入至中压塔顶部冷凝器(7)的液化空间内的机构，
-泵，用于将源自中压塔(5)或者源自中压塔顶部冷凝器(7)的液化空间内的液氮加压(33)至至少等于高压塔压力的压力，
-用于将加压液氮的至少一部分(36)引入至高压塔(4)内的机构，
-用于将源自高压塔(4)顶部的第二气态氮流(40)引入至主热交换器(2)内的机构，
-用于在主热交换器(2)内加热之后回收作为加压气态氮产物的经加热的第二气态氮流(41)的机构，
-用于将已压缩并经提纯的供给空气流(53)分为涡轮流(43)和非涡轮流(3)的机构，
-用于在主热交换器(2)内进一步冷却非涡轮流(3)并最终将其引入至蒸馏塔系统内的机构，和
-膨胀装置(42)，用于使涡轮流(43)工作膨胀，
其特征在于
-所述用于将已压缩并经提纯的供给空气流(53)分为涡轮流(43)和非涡轮流(3)的机构处于主热交换器(2)的中间温度，
-膨胀装置(42)经形成和连接以使涡轮流(43)由第一压力工作膨胀至第二压力，并且
-用于在主热交换器(2)内加热经工作膨胀的涡轮流(44)的机构。
20.根据权利要求19所述的装置，其特征在于使涡轮流(43)膨胀的膨胀装置(42)为单个膨胀装置。
21.根据权利要求19或20所述的装置，其特征在于膨胀装置(42)的出口与源自中压塔顶部冷凝器(7)的蒸发空间的废气管线(28)连接。
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