CN106966394A - A kind of furnace of calcium carbide - Google Patents
A kind of furnace of calcium carbide Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN106966394A CN106966394A CN201710213073.2A CN201710213073A CN106966394A CN 106966394 A CN106966394 A CN 106966394A CN 201710213073 A CN201710213073 A CN 201710213073A CN 106966394 A CN106966394 A CN 106966394A
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- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- calcium carbide
- furnace
- heater
- offgas outlet
- area
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 239000005997 Calcium carbide Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 64
- CLZWAWBPWVRRGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl 2-[2-[2-[2-[bis[2-[(2-methylpropan-2-yl)oxy]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-5-bromophenoxy]ethoxy]-4-methyl-n-[2-[(2-methylpropan-2-yl)oxy]-2-oxoethyl]anilino]acetate Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(N(CC(=O)OC(C)(C)C)CC(=O)OC(C)(C)C)C(OCCOC=2C(=CC=C(Br)C=2)N(CC(=O)OC(C)(C)C)CC(=O)OC(C)(C)C)=C1 CLZWAWBPWVRRGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 64
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000005439 thermosphere Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 230000008676 import Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium oxide Chemical compound [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 54
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000012774 insulation material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011819 refractory material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 abstract description 38
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 37
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 36
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 17
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 10
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 9
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 abstract description 8
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 7
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 7
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- -1 body of heater Chemical compound 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 6
- 235000008733 Citrus aurantifolia Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 235000011941 Tilia x europaea Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000004571 lime Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 description 1
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000019504 cigarettes Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009776 industrial production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003317 industrial substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01F—COMPOUNDS OF THE METALS BERYLLIUM, MAGNESIUM, ALUMINIUM, CALCIUM, STRONTIUM, BARIUM, RADIUM, THORIUM, OR OF THE RARE-EARTH METALS
- C01F5/00—Compounds of magnesium
- C01F5/02—Magnesia
- C01F5/04—Magnesia by oxidation of metallic magnesium
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Carbon And Carbon Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention discloses a kind of furnace of calcium carbide, including body of heater, electrode, feed pipe, offgas outlet and oxygen-containing gas import;Electrode and feed pipe are embedded in the top of body of heater, extend into body of heater cavity;Body of heater cavity is from top to bottom divided into bed of material area, thermosphere area and reaction zone, when furnace of calcium carbide works, and the temperature in thermosphere area is 1400~1600 DEG C;Offgas outlet is arranged on the side wall in body of heater thermosphere area;Oxygen-containing gas import is arranged on the side wall of body of heater, positioned at the lower section of offgas outlet.The furnace of calcium carbide of the present invention, by setting offgas outlet in thermosphere area, it is ensured that with CO oxidation reaction does not occur for the magnesium vapor in tail gas;Carbon during oxygen-containing gas import, combustion parts raw material are set in the lower section of offgas outlet, the energy consumption of reduction calcium carbide production.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to calcium carbide production equipment technical field, more particularly to a kind of efficient furnace of calcium carbide.
Background technology
Calcium carbide is important industrial chemicals, and its main component is calcium carbide.In recent years, with the continuous hair of economic society
Exhibition, industrially the demand to calcium carbide is increasing.
At present, the method for industrial production calcium carbide is mainly electrothermal way.Its elder generation meet calcium carbide production requirement lime and
Coke carries out dispensing according to the specified ratio, and furnace charge then is delivered into furnace of calcium carbide furnace top bin with bucket elevator, through charge tube to
Electric furnace charge, furnace charge generates calcium carbide in electric furnace by the resistance thermal response of electrode arc pad and furnace charge, and calcium carbide timing is come out of the stove,
Put to calcium carbide pot, after cooling, be broken into the granularity of certain specification requirement, that is, obtain finished product calcium carbide.
In the production process of calcium carbide, the impurity in raw material is serious to Influence of production.Impurity in raw material mainly includes oxygen
Change magnesium, silica, iron oxide, aluminum oxide etc., while furnace charge generates calcium carbide in electric reaction in furnace, various impurity are also carried out
Reaction.
The reaction of various impurity not only consumes electric energy and carbon materials, and influence operation, and destruction furnace bottom, particularly magnesia exist
Melting zone is reduced into rapidly magnesium metal, and melting zone is turned into a strong high temperature reduction area, and magnesium vapor is red-hot from this
When region is largely escaped, a portion magnesium reacts immediately with carbon monoxide, and generation magnesia releases heat-flash formation high temperature, office
Portion's duricrust is destroyed, and the liquid calcium carbide with impurity is corroded furnace bottom.When magnesium reacts with oxygen, substantial amounts of heat is released, makes charge level
Caking hinders furnace gas discharge, and produces branch current.Local furnace shell is also destroyed, or even is destroyed molten Candle-stub, calcium carbide stream is blocked
Outlet.It was verified that content of magnesia often increases by 1% in lime, then power gas forming amount will decline 10~15L/kWh.Also
Partial oxidation magnesium reacts in melting zone and nitrogen, the magnesium nitride (Mg of generation3N2), make calcium carbide tacky, cause difficulty of coming out of the stove, influence is just
Often production.
The content of the invention
In order to solve the above problems, the present invention proposes that one kind can remove magnesia, and incendivity in calcium carbide production process
The furnace of calcium carbide of part carbon, it is to avoid magnesium metal improves the production efficiency of calcium carbide in furnace of calcium carbide internal oxidition heat release, cost-effective.
The present invention provides a kind of furnace of calcium carbide, including internal for the body of heater of cavity, electrode, feed pipe, offgas outlet and oxygen-containing
Gas feed;
The electrode and feed pipe are embedded in the top of the body of heater, extend into body of heater cavity;
The body of heater cavity is from top to bottom divided into bed of material area, thermosphere area and reaction zone, during the furnace of calcium carbide work, institute
The temperature for stating thermosphere area is 1400~1600 DEG C;
The offgas outlet is arranged on the side wall in the body of heater thermosphere area;
The oxygen-containing gas import is arranged on the side wall of the body of heater, positioned at the lower section of the offgas outlet.
Calcium carbide needs the magnesia in high temperature, impurity to be reduced in process of production, generates the tail gas containing magnesium vapor.Stove
Internal temperature is gradually reduced from down to up, according to work when, body of heater sky cavity temperature difference, by cavity area up under according to
It is secondary to be divided into bed of material area, thermosphere area and reaction zone.Wherein, the temperature in thermosphere area is 1400~1600 DEG C.At 1400~1600 DEG C
Temperature range, it is ensured that magnesium vapor does not react with CO.Offgas outlet is arranged on thermosphere area so that magnesium vapor not with CO
React, just discharge body of heater, it is to avoid the generation of oxidation reaction.
Oxygen-containing gas import is set on the side wall of body of heater, oxygen can be passed through into stove so that the carbon part in raw material
Imperfect combustion, it is possible to increase material temperature, reduction calcium carbide production power consumption.
As preferred embodiments of the present invention, the bottom of the body of heater cavity is equipped with the bed course that refractory material is made.
In the present invention, the furnace of calcium carbide further comprises flue and dust-removal cloth-bag, and the flue includes inlet exhaust gas and cigarette
Road is exported, and the dust-removal cloth-bag includes magnesia entrance, and the offgas outlet connects the inlet exhaust gas of the flue, the flue
The magnesia entrance of the outlet connection dust-removal cloth-bag.Flue can be cooled down to the tail gas containing magnesium vapor, be made in magnesium and tail gas
CO react, generate magnesia.Tail gas containing magnesia enters dust-removal cloth-bag, adsorbable collection magnesia.
Further, the top of the body of heater is provided with water cooling plant.Water cooling plant can be cooled down to the equipment of furnace roof, be carried
The security of high furnace of calcium carbide.From traditional offgas outlet be arranged on offgas outlets different on furnace roof, of the invention be arranged on it is described
On the side wall in body of heater thermosphere area, it also avoid crystallizing under water cooling plant effect of the magnesium vapor at the top of body of heater.
Specifically, on furnace roof, the both sides of the electrode are arranged symmetrically feed pipe.Further, the feed pipe is
High-temperature insulation material.
The furnace of calcium carbide that the present invention is provided, using the characteristic of magnesium vapor, offgas outlet is arranged on the thermosphere area of furnace of calcium carbide, made
Magnesium vapor will not react with CO in stove, it is to avoid the generation of charge level caking and the material that collapses;Set below offgas outlet
Put oxygen-containing gas import so that the carbon-based imperfect combustion in raw material, it is possible to increase material temperature, reduction calcium carbide production power consumption;
Using dust-removal cloth-bag adsorption and oxidation magnesium, high value added product can be obtained.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the structural representation of furnace of calcium carbide of the embodiment of the present invention.
In figure:
1- bodies of heater, 2- electrodes, 3- feed pipes, 4- offgas outlets, 5- oxygen-containing gas imports, 6- bed courses, 101- bed of materials area,
102- thermospheres area, 103- reaction zones.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with drawings and examples, the embodiment to the present invention is described in more details, so as to energy
Enough more fully understand the advantage of the solution of the present invention and its various aspects.However, specific embodiments described below and implementation
Example is only the purpose of explanation, rather than limitation of the present invention.
As shown in figure 1, the embodiment of the present invention provides a kind of furnace of calcium carbide, including body of heater 1, electrode 2, feed pipe 3, offgas outlet
4th, oxygen-containing gas import 5 and bed course 6.The furnace of calcium carbide, discharges furnace of calcium carbide by the tail gas containing magnesium vapor using offgas outlet 4, keeps away
The oxidation reaction of magnesia and CO in body of heater is exempted from.Oxygen is passed through into stove using oxygen-containing gas import 5 so that in raw material
The carbon-based imperfect combustion in part, heat is provided for the production of calcium carbide.
When producing calcium carbide, the empty cavity temperature of body of heater 1 is gradually reduced from bottom to top.According to temperature during work, by cavity
Bed of material area 101, thermosphere area 102 and reaction zone 103 are from top to bottom divided into, the temperature in thermosphere area 102 is 1400~1600 DEG C.
In 1400~1600 DEG C of temperature range, it is ensured that with CO oxidation reaction does not occur for the magnesium vapor in tail gas.
Electrode 2 is embedded in the top of body of heater 1, extends into the cavity of body of heater, and do not contacted with furnace bottom.Electrode 2 can be three-phase
Electrode, heat is provided for the production of calcium carbide.
Feed pipe 3 is embedded in the top of body of heater 1, extends into the cavity of body of heater.Feed pipe 3 is high-temperature insulation material, can be protected
Demonstrate,prove the safety of furnace of calcium carbide.Feed pipe 3 is arranged symmetrically on the both sides of electrode 2, may be such that material into furnace of calcium carbide it is uniform by
Heat, is conducive to improving production efficiency, saves the energy.
Offgas outlet 4 is arranged on the side wall in body of heater thermosphere area 102, is easy to the discharge of the tail gas containing magnesium vapor.Thermosphere area
102 be the region of 1400~1600 DEG C of temperature, and offgas outlet 4 is arranged on thermosphere area 102 so that magnesium vapor in tail gas not with CO
Generation oxidation reaction, it is to avoid release big calorimetric because of magnesium vapor and CO reactions, it is to avoid charge level caking and hinder furnace gas to discharge, together
When can avoid collapsing the dangerous situations such as material.
Oxygen-containing gas import 5 is arranged on the side wall of body of heater 1, positioned at the lower section of offgas outlet 4.Pass through oxygen-containing gas import
5 are passed through part oxygen-containing gas so that the carbon-based imperfect combustion in raw material, it is possible to increase material temperature, reduction calcium carbide production electricity
Consumption.Oxygen-containing gas import 5 is arranged on the lower section of offgas outlet 4, is conducive to the rising of hot gas, is easy to the collection of tail gas.
In embodiments of the invention, the bottom of body of heater cavity is equipped with the bed course 6 that refractory material is made.
In order to obtain the product magnesia of high added value, the furnace of calcium carbide of the embodiment of the present invention also includes flue and dust removing cloth
Bag.Flue includes inlet exhaust gas and flue outlet, and offgas outlet connects the inlet exhaust gas of the flue.Discharged by offgas outlet
The tail gas containing magnesium vapor of body of heater enters flue, rapid drop in temperature, when the exhaust temperature containing magnesium vapor is down to 1200 DEG C
When following, react:Mg+CO=MgO+C, generates magnesia.
Dust-removal cloth-bag includes magnesia entrance, and flue outlet connects the magnesia entrance of dust-removal cloth-bag.Produced in flue
Magnesia together enters dust-removal cloth-bag with other tail gas, and dust-removal cloth-bag has adsorption function, and adsorbable collection magnesia, discharge is surplus
Remaining gas.The furnace of calcium carbide of the embodiment of the present invention, not only avoid and the influence that magnesium addition is produced to calcium carbide is aoxidized in carbide raw material,
And the magnesia of high added value is collected, obtain bigger economic benefit.
Specifically, the top of body of heater is provided with water cooling plant.Water cooling plant is used to cool down the equipment of furnace roof, it is ensured that electricity
The trouble free service of stone stove, such as cools down the sealing of electrode.
Embodiment 1
1st, spherical material is sent into furnace of calcium carbide by feed pipe, the component of spherical material is semicoke and lime.
2nd, oxygen is passed through into stove by oxygen-containing gas import.
The 3rd, spherical material is heated to the CO in the carbon and gas in 2000 DEG C or so, spherical material by magnesia therein also
Original, generation calcium carbide and the tail gas containing magnesium vapor;With oxygen imperfect combustion occurs for the part carbon in spherical material, is calcium carbide production
Portion of energy is provided.
4th, the tail gas containing magnesium vapor rises, and temperature is gradually reduced, in 1400~1600 DEG C of thermosphere area, by offgas outlet
Discharge furnace of calcium carbide.
5th, the tail gas containing magnesium vapor enters flue by offgas outlet, when less than 1200 DEG C are down in flue, magnesium vapor
Magnesia is oxidized to again.
6th, the tail gas containing magnesia enters dust-removal cloth-bag, reclaims and contains magnesium dust, and the grade of magnesium can reach 50.2%.
Embodiment 2
1st, spherical material is sent into furnace of calcium carbide by feed pipe, the component of spherical material is biomass and lime.
2nd, oxygen is passed through into stove by oxygen-containing gas import.
The 3rd, spherical material is heated to the CO in the carbon and gas in 2100 DEG C or so, spherical material by magnesia therein also
Original, generation calcium carbide and the tail gas containing magnesium vapor;With oxygen imperfect combustion occurs for the part carbon in spherical material, is calcium carbide production
Portion of energy is provided.
4th, the tail gas containing magnesium vapor rises, and temperature is gradually reduced, in 1400~1600 DEG C of thermosphere area, by offgas outlet
Discharge furnace of calcium carbide.
5th, the tail gas containing magnesium vapor enters flue by offgas outlet, when less than 1200 DEG C are down in flue, magnesium vapor
Magnesia is oxidized to again.
6th, the tail gas containing magnesia enters dust-removal cloth-bag, reclaims and contains magnesium dust, and the grade of magnesium reaches 49%.
It should be noted that each embodiment above by reference to described by accompanying drawing is only to illustrate rather than limitation originally
The scope of invention, it will be understood by those within the art that, it is right under the premise without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention
Modification or equivalent substitution that the present invention is carried out, all should cover within the scope of the present invention.In addition, signified unless the context
Outside, the word occurred in the singular includes plural form, and vice versa.In addition, unless stated otherwise, then any embodiment
All or part of can combine all or part of of any other embodiment to use.
Claims (6)
1. a kind of furnace of calcium carbide, including the internal body of heater for cavity, it is characterised in that further comprise that electrode, feed pipe, tail gas go out
Mouth and oxygen-containing gas import;
The electrode and feed pipe are embedded in the top of the body of heater, extend into body of heater cavity;
The body of heater cavity is from top to bottom divided into bed of material area, thermosphere area and reaction zone, during the furnace of calcium carbide work, the heat
The temperature in floor area is 1400~1600 DEG C;
The offgas outlet is arranged on the side wall in the body of heater thermosphere area;
The oxygen-containing gas import is arranged on the side wall of the body of heater, positioned at the lower section of the offgas outlet.
2. furnace of calcium carbide according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the bottom of the body of heater cavity is equipped with refractory material system
Into bed course.
3. furnace of calcium carbide according to claim 1, it is characterised in that further comprise flue and dust-removal cloth-bag, the flue
Including inlet exhaust gas and flue outlet, the dust-removal cloth-bag includes magnesia entrance, and the offgas outlet connects the flue
Inlet exhaust gas, the flue outlet connects the magnesia entrance of the dust-removal cloth-bag.
4. furnace of calcium carbide according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the top of the body of heater is provided with water cooling plant.
5. furnace of calcium carbide according to claim 1, it is characterised in that be arranged symmetrically feed pipe in the both sides of the electrode.
6. furnace of calcium carbide according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the feed pipe is high-temperature insulation material.
Priority Applications (1)
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CN201710213073.2A CN106966394A (en) | 2017-04-01 | 2017-04-01 | A kind of furnace of calcium carbide |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
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CN201710213073.2A CN106966394A (en) | 2017-04-01 | 2017-04-01 | A kind of furnace of calcium carbide |
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CN106966394A true CN106966394A (en) | 2017-07-21 |
Family
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Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN107339705A (en) * | 2017-08-23 | 2017-11-10 | 洛阳联创锂能科技有限公司 | A kind of pitch smoke incinerating device |
CN108773845A (en) * | 2018-08-21 | 2018-11-09 | 刘凯 | A kind of direct current furnace of calcium carbide |
CN109928394A (en) * | 2019-03-04 | 2019-06-25 | 上海首济化工科技有限公司 | A kind of electrothermal way and the compound mineral smelting process and device of oxygen thermal method |
CN110864559A (en) * | 2019-11-24 | 2020-03-06 | 陕西北元化工集团股份有限公司 | Carbide stove surface temperature detection device |
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Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN107339705A (en) * | 2017-08-23 | 2017-11-10 | 洛阳联创锂能科技有限公司 | A kind of pitch smoke incinerating device |
CN107339705B (en) * | 2017-08-23 | 2023-10-27 | 洛阳联创锂能科技有限公司 | Asphalt flue gas incinerator |
CN108773845A (en) * | 2018-08-21 | 2018-11-09 | 刘凯 | A kind of direct current furnace of calcium carbide |
CN109928394A (en) * | 2019-03-04 | 2019-06-25 | 上海首济化工科技有限公司 | A kind of electrothermal way and the compound mineral smelting process and device of oxygen thermal method |
CN110864559A (en) * | 2019-11-24 | 2020-03-06 | 陕西北元化工集团股份有限公司 | Carbide stove surface temperature detection device |
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Application publication date: 20170721 |