CN106973784B - 一种草莓新品种的培育方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种草莓新品种的培育方法,属于植物新品种培育技术领域。本发明通过1)亲本育苗、2)授粉、3)栽培管理这三个步骤来实现草莓新品种的培育。本发明中新品种具有较长的采收天数,为79~85天,可溶性固形物含量和固酸比均高于红颜和鬼怒甘,分别为13.68~14.57%和21.4~23.6,凸显了本发明新品种甜度适度、爽口。本发明新品种分别比红颜和鬼怒甘增产18.7~21.9%和21.1~24.5%,经济效益显著。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于植物新品种培育技术领域,具体涉及一种草莓新品种的培育方法。
背景技术
草莓(学名:Fragaria×ananassa Duch,英文:Strawberry)。蔷薇科、多年生草本,一种红色的花果,又名凤梨草莓、红莓、洋莓、地莓等,外观呈心形,鲜美红嫩,果肉多汁,含有特殊的浓郁水果芳香。草莓营养价值高,含丰富的维生素C,有帮助消化的功效,还可以巩固齿龈,清新口气,润泽喉部。中国各地栽培,原产南美,欧洲等地广为栽培。另外,草莓最好在饭后吃,因为其含有大量果胶及纤维素,可促进胃肠蠕动、帮助消化、改善便秘,预防痔疮、肠癌。
由于我国草莓品种大多数是引进美国、日本等国的品种,虽然全国草莓种植面积达200万亩左右,年产量约200万吨,居世界第一位,但草莓产量平均每亩只有1吨左右,是美国、西班牙和日本的二分之一产量,并且品质不佳、抗病性和耐贮藏性较差,草莓商品价值和出口量受到影响,而且易受病虫害的影响,成熟期短,不宜采摘,草莓种苗无序生产经营,这些因素严重制约着我国草莓的发展。
经对现有技术的文献检索发现,中国专利公开号CN104885899A,公开日2015年09月09日的专利申请公开了一种高产优质太空草莓新品种及培育方法、栽培方法和应用,通过航天搭载草莓品种种子,经太空宇宙射线诱变,然后培育得到优系单株为母本,与甜度高而稳定的日系草莓品种为父本有性杂交选育而得的草莓新品种。虽然该方法培育的草莓耐贮耐运性能好,产量高,但是航空搭载费用较高,而且有许多不确定性的因素,所培育的草莓品种在当地需要一个长期的适应过程。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种草莓耐贮耐运性能好、产量高、口感好、稳定遗传的草莓新品种的培育方法。
为了达到上述目的,本发明采用以下技术方案予以实现。
一种草莓新品种培育方法,包括以下具体步骤:
1)亲本育苗:利用黑叶荔枝为砧木,鬼怒甘草莓为接穗,培育出草莓杂交种ⅰ;选择草莓杂交种为母本,红颜草莓为父本进行杂交,得到杂交种ii,按照亲本的品种分垄进行播种,每垄播种3行,每穴播种3棵;
2)授粉:以杂交种ii为授粉对象,在开花前40~56天前进行蜜蜂授粉,所述蜜蜂授粉奇数天授粉2次,偶数天授粉1次,授粉时间为每天早晨10:00~11:20,下午2:30~3:20,6~8天后撤去蜜蜂利用配置好的营养液Ⅰ进行喷雾授粉;将母本处于大蕾期花朵的花瓣拨开,拔掉全部雄蕊,摘取父本花朵,将父本花粉加入到营养液Ⅰ中,混合均匀,然后倒入压力喷雾器中,用喷头对准开花的雌花柱头进行授粉,单花点喷1.2~1.6秒,以花粉营养液喷到柱头上且不成水流滴下为好;所述营养液Ⅰ由如下重量份的原料组成:硼酸2~6份、赤霉素7~9份、胺鲜脂1~4份、葡萄糖5~7份、尿素1~1.5份、水85~95份;
3)栽培管理:收集杂交授粉后的草莓种子,晒干,将其放入温度42~44℃、湿度70~72%、光照度4500~4800Lx条件下热处理30d后,将长出的新茎茎尖再行组培,得到草莓脱毒苗;将草莓脱毒苗播种于事先整理好的土地中,种植时,在繁殖秧苗期浇入少量的水,浇水控制在7~8天/次,进入秧苗定植期至开花期时,浇水量提高到3天浇透一次,并追施N:P2O5:K2O质量配比为35~40:28~32:19~30的复合肥,采用穴施的方式进行施肥,施肥深度28~30cm;在秧苗定植期至开花期喷洒由乙草胺:水体积比为2.8~3.2:1000的稀释液喷洒草莓植株,每天2次,连续喷洒5~6天,种子成熟后收获,得到基因型纯合的二倍体种子,继续讲该二倍体植株播种,让其进行自交,在其后代中选择性状优良且稳定的作为新品种进行培育。
进一步地,所述步骤2)中的营养液Ⅰ由如下重量份的原料组成:硼酸4份、赤霉素8份、胺鲜脂2.8份、葡萄糖6份、尿素1.2份、水90份。
与现有技术相比,本发明的有益技术效果:
1)本发明中利用蜜蜂授粉和喷雾授粉相结合的原则,提高了草莓的授粉效率,增加了草莓新品种培育的成功率,减少了授粉的天数,降低了培育的成本。而且营养液Ⅰ中胺鲜脂能够提高叶绿素的含量加快光合速度,促进植物细胞的分裂和伸长,促进根系的发育,调节体内养分的平衡。加入赤霉素、硼酸等成分与胺鲜脂协同作用,一方面促进了草莓授粉的速度,另一方面有效地去除了病虫草害的危害。
2)对新品种进行脱毒,保证了草莓的抗逆性。然后乙草胺溶液处理,诱导孤雌生殖,确保新品种的纯合性,避免其发生重组,同时有效地去除了杂草。本发明中采收天数较长,为79~85天,可溶性固形物含量和固酸比均高于红颜和鬼怒甘,分别为13.68~14.57%和21.4~23.6,凸显了本发明新品种甜度适度、爽口。本发明新品种分别比红颜和鬼怒甘增产18.7~21.9%和21.1~24.5%,经济效益显著。
具体实施方式
下面通过具体实施例,对本发明的技术方案作进一步地具体说明。应当理解,本发明的实施例并不局限于下面的实施例,对本发明所作的任何形式上的变通和/或改变都将落入本发明的保护范围。
实施例1
一种草莓新品种培育方法,包括以下具体步骤:
1)亲本育苗:利用黑叶荔枝为砧木,鬼怒甘草莓为接穗,培育出草莓杂交种ⅰ;选择草莓杂交种为母本,红颜草莓为父本进行杂交,得到杂交种ii,按照亲本的品种分垄进行播种,每垄播种3行,每穴播种3棵;
2)授粉:以杂交种ii为授粉对象,在开花前40天前进行蜜蜂授粉,所述蜜蜂授粉奇数天授粉2次,偶数天授粉1次,授粉时间为每天早晨10:00~11:20,下午2:30~3:20,6天后撤去蜜蜂利用配置好的营养液Ⅰ进行喷雾授粉;将母本处于大蕾期花朵的花瓣拨开,拔掉全部雄蕊,摘取父本花朵,将父本花粉加入到营养液Ⅰ中,混合均匀,然后倒入压力喷雾器中,用喷头对准开花的雌花柱头进行授粉,单花点喷1.2秒,以花粉营养液喷到柱头上且不成水流滴下为好;所述营养液Ⅰ由如下重量份的原料组成:硼酸2份、赤霉素7份、胺鲜脂1份、葡萄糖5份、尿素1份、水85份;
3)栽培管理:收集杂交授粉后的草莓种子,晒干,将其放入温度42℃、湿度70%、光照度4500Lx条件下热处理30d后,将长出的新茎茎尖再行组培,得到草莓脱毒苗;将草莓脱毒苗播种于事先整理好的土地中,种植时,在繁殖秧苗期浇入少量的水,浇水控制在7天/次,进入秧苗定植期至开花期时,浇水量提高到3天浇透一次,并追施N:P2O5:K2O质量配比为35:28:19的复合肥,采用穴施的方式进行施肥,施肥深度28cm;在秧苗定植期至开花期喷洒由乙草胺:水体积比为2.8:1000的稀释液喷洒草莓植株,每天2次,连续喷洒5天,种子成熟后收获,得到基因型纯合的二倍体种子,继续讲该二倍体植株播种,让其进行自交,在其后代中选择性状优良且稳定的作为新品种进行培育。
实施例2
一种草莓新品种培育方法,包括以下具体步骤:
1)亲本育苗:利用黑叶荔枝为砧木,鬼怒甘草莓为接穗,培育出草莓杂交种ⅰ;选择草莓杂交种为母本,红颜草莓为父本进行杂交,得到杂交种ii,按照亲本的品种分垄进行播种,每垄播种3行,每穴播种3棵;
2)授粉:以杂交种ii为授粉对象,在开花前48天前进行蜜蜂授粉,所述蜜蜂授粉奇数天授粉2次,偶数天授粉1次,授粉时间为每天早晨10:00~11:20,下午2:30~3:20,7天后撤去蜜蜂利用配置好的营养液Ⅰ进行喷雾授粉;将母本处于大蕾期花朵的花瓣拨开,拔掉全部雄蕊,摘取父本花朵,将父本花粉加入到营养液Ⅰ中,混合均匀,然后倒入压力喷雾器中,用喷头对准开花的雌花柱头进行授粉,单花点喷1.4秒,以花粉营养液喷到柱头上且不成水流滴下为好;所述营养液Ⅰ由如下重量份的原料组成:硼酸4份、赤霉素8份、胺鲜脂2.8份、葡萄糖6份、尿素1.2份、水90份;
3)栽培管理:收集杂交授粉后的草莓种子,晒干,将其放入温度43℃、湿度71%、光照度4750Lx条件下热处理30d后,将长出的新茎茎尖再行组培,得到草莓脱毒苗;将草莓脱毒苗播种于事先整理好的土地中,种植时,在繁殖秧苗期浇入少量的水,浇水控制在8天/次,进入秧苗定植期至开花期时,浇水量提高到3天浇透一次,并追施N:P2O5:K2O质量配比为38:30:26的复合肥,采用穴施的方式进行施肥,施肥深度29cm;在秧苗定植期至开花期喷洒由乙草胺:水体积比为3:1000的稀释液喷洒草莓植株,每天2次,连续喷洒6天,种子成熟后收获,得到基因型纯合的二倍体种子,继续讲该二倍体植株播种,让其进行自交,在其后代中选择性状优良且稳定的作为新品种进行培育。
实施例3
一种草莓新品种培育方法,包括以下具体步骤:
1)亲本育苗:利用黑叶荔枝为砧木,鬼怒甘草莓为接穗,培育出草莓杂交种ⅰ;选择草莓杂交种为母本,红颜草莓为父本进行杂交,得到杂交种ii,按照亲本的品种分垄进行播种,每垄播种3行,每穴播种3棵;
2)授粉:以杂交种ii为授粉对象,在开花前56天前进行蜜蜂授粉,所述蜜蜂授粉奇数天授粉2次,偶数天授粉1次,授粉时间为每天早晨10:00~11:20,下午2:30~3:20,8天后撤去蜜蜂利用配置好的营养液Ⅰ进行喷雾授粉;将母本处于大蕾期花朵的花瓣拨开,拔掉全部雄蕊,摘取父本花朵,将父本花粉加入到营养液Ⅰ中,混合均匀,然后倒入压力喷雾器中,用喷头对准开花的雌花柱头进行授粉,单花点喷1.6秒,以花粉营养液喷到柱头上且不成水流滴下为好;所述营养液Ⅰ由如下重量份的原料组成:硼酸6份、赤霉素9份、胺鲜脂4份、葡萄糖7份、尿素1.5份、水95份;
3)栽培管理:收集杂交授粉后的草莓种子,晒干,将其放入温度44℃、湿度72%、光照度4800Lx条件下热处理30d后,将长出的新茎茎尖再行组培,得到草莓脱毒苗;将草莓脱毒苗播种于事先整理好的土地中,种植时,在繁殖秧苗期浇入少量的水,浇水控制在8天/次,进入秧苗定植期至开花期时,浇水量提高到3天浇透一次,并追施N:P2O5:K2O质量配比为40:32:30的复合肥,采用穴施的方式进行施肥,施肥深度30cm;在秧苗定植期至开花期喷洒由乙草胺:水体积比为3.2:1000的稀释液喷洒草莓植株,每天2次,连续喷洒6天,种子成熟后收获,得到基因型纯合的二倍体种子,继续讲该二倍体植株播种,让其进行自交,在其后代中选择性状优良且稳定的作为新品种进行培育。
本发明可以培育出具有优良特性的草莓新品种,不仅口感好、营养丰富、商品价值较高,且采收期长、产量高。与普通品种的特性对比见下表:
项目 | 采收天数 | 可溶性固形物含量(%) | 固酸比 | 单产(kg/667m2) |
实施例1 | 79 | 13.68 | 21.4 | 1914.8 |
实施例2 | 85 | 14.57 | 23.6 | 1967.5 |
实施例3 | 81 | 13.79 | 21.8 | 1928.6 |
红颜 | 45 | 11.45 | 19.9 | 1612.8 |
鬼怒甘 | 60 | 10.52 | 16.4 | 1580.9 |
由此可知,本发明中采收天数较长,为79~85天,可溶性固形物含量和固酸比均高于红颜和鬼怒甘,分别为13.68~14.57%和21.4~23.6,凸显了本发明新品种甜度适度、爽口。本发明新品种分别比红颜和鬼怒甘增产18.7~21.9%和21.1~24.5%,经济效益显著。
本发明可用其他的不违背本发明的精神或主要特征的具体形式来概述。无论从哪一点来看,本发明的上述实施方案都只能认为是对本发明的说明而不能限制本发明,权利要求书指出了本发明的范围,因此,在与本发明的权利要求书相当的含义和范围内的任何改变,都应认为是包括在权利要求书范围之内。
Claims (2)
1.一种草莓新品种培育方法,包括亲本育苗、授粉和栽培管理三个步骤,其特征在于:
1)亲本育苗:利用黑叶荔枝为砧木,鬼怒甘草莓为接穗,培育出草莓杂交种ⅰ;选择草莓杂交种为母本,红颜草莓为父本进行杂交,得到杂交种ⅱ,按照亲本的品种分垄进行播种,每垄播种3行,每穴播种3棵;
2)授粉:以杂交种ⅱ为授粉对象,在开花前40~56天前进行蜜蜂授粉,所述蜜蜂授粉奇数天授粉2次,偶数天授粉1次,授粉时间为每天早晨10:00~11:20,下午2:30~3:20,6~8天后撤去蜜蜂利用配置好的营养液Ⅰ进行喷雾授粉;将母本处于大蕾期花朵的花瓣拨开,拔掉全部雄蕊,摘取父本花朵,将父本花粉加入到营养液Ⅰ中,混合均匀,然后倒入压力喷雾器中,用喷头对准开花的雌花柱头进行授粉,单花点喷1.2~1.6秒,以花粉营养液喷到柱头上且不成水流滴下为好;所述营养液Ⅰ由如下重量份的原料组成:硼酸2~6份、赤霉素7~9份、胺鲜脂1~4份、葡萄糖5~7份、尿素1~1.5份、水85~95份;
3)栽培管理:收集杂交授粉后的草莓种子,晒干,将其放入温度42~44℃、湿度70~72%、光照度4500~4800Lx条件下热处理30d后 ,将长出的新茎茎尖再行组培,得到草莓脱毒苗;将草莓脱毒苗播种于事先整理好的土地中,种植时,在繁殖秧苗期浇入少量的水,浇水控制在7~8天/次,进入秧苗定植期至开花期时,浇水量提高到3天浇透一次,并追施N:P2O5:K2O质量配比为35~40:28~32:19~30的复合肥,采用穴施的方式进行施肥,施肥深度28~30cm;在秧苗定植期至开花期喷洒由乙草胺:水体积比为2.8~3.2:1000的稀释液喷洒草莓植株,每天2次,连续喷洒5~6天,种子成熟后收获,得到基因型纯合的二倍体种子,继续将该二倍体植株播种,让其进行自交,在其后代中选择性状优良且稳定的作为新品种进行培育。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种草莓新品种的培育方法,其特征在于所述步骤2)中的营养液Ⅰ由如下重量份的原料组成:硼酸4份、赤霉素8份、胺鲜脂2.8份、葡萄糖6份、尿素1.2份、水90份。
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