CN106921729A - A kind of agriculture Soil Moisture Monitoring system - Google Patents
A kind of agriculture Soil Moisture Monitoring system Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of agriculture Soil Moisture Monitoring system, including：On-site wireless sensor network, the collection for carrying out live soil moisture content data；Remote management center, it is connected with on-site wireless sensor network by ZigBee radio network gateways, for being processed the soil moisture content data for gathering, being analyzed, and with externally issue and the displaying of figure, digital display or voice mode, meanwhile, control instruction is issued to remote terminal, by the Bayes's distributed model for setting up moisture, using the boundary condition of soil moisture, for soil moisture content forecast provides high-precision underlying parameter.The present invention provides high-precision underlying parameter for soil moisture content forecast, and networking facilitates, the real-time identification and prediction for detecting soil moisture content and soil water movement, carries out the estimation of Optimum Irrigation amount；Strong adaptability, long service life；Moistureproof, waterproof and dustproof, service life is more than 100,000 times.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to network struction technical field, more particularly to a kind of agriculture Soil Moisture Monitoring system.
Background technology
With the technologies such as radio communication, integrated circuit, sensor and MEMS develop rapidly with it is increasingly mature,
Many, the low in energy consumption Miniature Sensors of low cost, function may be mass produced, and the formation to wireless sensor network is provided
Necessary condition, and wireless sensor network in information gathering due to the characteristics of it passes through wireless connection, then showing its exclusive
Advantage.
In current agricultural irrigation Soil Moisture Monitoring, traditional cable network information gathering due to difficult wiring, easy failure etc. because
Element has been not suitable for the development trend of Future Information collection.
The content of the invention
It is an object of the invention to provide a kind of agriculture Soil Moisture Monitoring system, it is intended to solve traditional cable network information and adopt
Collection is not suitable for the problem of agriculture Soil Moisture Monitoring system due to factors such as difficult wiring, easy failures.
The present invention is achieved in that a kind of agriculture Soil Moisture Monitoring method, and the agriculture Soil Moisture Monitoring method includes：
The collection of live soil moisture content data；
Soil moisture content data to gathering are processed, analyzed, and with externally issue and the displaying of figure, digital display or voice mode,
Meanwhile, control instruction is issued to remote terminal, by setting up Bayes's distributed model of moisture, using the perimeter strip of soil moisture
Part, for soil moisture content forecast provides high-precision underlying parameter.
Further, Bayes's distributed model is：f(θ,ρ,τ|W)∞f(W|θ,ρ,τ)f(θ)f(ρ)f(τ)；
20 soil water properties for treating calibration are represented with vectorial θ, inverse variance is the normal distribution of τ, i.e. εk,i~N
(0, τ), autoregression coefficient correlation is designated as.
Further, the construction method of Bayes's distributed model includes：
20 soil water properties for treating calibration, vectorial W are represented with vectorial θk=(wk, i, i=1,2 ..., N)TTable
Show k-th soil moisture content measurement data of observation station, wherein：I represents observation period, segment length when N is, T is accorded with for transposition,
K-th observation station soil moisture content of Hydrus-1D modelings, Mk(θ), the residual vector with corresponding observation data, εk=
Wk-Mk(θ), it is 0 to obey average, and inverse variance is the normal distribution of τ, i.e. εk,i~N (0, τ).Between adjacent time interval residual error from phase
Closing property is described by first order autoregressive model AR (1), and autoregression coefficient correlation is designated as ρ, according to Bayes' theorem, known variables θ,
The joint probability distribution of ρ and τ is：
f(θ,ρ,τ|W)∞f(W|θ,ρ,τ)f(θ)f(ρ)f(τ)；
Wherein：F represents probability density function；W represents the data of all observation stations；The formula left side be each known variables to
Joint posterior distribution when fixed number is according to W；The likelihood function of known variables when the right Section 1 is data-oriented, afterwards three be it is each not
Know the prior distribution of variable；
The probability that data W is observed when likelihood function is given parameters θ, understands that it is joint normal state point according to normality
Cloth, corresponding to the soil moisture content data W of observation station kk, likelihood function is：
Wherein：Σ is residual epsilonkCovariance matrix, R is the correlation matrix of residual error, τ ∑s=R.According to AR (1) mould
Type, R is uniquely determined by ρ；
The prior distribution of known variables θ, ρ and τ is constructed respectively according to its feature, the priori point of soil water property θ
Cloth is configured to be uniformly distributed；A and K in θsInverting is carried out with its logarithmic form, the prior distribution of auto-correlation coefficient θ is [0,0.99]
Interval is uniformly distributed, residual error is configured to form parameter against the prior distribution of variance τ and inverse scale parameter be 0.001 without letter
Breath Gamma distribution.
Further, the method for solving of Bayes's distributed model includes：
Based on the Condition Posterior Distribution of each known variables, Bayes's joint probability distribution is estimated by EM methods,
Joint posterior distribution tries to achieve probability density function of a certain known variables when other all known variables are given, as after condition
Distribution is tested, the Condition Posterior Distribution of soil water property θ is：
f(θ|·)∞f(W|θ,ρ,τ)f(θ)；
Especially, the Condition Posterior Distribution of variable τ is still Gamma distribution：
Wherein：Γ () represents Gamma distribution, and M is observation station number.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a kind of agriculture Soil Moisture Monitoring system of the agriculture Soil Moisture Monitoring method, institute
State agriculture Soil Moisture Monitoring system flutter including：
On-site wireless sensor network, the collection for carrying out live soil moisture content data；
Remote management center, is connected by ZigBee radio network gateways, GPRS or internet with on-site wireless sensor network,
For being processed the soil moisture content data for gathering, being analyzed, and with externally issue and the displaying of figure, digital display or voice mode, meanwhile,
Control instruction is issued to remote terminal, by setting up Bayes's distributed model of moisture, using the boundary condition of soil moisture, is
Soil moisture content forecast provides high-precision underlying parameter.
Further, the on-site wireless sensor network is by ZigBee radio network gateways, ZigBee routers, wireless senser
Node, wireless actuator control node, soil humidity sensor composition.
ZigBee radio network gateways, the wireless network for managing field group, are responsible for the foundation and maintenance of network, receive each field
The sensing data and status information of equipment of the ZigBee routers in each piece of field in ground, while sending control command to each piece
ZigBee routers in field；
ZigBee routers, for this field inner sensor data processing and being sent to ZigBee radio network gateways, while
Route service is provided for other field controllers send data；
Wireless sensor node, for connecting wireless actuator control node and soil humidity sensor.
Further, the ZigBee radio network gateways or ZigBee routers include ARM core processors, ARM core processings
Device connects GPRS module, FLASH modules, CC2530 modules, RTL8019AS modules, power module and serial interface module respectively.
The agriculture Soil Moisture Monitoring system that the present invention is provided, inverting is caused with reference to the special heterogeneity of soil and the heterogeneity
Dimension raises problem, it is proposed that the acquisition method of the water content of the farmland soil profile based on ZigBee technology, is soil moisture content
Forecast provides high-precision underlying parameter；System is convenient, flexible；ZigBee-network networking is convenient, and a ZigBee equipment can be with root
It is different according to the layout inside size and the farmland in farmland and perform different tasks, can with gathered data can also route data,
Newly added equipment adds former network to be also convenient on the basis of existing wireless sensor network；Three automatically control, real-time detection soil
Soil moisture content, realizes the identification and prediction of soil water movement, carries out the estimation of Optimum Irrigation amount, by the aqueous of crop root soil
Rate for a long time control be adapted to its growth setting value, with automatically control and manually control two kinds of mode of operations；Strong adaptability, makes
With long lifespan, using high reliability component, adaptive temperature is -40~80 DEG C, has the extreme environment of condensation system, and is prevented
Tide, waterproof and dustproof, service life is more than 100,000 times；Remote data transmission.Using GPRS technologies, realize systematic parameter setting,
Telecommunication and control.
The present invention is in the case where field has multiple soil moisture content collection points, it is proposed that field is using ZigBee node deployment
Scheme, devises ZigBee and GPRS communication gates under embedded platform, and solving ZigBee can not carry out ultra-distance communication
Problem, realize remote data remote control collecting work, whole system only has gateway using charge network, dramatically reduces
Communication fee；Whole system can disperse deployment, breach space limitation, for Large-Sized Irrigation Districts multiple spot real-time interconnection monitoring is provided
Reliable guarantee.
The present invention proposes the moisture content Bayesian inference model of irrigation soils section, for soil moisture model parameter
Uncertain, input is uncertain and residual error uncertainty proposes corresponding characterization parameter, is set up based on bayesian theory
Statistical inference model, likelihood function has been derived based on first order autoregressive model, have estimated the prior distribution of each variable, so that complete
Site preparation establishes the Bayesian inference model of the moisture content of soil profile.
The present invention proposes the EM methods of estimation of soil water property, and obtaining soil by soil moisture content sensor exists
Multiple positions and the soil moisture content observation data at multiple moment, select maximum likelihood estimation algorithm, using multiple spot soil in situ
Moisture content observes the bayes method of data inversion multi-layer Soil water holding and water guide characteristic parameter, effectively have estimated natural dynamic
Maturity in field soil water property under boundary condition.Parameter Posterior estimator result has preferable one with laboratory test value
Cause property, successfully solves higher-dimension Bayes's joint probability distribution Sampling of soil, has obtained the posteriority edge point of parameter
Cloth.
The present invention predicts that the observation data such as the parameter that provides the foundation, soil water potential are seen with soil moisture content for high accuracy soil moisture content
Survey data is used for parametric inversion simultaneously, to further reduce the uncertainty of soil water property.Parameter Posterior estimator
Result is used to simulate soil water movement with precision higher, the underlying parameter that can be forecast as high precision soil soil moisture content.
The present invention provides the foundation parameter for expertise decision-making, and the farmland water commonly used in soil moisture content monitoring decision support is flat
Methods of Reference Crop Evapotranspiration, deep percolation, surface runoff amount, soil effective soil water needed for weighing apparatus equation etc., the irrigation of proposition
Planning strategy and real-time irrigation strategy are using the comparatively easy Crop growing stage of acquisition and different growing soil moisture content
Threshold value carries out irrigation decision as expertise according to Soil Moisture Monitoring, has certain reference value for surveying moisture in the soil and irrigating.
Economic results in society of the invention：
(1) social benefit
1) by industrialization, standardization, the information-based holistic management level of greatly lifting China rural water conservancy information, promote
Industrial structure upgrading, helps to improve the investment climate, and opens wider to the outside world；
2) product of the present invention belongs to independent research or domestic production, can for application of higher wireless sensor network in
Rural irrigation Technical specifications reference；
3) after the present invention completes set objective, exemplary work can be played in the application of other field to wireless sensor network
With the application development of promotion wireless sensor network industry；
4) it is the high-level wireless sensor network technology application talent of society's culture in R＆D process of the invention.
(2) economic benefit
1) production capacity that invention is formed
After invention is constructed and put into operation, it is contemplated that the first two years can add up to realize 3,000,000 yuan of income from sales.Hereinafter calculate and estimate according to conservative
Meter, is often only push-piece and sells 10 sets of calculating.
2) invention break even point analysis
The invention product, by often covering 7.5 ten thousand yuan, often covers 10,000 yuan of marginal cost, production marketing life-span averagely without duty receipt valency
Calculated by 5 years, annual fixed cost is about 430,000 yuan, therefore using amount-originally-sharp analytic approach, calculates sale break even
Point：
Sales volume when reaching breakeven point=year fixed cost/[unit price-unit marginal cost]=43/ [7.5-1.0]
=7 sets
As can be seen here, can realize breaking even when selling 7 sets every year.
3) investment payback time analysis is calculated
By 10 sets of calculating of annual sales, annual sales revenue is 750,000 yuan, and ten thousand=530,000 yuan of total cost cost 43+10 can
Realize gross profit 220,000.Fixed assets expense (software and hardware) total 400,000 that the invention is purchased and taken, was spread out by the time limits of 5 years
Pin, 80,000 yuan of annual depreciation.
Therefore：Investment payback time=total investment/(annual profits tax+year depreciation)=40/ (22+8)=1.3 year
(4) invention revenue analysis
Initial estimate, after invention is constructed and put into operation, year sale is 10 sets of meters, and annual sales revenue 750000 realizes gross profit 22 every year
Wan Yuan.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is agriculture Soil Moisture Monitoring system structure diagram provided in an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is radio network gateway provided in an embodiment of the present invention or router topology schematic diagram.
Fig. 3 is ARM core processors circuit diagram provided in an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is ARM core processors reset circuit figure provided in an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 5 is system clock circuit figure provided in an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 6 is power principle figure provided in an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 7 is 5V and 4V power principles figure provided in an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 8 is memory circuitry figure provided in an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 9 is GPRS module schematic diagram provided in an embodiment of the present invention.
Figure 10 is power control circuit schematic diagram.
Figure 11 is that MG2639_V2 serial port level conversions provided in an embodiment of the present invention are 3.3V circuit diagrams.
Figure 12 is LED light interface circuit figure provided in an embodiment of the present invention.
Figure 13 is SIM interface circuit diagram provided in an embodiment of the present invention.
Figure 14 is CC2530 application circuits provided in an embodiment of the present invention.
Specific embodiment
In order to make the purpose , technical scheme and advantage of the present invention be clearer, with reference to embodiments, to the present invention
It is further elaborated.It should be appreciated that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the present invention, it is not used to
Limit the present invention.
Application principle of the invention is explained in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
As shown in figure 1, the agriculture Soil Moisture Monitoring system topological of the embodiment of the present invention include on-site wireless sensor network and
Remote management center.
On-site wireless sensor network：The collection of live soil moisture content data is carried out, is route by ZigBee radio network gateways, ZigBee
Device, wireless sensor node, wireless actuator control node, soil humidity sensor composition.
ZigBee radio network gateways：Serve as the live master controller of field group, the wireless network of management field group is responsible for network
Set up and safeguard, sensing data and status information of equipment of the ZigBee routers in each field Ge Kuai fields of reception etc.,
Control command is sent simultaneously to the ZigBee routers in each piece of field.
ZigBee routers：ZigBee routers in each piece of field serve as monolithic field controller, to being passed in this field
Sensor data processing is simultaneously sent to ZigBee radio network gateways, while providing route service for other field controllers send data.
Wireless sensor node is the terminal in figure, and wireless sensor node connects wireless actuator control node and soil
Earth humidity sensor.
Collection sensing data is simultaneously sent to Honda ground ZigBee routers.
Wireless actuator control node：Receive in the control command drive control field that this field ZigBee routers are sent
Executing agency.
The collection of soil moisture content data is mainly completed by soil humidity sensor.
On-site wireless sensor network carries out the transmission of soil moisture content data, by number by GPRS network or Internet network
According to being transferred to administrative center.
Remote management center is processed the soil moisture content data for gathering, analyzed, and with modes pair such as figure, digital display or sound
Outer issue and displaying, meanwhile, control instruction is issued to remote terminal, by setting up Bayes's distributed model of moisture, using soil
The boundary condition of earth moisture, for soil moisture content forecast provides high-precision underlying parameter.
The construction method of Bayes's distributed model of the embodiment of the present invention includes：
20 soil water properties for treating calibration are represented with vectorial θ.Vectorial Wk=(wk, i, i=1,2 ..., N)TTable
Show k-th soil moisture content measurement data of observation station, wherein：I represents observation period, segment length when N is, T is accorded with for transposition.Assuming that
K-th observation station soil moisture content of Hydrus-1D modelings, Mk(θ), the residual vector with corresponding observation data, εk=
Wk-Mk(θ), it is 0 to obey average, and inverse variance is the normal distribution of τ, i.e. εk,i~N (0, τ).Between adjacent time interval residual error from phase
Closing property is described by first order autoregressive model AR (1), and autoregression coefficient correlation is designated as ρ.According to Bayes' theorem, known variables θ,
The joint probability distribution of ρ and τ is：
f(θ,ρ,τ|W)∞f(W|θ,ρ,τ)f(θ)f(ρ)f(τ) (6.4)
Wherein：F represents probability density function；W represents the data of all observation stations；The formula left side be each known variables to
Joint posterior distribution when fixed number is according to W；The likelihood function of known variables when the right Section 1 is data-oriented, afterwards three be it is each not
Know the prior distribution of variable.
The probability that data W is observed when likelihood function is given parameters θ, understands that it is to combine just according to normal assumption
State is distributed.Corresponding to the soil moisture content data W of observation station kk, likelihood function is：
Wherein：Σ is residual epsilonkCovariance matrix, R is the correlation matrix of residual error, τ ∑s=R.According to AR (1) mould
Type, R is uniquely determined by ρ.Assuming that the data of each observation station are separate, then the corresponding likelihood function of all data is each observation station
The product of the corresponding likelihood function of data.Because the change of soil moisture content is very steady, model autocorrelation of residuals is very strong；And
The systematic error of boundary condition and soil water observation data also results in the strong autocorrelation of model residual error, so herein by AR
(1) the when segment length of model is taken as weakening this autocorrelation over 30 days, it is to avoid occur ρ level off to 1 when numerical computations it is unstable
Property.
The prior distribution of known variables θ, ρ and τ is constructed respectively according to its feature.The priori of soil water property θ point
Cloth is configured to be uniformly distributed, and span rule of thumb and with reference to pertinent literature is given；Due to parameter Posterior distrbutionp close to normal state
Distribution is easy to estimate, so a and K in θsInverting is carried out with its logarithmic form.The prior distribution of auto-correlation coefficient θ is [0,0.99]
Interval is uniformly distributed.Residual error is configured to form parameter against the prior distribution of variance τ and inverse scale parameter be 0.001 without letter
Breath Gamma distribution.
The solution of Bayes's distributed model
Based on the Condition Posterior Distribution of each known variables, Bayes's joint probability distribution is estimated by EM methods.
Joint posterior distribution tries to achieve probability density function of a certain known variables when other all known variables are given, as after condition
Test distribution.The Condition Posterior Distribution of soil water property θ is：
f(θ|·)∞f(W|θ,ρ,τ)f(θ) (6.6)
Especially, the Condition Posterior Distribution of variable τ is still Gamma distribution：
Wherein：Γ () represents Gamma distribution, and M is observation station number.
Data server is responsible for data storage and management, to ensure the safety of data, data server configuring redundancy disk
Array.The setting of data server enables data centrally stored and processes, and is easy to system maintenance, also improves the reliability of system
Property.Soil moisture content database is broadly divided into two kinds in data server：A kind of database to store initial data, for storing from now
The data that field device layer transmission comes, and data analysis, data modeling and prediction are carried out by software；Another kind is number of terminals
According to storehouse, after initial data is through treatment modeling, then by data processing and classification software, classification is stored in terminal database automatically, is led to
WEB server is crossed, the data in terminal database can graphically be issued on the internet.
As shown in Fig. 2 ZigBee radio network gateways or ZigBee routers include ARM core processors 1, ARM core processings
Device 1 connects GPRS module 2, FLASH modules 3, CC2530 modules 4, RTL8019AS modules 5, power module 6, serial line interface respectively
Module 7.
Master control system devises power supply module, clock crystal oscillator circuit with microprocessor STM32F103 as core component
Module, pulse signal detection, two-way optical coupling switch interface circuit, the 4~20mA all purpose communications based on MODBUS communication protocols
The peripheral circuits such as interface, the RS485 industrial communication interfaces of standard, GPRS communication modules, storage system modules.Core cpu circuit
As shown in Figure 3.
STM32F103VET6 processors are ARM structures, are encapsulated using LQFP100,32 based on Cortex-M3 kernels
Embedded high-speed processor, Harvard bus structures, the 90DMIPs speeds of service, the CPU of 72MHZ dominant frequency operation is connected to two
The peripheral hardware of APB buses.
System reset circuit major function is to provide reset signal in system electrification, after system power good, is resetted
Circuit reset signal is cancelled.After power-up, ruuning situation is simultaneously indefinite, it is easy to cause program fleet and system in case of system halt for chip
Situation, in order to prevent this unsure state, all of microcontroller is required for a reseting logic by processor chips
Carry out being initialized as a specific state.In order to reach reliable and stable reset, reset circuit is answered after all taking a bit of time delay
Position signal is just cancelled, with the effect of jitter reset effect for preventing from being produced during power switch.The system reset electricity of STM32F103
Road is as shown in Figure 4.
Crystal oscillation clock circuit：NRST pins are the reset pin ends of STM32F103 chips, in the middle of circuit design, are used
Resistance and electric capacity, after power knob is pressed, electric capacity discharge loop forms RC reset circuits.When processor runs
Wait, be manually pressed by SR, RESET signal becomes low level, and processor can be made to reset.When system electrification,
Supply voltage has the downward period of moment, and this when, electric capacity charged rapidly, also can at the same time produce the power supply hair of one fixed width
Pierce the reset function of guarantee system.At present, all of chip processor circuit belongs to sequence circuit, it is necessary to a clock signal
Could cause that chip normally works, STM32F103 chips use the crystal oscillator of outside or the clock source of outside, chip internal
With PLL circuit, can specifically adjust the clock signal of whole system so that the chip speed of service is quicker, can by when
Clock frequency frequency multiplication is to maximum 120MHz.STM32F103 system clock circuits are as shown in Figure 5.
In system external timing signal connection pin be OSC_IN and OSC_OUT, connection be 25MHz external crystal-controlled oscillation.
STM32F103 chips also have a LSE clock circuit, and it is a real time clock circuit, as OSC32_IN and OSC32_OUT
The crystal oscillating circuit that pin is connected, it can provide accurate, low-power consumption a clock source signals for other timing functions.This
Individual clock circuit it is external be an external clock reference of 32.768KHz.
Power circuit is designed：Whether one complete system can normally work, and power supply module is essential
Part.And can system be stably run, it is its primary key factor that whether power supply supply is reliable and stable.In design power supply
When module, the electric parameter feature of power module is not only considered, it is necessary to consider that the stability of power module is special
Security features, such as the security performance design of power supply, electromagnetic compatibility characteristic, operating temperature range, pressure voltage scope seek peace respectively
The factor of kind.If any one factor there occurs mistake or failure, whole system can be all caused to be unable to normal table ground work
Make, or even cause unpredictable system injury and loss.
Present invention employs a power supply output module of output 12V, directly exported by this power supply by civil power 220V
Module and obtain ± 12V power supplys, as the original power in total power module.Due to operational amplifier in signal conditioning circuit
Operating voltage be 12V, therefore 12V power supplys supply signal conditioning circuit.The operating voltage of STM32F103 chips is all+3.3V,
By+12V power supplys 5V voltages can be converted into by an adjustable voltage stabilizing chip LM2576-5.5V Power converts be 3.3V circuits such as
Shown in Fig. 6, the present invention is low current power supply circuit, is powered if desired for high current, and electric capacity C7, C9 are using 100 μ F/16V electric capacity
Can.
There is a power reference circuit to produce a reference voltage of 1.23V in analog quantity conditioning module, using+12V
Power supply is obtained by high precision reference regulated power supply chip LM2576ADJ.Each several part working power structure such as Fig. 7.
Memory interface is designed：W25X32 chip brief introductions；Memory Flash is using the W25X32 models of Hua Bang companies production
Chip.The FLASH memory (32M bits/4M bytes) of W25X32 can be storage solution, with " pcb board takes up room
Less ", the features such as " pin number is few ", " low in energy consumption ".Compared with normal serial FLASH, using more flexible, performance is outstanding.It
It is especially suitable for doing code download application, for example, stores sound, text and data.Operating voltage between 2.7V~3.6V, normally
0.5 milliampere of current drain under working condition, 1 microampere of current drain under power-down state.All of encapsulation is all " save space " type
's.W25X32 supports the SIP interface of standard, transmission rate maximum 75MHZ.Four-wire system.
Pin (HOLD), write-protect pin (WP), programmable write-protect position is kept (to be located at state in addition, chip also has
Register bit1), the feature such as the control of top and bottom block so that control chip has flexibility.W25X16 operating voltages are
3.3V, serial FLASH storage is characterized as 32M bits (bit)/4M bytes (byte).The unified 4K byte sectors of every page of 256 bytes
(Sectors) and 64K block of bytes area (Blocks), message transmission rate maximum 150M bits per seconds, by dual input/delivery outlet
Function can be such that transmission rate effectively improves to 300Mbps.Maximum 100,000 erasable number of times, store for 20 years.Normal work shape
It is 0.5 milliampere under state, is 1 microampere under power-down state, operating temperature range is -40 DEG C~+85 DEG C.
Memory circuitry is designed：The first pins of W25x32/CS draws for the selection of chip with main control microprocessor FLASH_NSS
Pin is connected, and completes chip selection signal.When CS is high level, chip is disabled, and device power consumption will be in stand-by level, when CS is low
During level, chip is enabled, now power consumption increases to activation level, it is possible to carry out the read-write operation of chip.After upper electricity, hold
CS pins must be made before one newer command of row first a trailing edge.CS pins can as needed add pull-up resistor.
FLASH_CLK is the pin of SPI clocks, for input and output provide sequential.MOSI pin datas are input into and control microprocessor
FLASH_MOSI connections complete the input of data, and data, address and order are sent to chip internal from MOSI pins, in CLK pin
Rising edge capture.MISO pins are that data output is connected the output for completing data with main control microprocessor FLASH_MISO, under
Drop edge is output data.Keep pin/HOLD, when CS be low level, and HOLD be low level when, FLASH_MOSI pins are in
High impedance status, and the signal on FLASH_MISO and CLK pin can be ignored.HOLD pins are drawn high, device recovers just
Often work.
Lower Fig. 8 is W25x32 chip circuit connection figures：
GPRS module is designed：Gprs system message transmission rate is high, wide coverage, and can conveniently realize with
Internet is seamlessly connected, and is cost performance communication mode very high.It is general to there is two ways to access GPRS/GSM networks：The first
It is the mode for using the external Modem of GPRS, this mode is general by GPRS module, SIM, power conversion, RS232 interfaces and letter
A few part compositions of single control circuit；Second is to use GPRS radio receiving transmitting modules, and this mode is only needed to according to module
Interface mode designs corresponding interface circuit, and microcontroller sends acquisition terminal and observes and predicts the IP bags of information to wireless receiving and dispatching mould
Block, through being forwarded again after respective handling, or the grouped data that base station is transmitted is received by radio receiving transmitting module, then gives microcontroller
Device treatment.Because acquisition terminal external environment out of office is used, under only solar storage battery electric power thus supplied, according to external
Modem modes, power management capabilities of the invention are not enough.So design is by the way of embedded wireless communication module, it is this
Mode improves the globality of device end, and stability is also effectively utilized power supply supply.
From the MG2639_V2 modules of Zhong Xing companies production, the module working frequency is GSM850/EGSM900/ to the present invention
The frequency industry of DCS1800/PCS1900 tetra-.MG2639_V2 modules externally use the mode and external connection of 28pin stamp holes,
Can be built into the Internet of Things application such as Set Top Box, Vehicle mounted station, Email is received and dispatched whenever and wherever possible, webpage, high-speed downloads etc. are browsed.
In the place covered with GSM network, internet can be whenever and wherever possible connected, also with transmitting-receiving short message (SMS), voice call
Etc. function, in mobile data communication field, provided the user height freely, conveniently solution, it is real to realize moving
The dream of dynamic office.
MG2639_V2 modules are integrated with high performance GSM/GPRS Base-Band Processings, and wireless frequency circuit includes power amplification
Device and antennal interface.Storage includes FLASH and RAM two parts, wherein static state RAM is used to store GPRS connection softwares, software can
Being instructed by AT can control GPRS module to work.Power supply aspect, MG2639_V2 modules in itself can by lithium battery power supply,
Also can be powered by controlled source part of the invention.It is a module for low energy consumption, is especially suitable for agriculture Soil Moisture Monitoring system,
The module minimum current is only 3mA, it is not necessary to when work can automatically into energy-saving mode, it is necessary to when can call out
Wake up, power consumption is between 1W to 2W during work.Operating ambient temperature meets design requirement, between -20 DEG C and+55 DEG C, i.e.,
Make exceed the temperature range, system also can automatic shutdown, increased reliability MG2639_V2 and embedded ICP/IP protocol stack, can
By AT order-drivens, it is easy to connect Internet.The module is more reliable and more stable compared with the module of other same types, cost performance
Also higher, its technical performance adapts to the wild environment of agriculture Soil Moisture Monitoring system, the design requirement for meeting completely.
Modular circuit design：GPRS module mainly includes serial interface, power supply interface, indicator lamp interface and SIM
Interface, specific GPRS module interface schema is as shown in Figure 9.
Power supply interface：As shown in Figure 10, module is in off-mode on normal to power control circuit after electricity.Give
One low level pulse module of duration 2s~5s of ON/OFF pins can start.Such as 1K is met over the ground in PWRKEY_N pins
Resistance, then going up can be with Auto Power On after electricity.Using AT instruct " AT+ZPWROFF " shut down, or to module ON/OFF pins one hold
The low level pulse shutdown of continuous time 2s~5s.
(1) require to do corresponding filtering process to power supply and ground, power supply ripple control is in 50mV or so, and the power supply should not
Powered to the other parts in system, will likely otherwise influence radio-frequency performance.
(2) power line is greater than 80mil when connecting up, and ensures the integrality of ground wire.
(3) maximum input current requirement must ensure transient state maximum output current than larger>2A.
Serial ports level compatible design：MG2639_V2 modules provide a complete full duplex UART1 interface (hereinafter referred to as
UART serial ports) and a bypass UART2 interface, maximum baud rate is 115200bps, and external interface is believed for 2.8VCMOS level
Number, meet the regulation in RS-232 interface agreement.Complete full duplex UART1 serial ports can be generally used for as serial data interface
AT instructions, data service, upgraded module software etc..Bypass UART2 interfaces can be as software debugging application.Note：Client exists
UART1 need to be drawn when doing overall design using module, for module software updating.Module output I/O level is 2.8V, with standard
When 3.3V or 5V logic circuits are connected (such as MCU or RS232 driving chip MAX3238), need to be through level conversion, common way
It is that level conversion is realized using triode, Figure 11 show MG2639_V2 serial port level conversions for 3.3V circuit diagrams.
LED light Interface design：The instruction system on 2 tunnels is devised, is used to indicate all the way using green LED
GPRS on-off states, indicate the transmission state of data using red light emitting diodes all the way in addition.Specific schematic diagram such as 12
It is shown.
SIM interface is designed：Wiring, connection are needed between the connector of MG2639_V2 modules and the SIM fixator of outside
There is interface of six pins for SIM in device.As shown in figure 13, the function of six pins is as follows for SIM circuit interfaces circuit design
It is described：
CCGND：SIM independently, can improve EMC performances；
CCIO：The serial data line of input/output；
CCCLK：SIM clock, clock frequency can be set CCVCC：MG2639_V2 power module pins, for SIM is provided
Power supply；
CCRST：The Restart Signal of SIM；
CCIN：Input, for whether have SIM insert judgement；The pin is GSM11.11 compulsive requirements, it is therefore an objective to
Ensure security when SIM is removed in running.
The connection of the connector of MG2639_V2 modules and the SIM fixator of outside should be noted：
(1) SIM circuit PCB layout is as close to module.
(2) suggestion VSIM, CLK, DATA, RST signal cabling all wrap ground, at the same the position CLK near SIM card holder,
Retain the position of 33pf electric capacity on DATA and RST signal cabling, the position of electric capacity is added near the position of SIM card holder, is prevented
Other interference sources disturb the read-write operation of SIM.
(3) ESD device is located proximate to SIM deck, it is proposed that, while entering on the 4 road SIM signals all plus TVS device
Holding wire need to first pass through TVS device during row Layout, enter back into the BBP of module, prevent from damaging module.
(4) routing line width of VSIM power supplys at least will be more than 6mil (being proposed with 8mil).
(5) VSIM power supplys cabling filter capacitor uses 1 μ f and (is encapsulated as 0402, the value can not be more than 10 μ f, can not
Less than 1 μ f) again and upper 0.1 μ f electric capacity.
GPRS antenna interface：MG2639_V2 module antennas part should take the necessary measures and avoid useful band interference signal,
There is good shielding between exterior antenna and radio frequency connection, and, to make the radio frequency cable of outside away from all of interference
Source, particularly high-speed digital signal and Switching Power Supply etc..Antenna is according to mobile device standard, standing wave used by MG2639_V2 modules
Than should be between 1.1~1.5, the Ω of input impedance 50.Use environment is different, and the gain requirement to antenna is also different, ordinary circumstance
Under, bigger with interior gain, smaller with outer gain, the performance of antenna is better.When using multi-port antenna, between each port
Isolation should be greater than 30dB.Such as two not same polarization ports of dual polarized antenna, two different frequency range ports of dual-band antenna it
Between, and between four ports of dual-band dual-polarized antenna, isolation should be greater than 30dB.Two kinds of MG2639_V2 modules offer is right
Outside antenna interface, client can reasonably be selected according to the form of itself product, so as to reach BOM Optimum costs.
, it is necessary to the mainboard at PIN2 and place is disconnected when using radio frequency testing as antenna feedback point, and to protect
There are certain empty regions on below card PIN2 and periphery, and specific practice is that PIN2 top layers need to keep the spacing of 2mm with GND,
, it is necessary to hollow out treatment immediately below PIN2.The compatible design of PIN2 is used simultaneously when not in using radio frequency testing seat.
ZigBee communication interface：Processor module is the core component of sensor node, and the functional realiey of node, task are adjusted
Degree, communications status, working condition, data processing fusion, communication protocol, Routing Protocol, application layer protocol etc. are all by processor die
Block is realized, so the selection of processor chips is extremely important in the hardware design of node.
ZigBee chips CC2530 carries radio frequency receiving and transmitting front end, belongs to high-frequency circuit, and especially note is needed in the design of PCB
Meaning, first, the pcb board material of high frequency is different from common sheet material, and price is higher, secondly, by high frequency and low frequency digital, simulation system
Design easily causes mutual interference together, produces serious EMI, influences the stability of a system, therefore the system to be entered
Modularized design is gone.
The application of CC2530 is fairly simple, it is only necessary to which external a small number of circuit is to be capable of achieving.Because CC2530 per se with
The function of radio frequency, the design generally for small-power network node does not need additional extra radio frequency chip, CC2530 additional
A little ball bearing mades are to be capable of achieving radio-frequency enabled.Figure 14 is the external circuitses of CC2530.
(1) crystal oscillator input source
For the calculating of crystal oscillator：The size of Y2 is 32MHz, and itself and C231, C221 constitute 32MHz crystal oscillators source together.32MHz
Crystal oscillator source be a representative value, can be drawn by being calculated as below for different crystal oscillator values：
Wherein C231 and C221 values are generally identical, CparasiticIt is error amount.
The size of CY1 is 32.768KHz, and itself and C331, C321 constitute a 32.768kHz crystalline substance that may be optionally added together
Oscillation body device.This group of crystal oscillator is mainly used in waking up sleep pattern, and capacitance is specifically calculated as follows：
Wherein C331 and C321 values are generally identical, CparasiticIt is error amount.
(2) antenna part design
Used as the indispensable part of radio communication, its sill function is to radiate and receive radio wave to antenna, therefore
Antenna can be regarded as outlet and the entrance of radio magnetic wave, be the converter between a kind of guided wave and free space wave
Part.For emitter, high frequency electric is sent to transmitting antenna by feeder line, and high frequency electric is transformed into electromagnetic wave by transmitting antenna, to
Launch in the direction of regulation；Then it is that the electromagnetic wave from certain orientation is converted into high frequency electric for receiver, by feedback
Line sends into the input circuit of receiver.For ZigBee module, it is desirable to which the antenna pattern of antenna is omnidirectional, generally uses idol
Pole sub-antenna.
When wireless network exploitation is carried out using CC2530 chips, due to chip transmission power very little (its hair in itself
Penetrate power and be 4.5dBm to the maximum), and its receiving sensitivity is also secured at certain level, which limits the logical of the wireless network
Communication distance, general its transmission range is only hundreds of meters, far can not meet the application of Practical Project, and this allows for using
During CC2530 chips, radio frequency chip (power amplifier chips) CC2590 or CC2591 is also combined.The present invention uses the life of TI companies
The radio frequency front end chip CC2591 of the 2.4GHz of product, it can not only improve transmission power, additionally it is possible to improve the sensitive of receiver
Degree, so as to extend its communication distance.
Design of Communication Interface：MAX485 interface chips are a kind of RS-485 chips of Maxim companies.MAX485 be for
The low-power consumption transceiver that RS-485 communicates with RS-422, has a driver and a receiver in each device.
The driver switching rate of MAX485 is unrestricted, it is possible to achieve the transmission rate of highest 2.5Mbps.These transceivers are driving
Under the zero load of device disabling or full load condition, the source current of absorption is between 120 μ of μ A to 500 A.In addition, device to be all operated in 5V mono-
Under power supply.Worked using single power supply+5V, rated current is 300 μ A, using half-duplex operation mode.It is completed Transistor-Transistor Logic level
Be converted to the function of RS-485 level.The structure and pin of MAX485 chips are all very simple, inside containing a driver and
Receiver.RO and DI ends are respectively the output of receiver and the input of driver, only needed when being connected with single-chip microcomputer respectively with list
The RXD of piece machine is connected with TXD；/ RE and DE ends are respectively the Enable Pin for receiving and sending, when/RE is logical zero, device
In reception state；When DE is logic 1, device is in transmission state, because MAX485 is operated in half-duplex state, only
The two pins need to be controlled with single-chip microcomputer pin；Side a and b is respectively the differential signal end for receiving and sending,
When the level of A pins is higher than B, it is 1 to represent the data for sending；When the level of A is less than B ends, it is 0 to represent the data for sending.
When being connected with single-chip microcomputer, wiring is very simple.Only need to a reception and transmission of signal control MAX485.Simultaneously by A
Add build-out resistor, the resistance of general optional 100 Ω and B ends between.
The major function of communication processor is to realize the reliable communication between host computer and slave computer, therefore communication unit
It is designed as the emphasis of design.RS485 interfaces are included in Design of Communication Interface of the invention, software is conveniently improved, so as to optimize
The performance of communication processor.
The built-in special synchronous/asynchronous transceiver communications modules of STM32, are connected by least two pins with transceiver：
Receive serial mode input (RX), send serial mode output (TX).
USART modules support half-duplex operation and full-duplex communication.Semiduplex RS485 communication parties are used in the present invention
Formula.
Therefore, it is direction controlling pin to also need to define one GPIO mouthfuls outside existing two data transmit-receive pins,
By the output control signal on GPIO mouths, the direction for controlling RS485 communication data transfers.
Advantages of the present invention is as follows：
L () causes inverting dimension to raise problem with reference to the special heterogeneity of soil and the heterogeneity, it is proposed that be based on
The acquisition method of the water content of the farmland soil profile of ZigBee technology, for soil moisture content forecast provides high-precision basis ginseng
Number.
(2) system is convenient, flexible.ZigBee-network networking is convenient, ZigBee equipment can according to the size in farmland and
Layout inside farmland is different and perform different tasks, can also route data with gathered data.In existing wireless sensing
Newly added equipment adds former network to be also convenient on device network foundation.
(3) three automatically control.Real-time detection soil moisture content, realizes the identification and prediction of soil water movement, carries out
The estimation of Optimum Irrigation amount, is being adapted to the setting value of its growth, with automatic by the control for a long time of the moisture content of crop root soil
Control and manually two kinds of mode of operations of control.
(4) strong adaptability, long service life.The system use high reliability component, adaptive temperature be -40~80 DEG C,
There are the extreme environment of condensation, and moistureproof, waterproof and dustproof, service life is more than 100,000 times.
(5) remote data transmission.Using GPRS technologies, setting, telecommunication and the control of systematic parameter are realized.
Presently preferred embodiments of the present invention is the foregoing is only, is not intended to limit the invention, it is all in essence of the invention
Any modification, equivalent and improvement made within god and principle etc., should be included within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. a kind of agriculture Soil Moisture Monitoring method, it is characterised in that the agriculture Soil Moisture Monitoring method includes：
The collection of live soil moisture content data；
Soil moisture content data to gathering are processed, analyzed, and with externally issue and the displaying of figure, digital display or voice mode, meanwhile,
Control instruction is issued to remote terminal, by setting up Bayes's distributed model of moisture, using the boundary condition of soil moisture, is
Soil moisture content forecast provides high-precision underlying parameter.
2. agricultural Soil Moisture Monitoring method as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that Bayes's distributed model is：f(θ,
ρ,τ|W)∞f(W|θ,ρ,τ)f(θ)f(ρ)f(τ)；
20 soil water properties for treating calibration are represented with vectorial θ, inverse variance is the normal distribution of τ, i.e. εk,i~N (0,
τ), autoregression coefficient correlation is designated as.
3. agricultural Soil Moisture Monitoring method as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that the structure side of Bayes's distributed model
Method includes：
20 soil water properties for treating calibration, vectorial W are represented with vectorial θk=(wk, i, i=1,2 ..., N)TRepresent kth
The soil moisture content measurement data of individual observation station, wherein：I represents observation period, segment length when N is, T is accorded with for transposition, Hydrus-1D
K-th observation station soil moisture content of modeling, Mk(θ), the residual vector with corresponding observation data, εk=Wk-Mk(θ), clothes
It is 0 from average, inverse variance is the normal distribution of τ, i.e. εk,i~N (0, τ), the autocorrelation between adjacent time interval residual error is by single order
Autoregression model AR (1) is described, and autoregression coefficient correlation is designated as ρ, according to Bayes' theorem, the joint of known variables θ, ρ and τ
Probability distribution is：
f(θ,ρ,τ|W)∞f(W|θ,ρ,τ)f(θ)f(ρ)f(τ)；
Wherein：F represents probability density function；W represents the data of all observation stations；The formula left side is each known variables to fixed number
Joint posterior distribution during according to W；The likelihood function of known variables when the right Section 1 is data-oriented, three is each unknown change afterwards
The prior distribution of amount；
The probability that data W is observed when likelihood function is given parameters θ, understands that it is joint normal distribution according to normality,
Corresponding to the soil moisture content data W of observation station kk, likelihood function is：
Wherein：Σ is residual epsilonkCovariance matrix, R is the correlation matrix of residual error, τ ∑s=R, according to AR (1) model, R by
ρ is uniquely determined；
The prior distribution of known variables θ, ρ and τ is constructed respectively according to its feature, the prior distribution structure of soil water property θ
Make to be uniformly distributed；A and K in θsInverting is carried out with its logarithmic form, the prior distribution of auto-correlation coefficient θ is [0,0.99] interval
Be uniformly distributed, residual error is configured to form parameter against the prior distribution of variance τ and inverse scale parameter be 0.001 without information gal
Agate is distributed.
4. agricultural Soil Moisture Monitoring method as claimed in claim 3, it is characterised in that the solution side of Bayes's distributed model
Method includes：
Based on the Condition Posterior Distribution of each known variables, Bayes's joint probability distribution is estimated by EM methods, combine
Posterior distrbutionp tries to achieve probability density function of a certain known variables when other all known variables are given, as condition posteriority point
Cloth, the Condition Posterior Distribution of soil water property θ is：
f(θ|·)∞f(W|θ,ρ,τ)f(θ)；
Especially, the Condition Posterior Distribution of variable τ is still Gamma distribution：
Wherein：Γ () represents Gamma distribution, and M is observation station number.
5. a kind of agriculture Soil Moisture Monitoring system of agriculture Soil Moisture Monitoring method as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that the agriculture
Industry Soil Moisture Monitoring system flutter including：
On-site wireless sensor network, the collection for carrying out live soil moisture content data；
Remote management center, is connected by ZigBee radio network gateways, GPRS or internet with on-site wireless sensor network, is used for
Soil moisture content data to gathering are processed, analyzed, and with externally issue and the displaying of figure, digital display or voice mode, meanwhile, to remote
Journey terminal issues control instruction, is soil using the boundary condition of soil moisture by setting up Bayes's distributed model of moisture
Soil moisture content forecast provides high-precision underlying parameter.
6. agricultural Soil Moisture Monitoring system as claimed in claim 5, it is characterised in that the on-site wireless sensor network by
ZigBee radio network gateways, ZigBee routers, wireless sensor node, wireless actuator control node, soil humidity sensor
Composition；
ZigBee radio network gateways, the wireless network for managing field group, are responsible for the foundation and maintenance of network, receive each field each
The sensing data and status information of equipment of the ZigBee routers in block field, while sending control command to each piece of field
In ZigBee routers；
ZigBee routers, for this field inner sensor data processing and being sent to ZigBee radio network gateways, while being it
His field controller sends data and provides route service；
Wireless sensor node, for connecting wireless actuator control node and soil humidity sensor.
7. agricultural Soil Moisture Monitoring system as claimed in claim 5, it is characterised in that the ZigBee radio network gateways or ZigBee
Router include ARM core processors, ARM core processors connect respectively GPRS module, FLASH modules, CC2530 modules,
RTL8019AS modules, power module and serial interface module.
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| CN108782187A (en) * | 2018-05-14 | 2018-11-13 | 安徽省（水利部淮河水利委员会）水利科学研究院（安徽省水利工程质量检测中心站） | A kind of soil moisture content forecasting procedure based on soil moisture content index |
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