CN106947058B - 室温固化pbx浇注炸药用复配催化剂粘结剂体系 - Google Patents

室温固化pbx浇注炸药用复配催化剂粘结剂体系 Download PDF

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CN106947058B
CN106947058B CN201710077143.6A CN201710077143A CN106947058B CN 106947058 B CN106947058 B CN 106947058B CN 201710077143 A CN201710077143 A CN 201710077143A CN 106947058 B CN106947058 B CN 106947058B
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柴涛
马慧
刘玉存
郭嘉昒
杨晓汾
刘登程
袁俊明
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Abstract

本发明属浇注炸药,固体推进剂技术领域,为克服现有HTPB型浇注PBX炸药固化成型温度较高,室温固化时间长固体成分易沉降等问题,提供一种室温固化PBX浇注炸药用复配催化剂粘结剂体系。由端羟基聚丁二烯、多异氰酸酯、固化催化剂与催化剂纳米氧化锌按一定比例制备而成,多异氰酸酯为IPDI、HMDI、HDI三聚体中任意一种;固化催化剂为TNB2、TPB、TEPB中任意一种。降低药柱固化温度,提高浇注PBX炸药固化过程的安全性、减少和消除收缩应力、提高装药力学性能、降低能耗和工艺成本;通过调整催化剂用量调整粘结剂体系的适用期,以满足不同施工需要,提高药浆的可加工性;有效缩短固化时间,防止固相物沉降,同时提高固化产物的硬度、抗拉强度、断裂伸长率等。

Description

室温固化PBX浇注炸药用复配催化剂粘结剂体系
技术领域
本发明属于浇注炸药,固体推进剂技术领域,具体涉及一种室温固化PBX浇注炸药用复配催化剂粘结剂体系,以期实现PBX浇注炸药的室温固化及固化产物力学性能的提高。
背景技术
高聚物黏结炸药(PBX)是由高分子黏结剂将各种炸药组分粘接在一起进而固化形成橡胶状混合物的炸药,PBX 炸药由于降低了在贮存、使用以及运输过程中的意外爆炸风险,成为了钝感弹药(IM)发展的一个关键领域。黏结剂的性能及PBX 的配方决定了炸药的性能。
以端羟基聚丁二烯(Hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene,HTPB)-异氰酸酯黏结剂体系具有固相含量高、适用期较长、流动性良好、黏结性能好,赋予浇注的药柱更好的尺寸稳定性、结构完整性以及力学性能,在PBX炸药,复合固体推进剂,以及水下兵器中得到了十分广泛的应用。由于端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)浇注炸药良好的低易损性、药浆流动性,适用期较长,耐老化稳定性,固相含量高,与金属粘接性好,爆炸性能优良,安全性好以及能量可调节、装药工艺相对简单等特点,已成为大中口径炮弹和导弹及水下兵器装填炸药的主要类型之一。
然而目前所用的HTPB型浇注PBX炸药存在以下几点不足:(1)反应温度较高,需要在较高温度下(60~80℃)固化成型;(2)固化时间较长,通常需要七天左右的时间;(3)非连续生产,产量低,成本较高。另一方面,HTPB与异氰酸酯固化剂之间发生的是放热交联反应,在高温环境下固化不仅整个固化体系受热不均匀造成交联密度分布不均,而且浇注药柱在高温下冷却过程也会产生热应力(即收缩应力),使药柱性能大幅下降,更重要的是在生产过程中存在一定的安全隐患。如何有效降低生产过程中的固化温度并实现室温固化(25~50℃),对提高PBXs固化过程的安全性、减少和消除HTPB基浇注装药收缩应力、提高装药力学性能、降低能耗和工艺成本具有重要意义。
固化剂异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI)是一种非对称的脂环族二异氰酸酯,其反应活性低于常用的甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI),但毒性小且能够赋予药浆更长的适用期,有利于大尺寸弹体的浇注,所制得的弹性体断裂伸长率也更高。但由于非对称结构使得IPDI中的两个NCO基反应活性不同,在固化反应中表现出前期快后期慢的二阶段现象。粘结剂体系后期固化慢会使药柱更易发生固相物沉降,影响药柱性能。因此,在满足施工所需适用期的同时,加快IPDI为固化剂的粘结剂体系的后期固化反应速率,对防止固相沉降,提高药柱性能有重要意义。
发明内容
本发明为了克服现有HTPB型浇注PBX炸药固化成型温度较高,而室温固化时间长固体成分易沉降、固化产物力学性能不理想等问题,提供了一种室温固化PBX浇注炸药用复配催化剂粘结剂体系。
本发明由如下技术方案实现的:一种室温固化PBX浇注炸药用复配催化剂粘结剂体系,由下列重量份的原料制成:聚多元醇40-50份;多异氰酸酯3.7-7.7份;固化催化剂0.065-0.346份;催化剂纳米氧化锌0.044-1.154份;其中,所述聚多元醇为端羟基聚丁二烯HTPB;多异氰酸酯为:异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯IPDI、4,4’-二环已基甲烷二异氰酸酯HMDI或HDI三聚体中的任意一种;固化催化剂为三萘基铋TNB2、三苯基铋TPB或三乙氧基苯铋TEPB中的任意一种。
优选配比为:聚多元醇40份;多异氰酸酯3.7份;固化催化剂0.109份;纳米氧化锌1.154份;其中,所述聚多元醇为端羟基聚丁二烯HTPB;多异氰酸酯为:异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯IPDI、4,4’-二环已基甲烷二异氰酸酯HMDI、HDI三聚体中的任意一种;固化催化剂为三萘基铋TNB2、三苯基铋TPB、三乙氧基苯铋TEPB中的任意一种。
具体制备方法为:准确称量HTPB,加入固化催化剂与催化剂纳米氧化锌nano-ZnO混合的复配催化剂,然后用电动搅拌机200-1000rpm搅拌2-8min,加入固化剂多异氰酸酯,继续搅拌1-3min,粘结剂体系中各组分充分混合均匀,搅拌完成后将其放入真空干燥器中在真空度为0.01-0.05MPa条件下抽真空脱除气泡即可。
本发明所述原料均可在市场上购得。本发明基于HTPB-异氰酸酯体系的PBX浇注炸药,获得室温固化PBX浇注炸药用复配催化剂粘结剂体系。研究发现,HTPB与异氰酸酯的固化反应,是由端羟基(-OH)与异氰酸酯基(-NCO)反应生成氨基甲酸酯(-NHCOO-);本发明所述的铋基固化催化剂对固化反应的催化机理是:羟基中的H与碱性Bi原子络合,使羟基O的亲核性增强,更容易进攻-NCO中的C原子,形成过渡态最终反应生成氨基甲酸酯;在加快固化反应的同时,减弱HTPB-IPDI固化反应的二阶段现象,使后期反应速率加快,对后期反应速度慢固化时间长造成的固相物沉降有明显的缓解作用。因此对于HTPB-IPDI粘结剂体系,以铋基催化剂作为固化催化剂具有加快固化反应速率,降低固化温度,及抑制固相物沉降的优点。
在研究中还发现,nano-ZnO对HTPB与异氰酸酯反应生成氨基甲酸的固化反应有催化作。在nano-ZnO中缺失电子数较多的是Zn原子,与异氰酸酯基中电子数集聚较多的为N原子络合。使异氰酸酯基中的C原子亲核电性增强,更容易与羟基发生反应。在HTPB-异氰酸酯粘结剂体系中,同时加入铋类催化剂和nano-ZnO,可以对羟基和异氰酸酯基同时起到催化作用,与单独加入催化剂相比,固化反应更容易进行。且反应过程中能更好的形成交联网状结构,游离的小分子固化剂更少,聚氨酯链更长更完整,使得固化产物力学性能更加优异。另外催化剂nano-ZnO在催化固化反应后存在于聚氨酯网络中,起到了补强的作用。因此采用固化催化剂与nano-ZnO混合形成复配催化剂,不但可以催化HTPB-异氰酸酯粘结剂体系固化反应的进行,而且能有效提高固化产物的力学性能。
固化剂HDI三聚体(HDI trimer)是一种HDI均聚物,中等黏度浅黄色透明液体。HDI三聚体比HDI缩二脲黏度低,使得HDI三聚体对黏结剂体系的稀释性大于HDI缩二脲,又因HDI三聚体含有三个NCO基团,与HDI缩二脲相比固化反应后期黏度增长更快,有助于防止固相物沉降。
本发明所述配方与现有粘结剂体系配方相比优点在于,通过加入优先催化剂提高固化反应速率,降低固化温度最低至25℃,从而提高浇注药柱固化过程的安全性,减少收缩应力、提高装药力学性能、降低能耗和工艺成本;通过调整催化剂用量调整粘结剂体系的适用期,以满足不同施工需要,提高药浆的可加工性;通过纳米氧化锌(nano-ZnO)与铋类催化剂复配使用,提高催化剂对HTPB-异氰酸酯体系固化反应的催化活性,加快后期固化反应速率,有效缩短固化时间,防止固相物沉降,同时有效提高固化产物的力学性能(硬度、抗拉强度、断裂伸长率等)。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明作进一步描述,但本发明的保护范围不仅局限于实施例,该领域专业人员对本发明技术专利所做的改变,均应属于本发明的保护范围内。
实施例1:一种室温固化PBX浇注炸药用复配催化剂粘结剂体系,由下列重量的原料制成:聚多元醇端羟基聚丁二烯即HTPB为40g;多异氰酸酯3.7g;固化催化剂TNB2 0.065g,nano-ZnO 0.044g;其中多异氰酸酯为异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯IPDI。
制备方法为:使用电子天平准确称量HTPB,加入到干燥的烧杯中,同时加入固化催化剂与nano-ZnO混合的复配催化剂,使用数显电动搅拌机高速搅拌8min(200rpm),加入固化剂异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯IPDI,继续搅拌1min,使粘结剂体系各组分充分混合均匀,搅拌完成后将烧杯放入真空干燥器中在真空度为0.01MPa条件下抽真空5min脱出气泡。粘结剂体系配制完成。在50℃固化温度条件下,固化7d。
实施例2:一种室温固化PBX浇注炸药用复配催化剂粘结剂体系,由下列重量的原料制成:聚多元醇端羟基聚丁二烯即HTPB为40g;多异氰酸酯3.7g;固化催化剂TNB2 0.109g,nano-ZnO 1.154g;其中多异氰酸酯为异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯IPDI。
具体制备方法为:使用电子天平准确称量HTPB,加入到干燥的烧杯中,同时加入固化催化剂TNB2与nano-ZnO混合的复配催化剂,使用数显电动搅拌机高速搅拌5min(500rpm),加入固化剂异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯IPDI,继续搅拌2min,使粘结剂体系各组分充分混合均匀,搅拌完成后将烧杯放入真空干燥器中在真空度为0.03MPa条件下抽真空3min脱出气泡。制备好的粘结剂体系在38℃固化温度条件下,固化7d。
实施例3:一种室温固化PBX浇注炸药用复配催化剂粘结剂体系,由下列重量的原料制成:聚多元醇端羟基聚丁二烯即HTPB为40g;多异氰酸酯6.17g;固化催化剂TNB2 0.346g,nano-ZnO 1.154g;其中多异氰酸酯为HDI三聚体。
具体制备方法为使用电子天平准确称量HTPB,加入到干燥的烧杯中,同时加入固化催化剂TNB2与nano-ZnO混合的复配催化剂,使用数显电动搅拌机高速搅拌2min(1000rpm),加入固化剂异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯IPDI,继续搅拌3min,使粘结剂体系各组分充分混合均匀,搅拌完成后将烧杯放入真空干燥器中在真空度为0.05MPa条件下抽真空2min脱出气泡。制备好的粘结剂体系在20℃固化温度条件下,固化7d。
实施例4:一种室温固化PBX浇注炸药用复配催化剂粘结剂体系,由下列重量的原料制成:聚多元醇端羟基聚丁二烯即HTPB为40g;多异氰酸酯6.17g;固化催化剂TEPB0.065g,nano-ZnO 0.044g;其中多异氰酸酯为HDI三聚体。
制备方法同实施例1所述制备方法。制备好的粘结剂体系在50℃固化温度条件下,固化7d。
实施例5:一种室温固化PBX浇注炸药用复配催化剂粘结剂体系,由下列重量的原料制成:聚多元醇端羟基聚丁二烯即HTPB为50g;多异氰酸酯7.7g;固化催化剂TPB0.346g,nano-ZnO 1.154g;其中多异氰酸酯为HDI三聚体。
制备方法同实施例2所述制备方法。制备好的粘结剂体系在30℃固化温度条件下,固化7d。
实施例6:一种室温固化PBX浇注炸药用复配催化剂粘结剂体系,由下列重量的原料制成:聚多元醇端羟基聚丁二烯即HTPB为45g;多异氰酸酯5.7g;固化催化剂TNB2 0.191g,nano-ZnO 0.599g;其中多异氰酸酯为HMDI。
制备方法同实施例3所述制备方法。制备好的粘结剂体系在30℃固化温度条件下,固化7d。
实施例7:一种室温固化PBX浇注炸药用复配催化剂粘结剂体系,由下列重量的原料制成:聚多元醇端羟基聚丁二烯即HTPB为40g;多异氰酸酯3.7g;固化催化剂TNB2 0.065g,nano-ZnO 0.044g;其中多异氰酸酯为异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯IPDI。
制备方法同实施例1所述制备方法。制备好的粘结剂体系在38℃条件下,适用期为5h,满足大尺寸炮弹施工适用期的需求。
实施例8:一种室温固化PBX浇注炸药用复配催化剂粘结剂体系,由下列重量的原料制成:聚多元醇端羟基聚丁二烯即HTPB为40g;多异氰酸酯3.7g;固化催化剂TNB2 0.087g,nano-ZnO 0.044g;其中多异氰酸酯为异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯IPDI。
制备方法同实施例1所述制备方法。制备好的粘结剂体系在38℃条件下,适用期为5h,满足中等尺寸炮弹施工适用期的需求。
实施例9:一种室温固化PBX浇注炸药用复配催化剂粘结剂体系,由下列重量的原料制成:聚多元醇端羟基聚丁二烯即HTPB为40g;多异氰酸酯3.7g;固化催化剂TNB2 0.118g,nano-ZnO 0.044g;其中多异氰酸酯为异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯IPDI。
制备方法同实施例1所述制备方法。制备好的粘结剂体系在38℃条件下,适用期为3h,满足小尺寸炮弹施工适用期的需求。
实验例1:本发明实施例2所制备的室温固化PBX浇注炸药用复配催化剂粘结剂体系与传统配方和现有室温固化配方所制备的粘结剂进行凝结实验,实验结果见表1。
表1:不同粘结剂体系实验参数对比表
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE001
由表1可见,本发明与现在使用的传统配方(HTPB-异氰酸酯体系-单一催化剂)相比具有固化温度可调节范围大、硬度及抗拉强度大、断裂伸长率高、稳定性好的特性。与现有文献报道中的室温固化粘结剂体系相比,催化剂催化活性更高用量更少,固化温度可调节范围更大,在相同条件下固化产物力学性能更好。
以上所述仅为本发明较佳的具体实施方式,但本发明的保护范围并不局限于此,任何熟悉本技术领域的技术人员在本发明揭露的技术范围内,根据本发明的技术方案及其发明构思加以等同替换或改变,都应涵盖在本发明的保护范围之内。

Claims (3)

1.一种室温固化PBX浇注炸药用复配催化剂粘结剂体系,其特征在于:由下列重量份的原料制成:聚多元醇40-50份;多异氰酸酯3.7-7.7份;固化催化剂0.065-0.346份;催化剂纳米氧化锌0.044-1.154份;
其中,所述聚多元醇为端羟基聚丁二烯HTPB;多异氰酸酯为:异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯IPDI、4,4’-二环已基甲烷二异氰酸酯HMDI或HDI三聚体中的任意一种;固化催化剂为三萘基铋TNB2、三苯基铋TPB或三乙氧基苯铋TEPB中的任意一种。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种室温固化PBX浇注炸药用复配催化剂粘结剂体系,其特征在于:由下列重量份的原料制成:聚多元醇40份;多异氰酸酯3.7份;固化催化剂0.109份;纳米氧化锌1.154份;
其中,所述聚多元醇为端羟基聚丁二烯HTPB;多异氰酸酯为:异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯IPDI、4,4’-二环已基甲烷二异氰酸酯HMDI、HDI三聚体中的任意一种;固化催化剂为三萘基铋TNB2、三苯基铋TPB、三乙氧基苯铋TEPB中的任意一种。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的一种室温固化PBX浇注炸药用复配催化剂粘结剂体系,其特征在于:具体制备方法为:准确称量HTPB,加入固化催化剂与催化剂纳米氧化锌nano-ZnO混合的复配催化剂,然后用电动搅拌机200-1000rpm搅拌2-8min,加入固化剂多异氰酸酯,继续搅拌1-3min,粘结剂体系中各组分充分混合均匀,搅拌完成后将其放入真空干燥器中在真空度为0.01-0.05MPa条件下抽真空脱除气泡即可。
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